目录
- 前言
- 创建MySQL账号并授权
- [Docker 容器部署备份](#Docker 容器部署备份)
- [本地 部署备份](#本地 部署备份)
- 定时执行备份脚本
-
- [修改 crontab 时间表达式](#修改 crontab 时间表达式)
- 添加以下行(晚上7点43分执行)
前言
- Docker、本地部署的MySQL数据定时备份,定时清理
- 支持命令行指定数据库备份(逗号分隔),未指定时自动备份所有非系统库
- 按时间分目录存储压缩备份,
- 设置Linux定时任务执行备份
创建MySQL账号并授权
sql
CREATE USER 'backup'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
GRANT SELECT, SHOW VIEW, EVENT, LOCK TABLES, RELOAD, PROCESS ON *.* TO 'backup'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Docker 容器部署备份
MySQL容器名:mysql
docker_mysql_backup.sh
shell
#!/bin/bash
# ---------------------------- 配置区 ----------------------------
BACKUP_ROOT="/data/mysql_backup" # 备份根目录
MYSQL_CONTAINER="mysql" # Docker容器名称
MYSQL_USER="backup" # MySQL备份账号
MYSQL_PASS="123456" # 密码建议从密钥管理服务获取
RETENTION_DAYS=7 # 备份保留天数
LOG_FILE="/var/log/mysql_backup.log" # 日志文件路径
EXCLUDE_DBS="information_schema,performance_schema,mysql,sys" # 排除的系统库
# ----------------------------------------------------------------
# ---------------------------- 初始化 ----------------------------
TIMESTAMP=$(date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
BACKUP_DIR="${BACKUP_ROOT}/${TIMESTAMP}"
mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"
touch "$LOG_FILE"
# 日志记录函数
log() {
echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" >> "$LOG_FILE"
}
log "===== 备份开始 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="
# ---------------------------- 参数处理 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$1" ]; then
# 处理用户输入的数据库列表(兼容逗号/空格分隔)
USER_DBS=$(echo "$1" | tr ',' ' ')
log "已指定数据库: ${USER_DBS}"
# 验证数据库是否存在
ALL_DBS=$(docker exec "$MYSQL_CONTAINER" \
sh -c "export MYSQL_PWD='${MYSQL_PASS}'; \
mysql -u ${MYSQL_USER} -N -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'")
DATABASES=""
for DB in $USER_DBS; do
if echo "$ALL_DBS" | grep -qw "$DB"; then
DATABASES="$DATABASES $DB"
else
log "警告:数据库 ${DB} 不存在,已跳过"
fi
done
if [ -z "$DATABASES" ]; then
log "错误:没有有效的可备份数据库"
exit 1
fi
else
# 获取所有非系统库
log "未指定数据库,备份所有非系统库"
DATABASES=$(docker exec "$MYSQL_CONTAINER" \
sh -c "export MYSQL_PWD='${MYSQL_PASS}'; \
mysql -u ${MYSQL_USER} -N -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'" | \
grep -Ev "^(${EXCLUDE_DBS//,/|})$")
fi
# ---------------------------- 备份执行 ----------------------------
TOTAL_SIZE=0
for DB in $DATABASES; do
BACKUP_FILE="${BACKUP_DIR}/${DB}.sql.gz"
START_TIME=$(date +%s)
log "备份启动: ${DB}"
# 核心备份命令
docker exec "$MYSQL_CONTAINER" \
sh -c "export MYSQL_PWD='${MYSQL_PASS}'; \
mysqldump -u ${MYSQL_USER} \
--routines --triggers --events \
--single-transaction \
--hex-blob \
${DB}" | gzip > "$BACKUP_FILE"
# 结果检查
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
FILE_SIZE=$(du -h "$BACKUP_FILE" | awk '{print $1}')
TIME_TAKEN=$(( $(date +%s) - START_TIME ))
TOTAL_SIZE=$(( TOTAL_SIZE + $(stat -c %s "$BACKUP_FILE") ))
log "备份成功: ${DB} (大小: ${FILE_SIZE}, 耗时: ${TIME_TAKEN}秒)"
# 验证压缩文件
if ! gzip -t "$BACKUP_FILE" 2>/dev/null; then
log "警告:压缩文件校验失败 ${BACKUP_FILE}"
fi
else
log "错误:${DB} 备份失败"
rm -f "$BACKUP_FILE"
fi
done
# ---------------------------- 清理旧备份 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$(ls -A "$BACKUP_DIR")" ]; then
log "正在清理超过 ${RETENTION_DAYS} 天的旧备份..."
find "$BACKUP_ROOT" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +"$RETENTION_DAYS" \
-exec sh -c 'log "删除旧备份: {}"; rm -rf "{}"' \;
else
log "警告:未生成有效备份,跳过清理"
rm -rf "$BACKUP_DIR"
fi
# ---------------------------- 完成报告 ----------------------------
if [ -d "$BACKUP_DIR" ]; then
HUMAN_SIZE=$(numfmt --to=iec $TOTAL_SIZE)
log "备份完成: ${BACKUP_DIR} (总大小: ${HUMAN_SIZE})"
else
log "错误:未生成任何有效备份"
fi
log "===== 备份结束 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="
echo "" >> "$LOG_FILE"
exit 0
备份指定数据库:sh docker_mysql_backup.sh neo_dbv1,shop

备份全部:sh docker_mysql_backup.sh

本地 部署备份
设置mysql的用户凭证配置文件
shell
sudo tee /etc/mysql/backup.cnf > /dev/null <<EOF
[client]
user = backup
password = 123456
EOF
sudo chmod 600 /etc/mysql/backup.cnf
docker_mysql_backup.sh
shell
#!/bin/bash
# ---------------------------- 配置区 ----------------------------
BACKUP_ROOT="/data/mysql_backup" # 备份根目录
RETENTION_DAYS=30 # 备份保留天数
LOG_FILE="/var/log/mysql_backup.log" # 日志文件路径
CONFIG_FILE="/etc/mysql/backup.cnf" # 必须存在的配置文件
EXCLUDE_DBS="information_schema,performance_schema,mysql,sys" # 排除的系统库
# ----------------------------------------------------------------
# ---------------------------- 初始化 ----------------------------
TIMESTAMP=$(date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
BACKUP_DIR="${BACKUP_ROOT}/${TIMESTAMP}"
mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"
touch "$LOG_FILE"
# 日志记录函数
log() {
echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" >> "$LOG_FILE"
}
log "===== 备份开始 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="
# ---------------------------- 配置文件检查 ----------------------------
if [ ! -f "$CONFIG_FILE" ]; then
log "错误:MySQL配置文件 $CONFIG_FILE 不存在"
log "请创建包含以下内容的配置文件:"
log "[client]"
log "user = backup"
log "password = your_password"
exit 1
fi
if [ $(stat -c %a "$CONFIG_FILE") -ne 600 ]; then
log "警告:配置文件权限不安全,正在设置为600"
chmod 600 "$CONFIG_FILE"
fi
# ---------------------------- 参数处理 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$1" ]; then
# 处理用户输入的数据库列表
USER_DBS=$(echo "$1" | tr ',' ' ')
log "已指定数据库: ${USER_DBS}"
# 验证数据库是否存在
ALL_DBS=$(mysql --defaults-file="$CONFIG_FILE" -N -e "SHOW DATABASES;")
DATABASES=""
for DB in $USER_DBS; do
if echo "$ALL_DBS" | grep -qw "$DB"; then
DATABASES="$DATABASES $DB"
else
log "警告:数据库 ${DB} 不存在,已跳过"
fi
done
if [ -z "$DATABASES" ]; then
log "错误:没有有效的可备份数据库"
exit 1
fi
else
# 获取所有非系统库
log "未指定数据库,备份所有非系统库"
DATABASES=$(mysql --defaults-file="$CONFIG_FILE" -N -e "SHOW DATABASES;" | \
grep -Ev "^(${EXCLUDE_DBS//,/|})$")
fi
# ---------------------------- 备份执行 ----------------------------
TOTAL_SIZE=0
for DB in $DATABASES; do
BACKUP_FILE="${BACKUP_DIR}/${DB}.sql.gz"
START_TIME=$(date +%s)
log "备份启动: ${DB}"
# 核心备份命令(使用配置文件认证)
mysqldump --defaults-file="$CONFIG_FILE" \
--routines --triggers --events \
--single-transaction \
--hex-blob \
"$DB" | gzip > "$BACKUP_FILE"
# 结果检查
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
FILE_SIZE=$(du -h "$BACKUP_FILE" | awk '{print $1}')
TIME_TAKEN=$(( $(date +%s) - START_TIME ))
TOTAL_SIZE=$(( TOTAL_SIZE + $(stat -c %s "$BACKUP_FILE") ))
log "备份成功: ${DB} (大小: ${FILE_SIZE}, 耗时: ${TIME_TAKEN}秒)"
# 验证压缩文件
if ! gzip -t "$BACKUP_FILE" 2>/dev/null; then
log "警告:压缩文件校验失败 ${BACKUP_FILE}"
fi
else
log "错误:${DB} 备份失败"
rm -f "$BACKUP_FILE"
fi
done
# ---------------------------- 清理旧备份 ----------------------------
if [ -n "$(ls -A "$BACKUP_DIR")" ]; then
log "正在清理超过 ${RETENTION_DAYS} 天的旧备份..."
find "$BACKUP_ROOT" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +"$RETENTION_DAYS" \
-exec sh -c 'log "删除旧备份: {}"; rm -rf "{}"' \;
else
log "警告:未生成有效备份,跳过清理"
rm -rf "$BACKUP_DIR"
fi
# ---------------------------- 完成报告 ----------------------------
if [ -d "$BACKUP_DIR" ]; then
HUMAN_SIZE=$(numfmt --to=iec $TOTAL_SIZE)
log "备份完成: ${BACKUP_DIR} (总大小: ${HUMAN_SIZE})"
else
log "错误:未生成任何有效备份"
fi
log "===== 备份结束 [${TIMESTAMP}] ====="
echo "" >> "$LOG_FILE"
exit 0
定时执行备份脚本
修改 crontab 时间表达式
shell
crontab -e
添加以下行(晚上7点43分执行)
shell
43 19 * * * /usr/local/docker/mysql/backup/docker_backup.sh >> /var/log/mysql_backup_cron.log 2>&1
查看当前用户的定时任务
shell
[root@lavm 20250905_135142]# crontab -l
43 19 * * * /usr/local/docker/mysql/backup/docker_backup.sh >> /var/log/mysql_backup_cron.log 2>&1

备份日志: cat /var/log/mysql_backup.log

备份数据按照时间展示