Angular 从框架搭建到开发上线的完整流程

一、环境准备与项目搭建

1. 环境要求

Node.js (推荐 LTS 版本，当前 16.x/18.x)
npm (随 Node.js 安装) 或 yarn
Angular CLI (最新稳定版)

2. 安装 Angular CLI

bash 复制代码

npm install -g @angular/cli
# 或
yarn global add @angular/cli

3. 创建新项目

bash 复制代码

ng new my-angular-app --style=scss --routing
# 参数说明：
# --style=scss 使用 SCSS 作为样式预处理器
# --routing 生成路由模块

4. 项目结构概览

复制代码

my-angular-app/
├── src/
│   ├── app/                  # 应用主模块和组件
│   ├── assets/               # 静态资源
│   ├── environments/         # 环境配置
│   ├── index.html            # 主HTML文件
│   └── main.ts               # 应用入口文件
├── angular.json             # Angular CLI 配置文件
├── package.json             # 项目依赖和脚本
└── tsconfig.json            # TypeScript 配置

二、项目配置

1. 核心配置文件

angular.json 关键配置

json 复制代码

{
  "projects": {
    "my-angular-app": {
      "architect": {
        "build": {
          "options": {
            "outputPath": "dist/my-angular-app",
            "index": "src/index.html",
            "main": "src/main.ts",
            "polyfills": "src/polyfills.ts",
            "tsConfig": "tsconfig.app.json",
            "assets": ["src/favicon.ico", "src/assets"],
            "styles": ["src/styles.scss"],
            "scripts": [],
            "stylePreprocessorOptions": {
              "includePaths": ["src/styles"]
            },
            "budgets": [
              {
                "type": "initial",
                "maximumWarning": "500kb",
                "maximumError": "1mb"
              }
            ]
          },
          "configurations": {
            "production": {
              "fileReplacements": [
                {
                  "replace": "src/environments/environment.ts",
                  "with": "src/environments/environment.prod.ts"
                }
              ],
              "optimization": true,
              "outputHashing": "all",
              "sourceMap": false,
              "namedChunks": false,
              "extractLicenses": true,
              "vendorChunk": false,
              "buildOptimizer": true
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

2. 环境配置 (environments/)

typescript 复制代码

// environment.ts (开发环境)
export const environment = {
  production: false,
  apiUrl: 'http://localhost:3000/api',
  enableDebug: true
};

// environment.prod.ts (生产环境)
export const environment = {
  production: true,
  apiUrl: 'https://api.yourdomain.com/api',
  enableDebug: false
};

3. 代理配置 (解决跨域)

创建 proxy.conf.json：

json 复制代码

{
  "/api": {
    "target": "http://localhost:3000",
    "secure": false,
    "changeOrigin": true,
    "pathRewrite": {
      "^/api": ""
    }
  }
}

在 angular.json 中配置：

json 复制代码

"serve": {
  "options": {
    "proxyConfig": "proxy.conf.json"
  }
}

三、核心开发流程

1. 模块化开发

创建功能模块

bash 复制代码

ng generate module products --route products --module app.module

典型模块结构

复制代码

products/
├── products.module.ts         # 模块定义
├── products-routing.module.ts # 模块路由
├── components/                # 组件
├── services/                  # 服务
├── models/                    # 数据模型
└── interfaces/                # TypeScript 接口

2. 组件开发

创建组件

bash 复制代码

ng generate component products/product-list

组件示例

typescript 复制代码

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { ProductService } from '../services/product.service';
import { Product } from '../models/product.model';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-product-list',
  templateUrl: './product-list.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./product-list.component.scss'],
  changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush
})
export class ProductListComponent implements OnInit {
  products$: Observable<Product[]>;
  
  constructor(private productService: ProductService) {}

  ngOnInit() {
    this.products$ = this.productService.getProducts();
  }
}

3. 服务与依赖注入

创建服务

bash 复制代码

ng generate service products/services/product

服务示例

typescript 复制代码

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { environment } from '../../../environments/environment';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root'
})
export class ProductService {
  private apiUrl = `${environment.apiUrl}/products`;

  constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

  getProducts(): Observable<Product[]> {
    return this.http.get<Product[]>(this.apiUrl);
  }
}

4. 路由配置

路由模块示例

typescript 复制代码

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';
import { ProductListComponent } from './components/product-list/product-list.component';
import { ProductDetailComponent } from './components/product-detail/product-detail.component';

const routes: Routes = [
  { path: '', component: ProductListComponent },
  { path: ':id', component: ProductDetailComponent }
];

@NgModule({
  imports: [RouterModule.forChild(routes)],
  exports: [RouterModule]
})
export class ProductsRoutingModule { }

5. 状态管理 (NgRx 示例)

安装 NgRx

bash 复制代码

npm install @ngrx/store @ngrx/effects @ngrx/store-devtools

状态管理配置

typescript 复制代码

// app.module.ts
import { StoreModule } from '@ngrx/store';
import { EffectsModule } from '@ngrx/effects';
import { StoreDevtoolsModule } from '@ngrx/store-devtools';

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    StoreModule.forRoot({}, {}),
    EffectsModule.forRoot([]),
    StoreDevtoolsModule.instrument({
      maxAge: 25,
      logOnly: environment.production
    })
  ]
})
export class AppModule { }

四、测试与质量保证

1. 单元测试 (Jasmine + Karma)

typescript 复制代码

describe('ProductService', () => {
  let service: ProductService;
  let httpTestingController: HttpTestingController;

  beforeEach(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      imports: [HttpClientTestingModule],
      providers: [ProductService]
    });
    
    service = TestBed.inject(ProductService);
    httpTestingController = TestBed.inject(HttpTestingController);
  });

  it('should retrieve products', () => {
    const mockProducts = [{ id: 1, name: 'Test Product' }];
    
    service.getProducts().subscribe(products => {
      expect(products).toEqual(mockProducts);
    });
    
    const req = httpTestingController.expectOne(`${environment.apiUrl}/products`);
    expect(req.request.method).toBe('GET');
    req.flush(mockProducts);
  });
});

2. E2E 测试 (Protractor/Cypress)

使用 Cypress (推荐)

bash 复制代码

npm install cypress --save-dev

测试示例

javascript 复制代码

describe('Product List', () => {
  it('should display products', () => {
    cy.visit('/products');
    cy.get('.product-item').should('have.length.greaterThan', 0);
  });
});

3. 代码质量工具

ESLint 配置

bash 复制代码

ng add @angular-eslint/schematics

Prettier 配置

json 复制代码

// .prettierrc
{
  "singleQuote": true,
  "trailingComma": "all",
  "printWidth": 100,
  "tabWidth": 2
}

Husky + lint-staged

json 复制代码

// package.json
{
  "husky": {
    "hooks": {
      "pre-commit": "lint-staged"
    }
  },
  "lint-staged": {
    "*.ts": [
      "eslint --fix",
      "prettier --write"
    ],
    "*.{html,scss,json}": [
      "prettier --write"
    ]
  }
}

五、构建与部署

1. 构建生产版本

bash 复制代码

ng build --configuration production

2. 部署选项

静态服务器部署 (Nginx 示例配置)

nginx 复制代码

server {
  listen 80;
  server_name yourdomain.com;
  
  root /var/www/my-angular-app;
  index index.html;
  
  location / {
    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
  }
  
  location /api {
    proxy_pass http://api-server:3000;
  }
}

Docker 部署

dockerfile 复制代码

# 阶段1: 构建应用
FROM node:16 as builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build --configuration=production

# 阶段2: 运行应用
FROM nginx:alpine
COPY --from=builder /app/dist/my-angular-app /usr/share/nginx/html
COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
EXPOSE 80
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

3. CI/CD 配置 (GitHub Actions 示例)

yaml 复制代码

name: Angular CI/CD

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    
    - name: Use Node.js 16
      uses: actions/setup-node@v2
      with:
        node-version: '16.x'
    
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: npm ci
      
    - name: Run tests
      run: npm test
      
    - name: Build for production
      run: npm run build -- --configuration=production
      
    - name: Deploy to server
      uses: appleboy/scp-action@master
      with:
        host: ${{ secrets.SSH_HOST }}
        username: ${{ secrets.SSH_USERNAME }}
        key: ${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}
        source: "dist/my-angular-app/*"
        target: "/var/www/my-angular-app"

六、性能优化

1. 构建优化

启用构建优化器 (angular.json 中 buildOptimizer: true)
使用 AOT 编译 (默认启用)
启用生产模式 (ng build --prod)

2. 懒加载模块

typescript 复制代码

const routes: Routes = [
  {
    path: 'products',
    loadChildren: () => import('./products/products.module').then(m => m.ProductsModule)
  }
];

3. 预加载策略

typescript 复制代码

import { PreloadAllModules } from '@angular/router';

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    RouterModule.forRoot(routes, { preloadingStrategy: PreloadAllModules })
  ]
})
export class AppRoutingModule { }

4. 服务 Worker (PWA)

bash 复制代码

ng add @angular/pwa

5. 性能监控

typescript 复制代码

import { PerformanceObserver } from 'web-vitals';

const observer = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
  for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
    console.log('[Performance]', entry.name, entry.startTime, entry.duration);
  }
});

observer.observe({ entryTypes: ['navigation', 'paint', 'resource'] });

七、维护与升级

1. Angular 版本升级

bash 复制代码

ng update @angular/core @angular/cli

2. 依赖管理

bash 复制代码

npm outdated
npm update

3. 更新日志

保持 CHANGELOG.md 文件记录重要变更

通过以上流程，您可以完成从零开始搭建 Angular 应用到最终上线的完整过程。根据项目实际需求，可以适当调整各个环节的配置和工具选择。