英一2010年真题学习笔记

2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语(一)

(科目代码:201)

☆考生注意事项☆

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Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect," the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.

The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself.

After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.

  1. A\] affected \[B\] achieved \[C\] extracted \[D\] restored

  2. A\] truth \[B\] sight \[C\] act \[D\] proof

  3. A\] requirements \[B\] explanations \[C\] accounts \[D\] assessments

  4. A\] as far as \[B\] for fear that \[C\] in case that \[D\] so long as

  5. A\] suitable \[B\] excessive \[C\] enough \[D\] abundant

  6. A\] compared \[B\] shown \[C\] subjected \[D\] conveyed

  7. A\] evidence \[B\] guidance \[C\] implication \[D\] source

  8. A\] In contrast \[B\] For example \[C\] In consequence \[D\] As usual

  9. A\] failed \[B\] ceased \[C\] started \[D\] continued

  10. A\] attempted \[B\] tended \[C\] chose \[D\] intended

2010年全真试题

Section Ⅰ Use of English

"霍桑效应"遭到质疑

一、总体分析

本文选自《The Economist》(《经济学人》)"财政与经济学"板块2009年6月4日一篇题为《Light Work: Questioning the Hawthorne Effect》(《照明的作用:质疑"霍桑效应"》)的文章。文章主要介绍了社会学、管理学领域的经典理论"霍桑效应"的产生及其遭到的质疑,按照"介绍'霍桑效应'的起源和产生(第一、二段)------介绍对'霍桑效应'的质疑(第三、四段)"的脉络行文。

二、试题精解

Ⅰ ①In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. ②It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. ③Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect," the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.

(中文翻译)①1924年,美国国家研究委员会派出两名工程师到芝加哥附近一家名为霍桑工厂的电话配件厂指导一系列实验研究。②该委员会希望能弄清楚车间照明是如何影响工人的生产效率的。③然而,这些研究最终被命名为"霍桑效应",这一极具影响力的观点就是,正是受试这一行为改变了实验对象的行为方式。

词汇注释

①council [ˈkaʊnsl] n.(顾问、立法、研究等)委员会

②supervise [ˈsuːpəvaɪz] v. 管理,指导

③plant [plɑːnt] n. 工厂

④shop/factory floor 车间

⑤lighting [ˈlaɪtɪŋ] n. 照明

⑥subject [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] n. 实验对象

真题精解

  1. A\] affected 影响 \[B\] achieved 达到 \[C\] extracted 提取 \[D\] restored 恢复

解题思路\]本句承接首句介绍1924年霍桑工厂实验的目的。空格下文③句...changed subjects' behavior表明实验内容涉及"什么因素会改变工人(受试者)的行为",因此判断空格所在部分表达"照明如何影响工人生产效率"之意,故\[A\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[B\]表示"经过极大努力达成某种希求的结果",其宾语多为"具体、特定的目标";而文中宾语为workers' productivity,属于未明确方向的泛指内容;其次空格前主语为"客观存在的抽象事物(shop-floor lighting)",无法与achieve构成合理的主谓逻辑。\[C\]常用于extract A from B结构中,B和A是包含与被包含的关系;而文中"照明"与"生产效率"显然不是这种关系。\[D\]表示"使回到先前状态",强调的是一种单向的变化,与下文changed subjects' behavior暗含的"影响可好可坏"不符。 2. \[A\] (ended) at 在(某时间或时刻)结束 \[B\] (ended) up 最终成为;最终处于 \[C\] (ended) with 以......结束 \[D\] (ended) off 结束,中止 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+动词短语搭配。正确率:54% \[解题思路\]上文②句以It hoped...引出委员会研究的目的;空格句Instead...体现相反逻辑,说明实验结果与预期不同;end up doing sth具有"强调结果出人意料"的语用功能,\[B\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]非固定搭配,at后一般只接表示"时间或时刻"的内容,而文中giving their name显然与"时间"无关。\[C\]用于客观表明"某事或活动结束前最后一部分的内容或形式";而文中"冠以名字"自然不会是某项研究的收场内容。\[D\]并不常见,一般用于end sth off或end off with sth结构中,分别表示"结束某事/情况"和"以......作为结尾",而文中主语为the studies,说"研究结束了给自己命名"显然有违逻辑。 3. \[A\] truth 真相 \[B\] sight 看到 \[C\] act 行为 \[D\] proof 证明 \[考点提炼\]句内语义。正确率:38% \[解题思路\]空格后介词of表明"being experimented upon(受试)"是对空格词的具体化说明。选项中能够被具体信息"受试"修饰,同时可以发出"改变受试者行为"这一动作的名词只有act,该词表示"某行为过程",the very act of...意即"正是受试本身改变了受试者的行为",因此\[C\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]内涵较多,但均与"真"相关,文中being experimented upon属于客观事实(研究已结束),不涉及"真假问题"。\[B\]利用中文思维干扰,"工人看到自己正在被实验,从而发生行为改变"看似有道理,但该词强调"眼睛看到某事物这一动作",但文中并非直接针对工人身体进行的实验,所以"看不到",且实验不是间歇性为之,而是持续性过程,因而"一看到实验"不符合实际;其次从句法角度来看,the very sight of being experimented缺乏"受视"的主体,应为the very sight of one's being...。\[D\]后接of,引出"待证明的事";文中"受试"已然是客观事实,无需证明,且"证据无法改变工人行为"。 Ⅱ ①The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. ②According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. ③It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. ④A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself. (中文翻译)①该观点的形成源于工厂女工令人费解的行为。②根据实验的描述,照明强度增加时,女工每小时的产出增加,照明强度减少时,亦是如此。③实验中做什么无关紧要;只要发生了某种变化,生产效率就会提高。④仅仅是意识到自己正被当作实验对象似乎就足以改变工人的行为。 词汇注释 ①arise \[əˈraɪz\] v. 出现,发生 ②output \[ˈaʊtpʊt\] n. 产量,产出 ③dim \[dɪm\] v.(使)变暗 ④alter \[ˈɔːltə\] v. 改变 真题精解 4. \[A\] controversial 有争议的 \[B\] perplexing 令人费解的 \[C\] mischievous 调皮的,恶作剧的;恶意的 \[D\] ambiguous 模棱两可的;不明确的 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+形容词辨析。正确率:30% \[解题思路\]空格句指出,上述观点的产生源自工厂女工____行为;下句继而引出对这一行为的具体介绍:无论亮度如何,只要有变化,效率就会提高。而已知实验预期是了解"光线亮度如何影响效率",因而对于研究者而言,女工这种情况令人不解;\[B\]、\[D\]都有"难理解"这层意思,但:ambiguous内涵为"有多种解释或不明确",而文中女工的行为(产出增加)很明确,也不涉及需要辨别的多种解释,故排除。perplexing 含有"难以理解,不知如何应对"的语义内涵,因而\[B\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]内涵为"某情况受外界争论和质疑";\[C\]或指"调皮的",或指"招惹是非的,恶意的",而文中女工正常的工作显然不涉及争议性,亦非调皮或恶意行为。 5. \[A\] requirements 所需的东西;要求,必要条件 \[B\] explanations 解释,说明 \[C\] accounts 描述,叙述,说明 \[D\] assessments 评估,评价,鉴定 \[考点提炼\]句内语义+名词辨析。正确率:41% \[解题思路\]空格句指出,根据实验的____,照明强度增加时,女工每小时的产出增加,而照明强度减少时,亦是如此。"无论变亮还是变暗,工人效率都增加"是对实验现象的客观说明,\[C\]符合文意。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]表示"所需事物",或"(大学、雇主等的)要求、条件",其后介词一般用 for,而主干内容为实验结果,明显与"实验所需"无关。\[B\]表示"对于已发生的情况给出的原因说明",\[D\]表示"对某人/事的看法或评价",而文中主干既不涉及"对实验原因的说明",也不涉及"主观评判",故排除此两项。 6. \[A\] conclude 得出结论;推断 \[B\] matter 事关紧要;重要 \[C\] indicate 显示,表明 \[D\] work 有效,起作用 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+动词辨析。正确率:25% \[解题思路\]空格句中 productivity rose 是对上句 their hourly output rose...but also...的总结,因此两处语义一致,均表示"照明情况不管怎么变,生产率都提高",因此空格部分语义逻辑应该是"实验做了什么并不重要,关键是情况有所变化",matter 常用于 it doesn't matter who/why/what etc 结构中,表示"......无所谓,不重要",故\[B\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]和\[C\]误区在于误认为句首 It 指代②句"实验描述(accounts of the experiments)"的指代,what...引导宾语从句,据此逻辑全句意为:实验描述并未断定/表明实验中做了什么;conclude 强调"借助事实、论据来推断","实验描述"和"实验内容"之间直接相关,显然不是"借助他者的推断关系",而"实验描述不表明实验内容"纯属伪命题。\[D\]强调"有成效",而"实验条件的改变"谈不上"有成效与否";另外 it doesn't work 后一般不接主语从句,it 非形式主语。 7. \[A\] as far as 就......而言;达到......程度 \[B\] for fear that 以免,唯恐 \[C\] in case that 以防万一;如果,假使 \[D\] so long as 只要 \[考点提炼\]句内逻辑+上下文语义。正确率:62% \[解题思路\]上题推出③句内容:实验中做了什么(不管照明条件怎样变化)不重要,重要的是有变化;也即,只要某些事物改变,生产效率就会提高,能体现这一逻辑的是\[D\],用于引出某事发生的充分条件。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]可作介词短语,其后常接"某地"或"某人",表示"远至某地"或"达到和某人一样的程度";本文空格词后为句子,该短语作连词时,表"就......而言";而文中主干 productivity rose 显然不是"针对某问题/情况"所作的结论。\[B\]常接虚拟语气引出目的,表示"为避免......而做......";而文中"生产率提高"是客观情况,明显不是为避免"某事改变"做出的主观行为。\[C\]一方面和\[B\]类似,都可以表"目的(为避免或预防某可能情况的影响而做某事)",这时也常作 just in case...;另一方面表"条件(= if)",但该词并不强调"某事发生的充分条件",单纯表明"某假设情况下,某事可/会发生"。 8. \[A\] awareness 意识 \[B\] expectation 预期 \[C\] sentiment 观点 \[D\] illusion 错觉 \[考点提炼\]名词辨析。正确率:43% \[解题思路\]本句中 that 引导的同位语从句解释空格词。联系上段末句 the very act of being experimented upon changed subject's behavior...可知,此处重申"霍桑效应"的概念;四项都涉及"主观思维",可以推知"被试本身之所以会改变行为,是通过影响其思维实现的",再结合上文"照明无论如何变,效率都提高"可判定:工人因为知道了自己正在受试,所以行为改变,\[A\]符合文意。 \[错项排除\]\[B\]表示"对未来情况的预期",与文中过去进行时态不匹配;或指对事情的"期望或指望",而文中"他们正被当作实验对象"是真实情况,而非实验对象的期望。\[C\]表示"对某事物的观点、意见或感想",但空格后 that 从句是对事实的客观阐述。\[D\]表示"错误的观念",或表示"幻想的事物";而文中 that 从句显然是客观事实。 9. \[A\] suitable 适合的 \[B\] excessive 过多的 \[C\] enough 足够的 \[D\] abundant 丰富的 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+形容词辨析。正确率:64% \[解题思路\]空格句总结霍桑效应,空格处说明 awareness 的特点。由上文可知,实验中只要有因素改变,生产效率就会提高,故空格处也应能够体现这种充分条件关系,选项中只有 enough 能体现这一逻辑,表示"足够满足某种目的或需求的",因此\[C\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]表现"某事(针对某情况)的恰当性、适合性",而文中"意识"和"改变行为"之间明显不是"适合/用于"的逻辑。\[B\]多含贬义,表示"数量或程度上多于合理值或必要值";\[D\]单纯表现"数量充裕",而文意不在说明"(造成改变的因素)够多",而是强调"(仅这个因素就)充分、完全能"。 10. \[A\] about 关于 \[B\] for 为了 \[C\] on 关于,涉及 \[D\] by (itself) 单独地 \[考点提炼\]句内语义+固定短语。正确率:50% \[解题思路\]空格句 itself 指代主语 awareness。由上题可知,意识到被当作实验对象这一点就足以改变工人行为。by itself 意为 alone; without anyone else,强调"仅仅这一意识,不需要其他条件",故\[D\]正确。 \[错项排除\]其余三项与 itself 一起使用并非固定搭配,意义取决于介词含义:\[A\]表示"关于(它自身)",\[B\]表示"为了(它自身)",\[C\]表示"凭借(它自己)";三项均无法与上文"任何(照明条件的)变化都能造成效率的提高"构成语义呼应。 Ⅲ ①After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. ②The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. ③ 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. (中文翻译)①几十年后,研究者对同一实验数据进行了计量经济分析。②霍桑实验有了另外一个令人吃惊的结果。③与所记录的描述相反,没有发现系统的证据表明生产效率的水平与照明变化之间存在关联。 词汇注释 ①econometric \[ɪˌkɒnəˈmetrɪk\] a. 计量经济学的 ②in store 即将到来,必将发生 ③on record(事实或事件)被记载下来的 ④systematic \[ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk\] a. 有系统的 真题精解 11. \[A\] (be) compared (to) 被比较,比作 \[B\] (be) shown (to) 被展示给 \[C\] (be) subjected (to) 经历,遭受 \[D\] (be) conveyed (to) 被运送,传递到 \[考点提炼\]句内语义+动词用法。正确率:29% \[解题思路\]空格动词呈现 data 与 analysis 的被动关系;而"数据"是"分析"的对象,subject sb/sth to sth 可以表示"让某人/事经受某行为",文中表示"这些数据被用于分析检验",故正确项为\[C\]。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]或用于同类事物之间的比较,或将一事物比作另一事物,此时两事物需有相似之处,但"实验数据"(客观内容)与"计量经济分析"(主观行为)并非同类事物,也不具备相似之处。\[B\]后一般为"被展示/出示的对象",\[D\]后一般为"传达(信息或情感)的对象",常接表示"人物或地点"的词;文中"计量经济学分析"属于研究分析的过程,无法充当"展示或传达的对象"。 12. \[A\] Contrary to 与......相反的 \[B\] Consistent with 与......一致,相符 \[C\] Parallel with 与......平行的;与......类似 \[D\] Peculiar to 为......所专用的,特有的 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+形容词短语辨析。正确率:48% \[解题思路\]空格上文②句指出,霍桑实验还得出另一个惊人结果;空格句具体解释。空格后 the descriptions on record 指"之前的实验描述";no systematic...was found that...指"新的分析结果";而上文已知霍桑效应最初的实验结论:生产率和照明改变有关联,因此与本句 that 从句内容吻合,而该内容由 no...was found...加以否定,判断前后两个结果相反,符合该逻辑的只有\[A\]。 \[错项排除\]\[B\]表示前后内容的"一致性",\[C\]体现两种事物的"相似性,可比拟性";两项均违背"前后实验结论不同"的语境。\[D\]表示"某事/人的特有性或特殊性",只涉及"一方特性",而非"两方面内容的对比"。 13. \[A\] evidence 证据 \[B\] guidance 指导 \[C\] implication 暗指 \[D\] source 来源 \[考点提炼\]句内语义。正确率:46% \[解题思路\]that 引导的同位语从句解释空格词:生产效率与照明的变化相关。上文已知计量经济学分析结果与之前实验结论相反,因此空格所在句含义应是:新实验未发现两者存在关联的证据,\[A\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[B\]表示"提供给某人的帮助或建议",\[D\]或指"来源,出处",或表示"造成某事(尤其是某问题)的根源",但文中同位语从句"生产效率与照明变化间存在关联"显然不是"帮助或建议",也非"某情况的来源或根源"。\[C\]表示"暗示或未直接言明的内容";从语义上看,that 从句"生产率和照明改变有关"与首次实验结论相同,因此也应属于直接结论,不涉及"深层内涵"。 Ⅳ ①It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. ② 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. ③When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. ④ 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. ⑤Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. ⑥This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down. \[278 words

(中文翻译)①结果表明,进行实验的特殊方式可能导致了对所发生情况的误导性解释。②例如,照明条件总是在周日改变。③当周一重新开工时,工人的产出与上周六相比如期上升了,并在接下来的两三天持续上升。④然而,与未进行实验的几周的数据对比显示,周一工人的产出总是会上升。⑤无论什么情况,工人在一周的前几天往往都会勤奋工作,直至达到一个稳定状态,然后懒散下来。⑥这表明,所谓的"霍桑效应"是很难解释清楚的。

词汇注释

①peculiar [pɪˈkjuːliə] a. 特有的,特殊的

②interpretation [ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn] n. 理解,解释

③plateau [ˈplætəʊ] n. 稳定期,停滞期

④slacken (off) v.(使)放慢、减缓、萧条

⑤alleged [əˈledʒd] a. 声称的,所谓的

⑥pin sth down 确切说明(或理解)

真题精解

  1. A\] disputable 有争议的,值得商榷的 \[B\] enlightening 有启发性的

考点提炼\]上下文语义+形容词辨析。正确率:33% \[解题思路\]上段末句指出没有系统证据表明生产效率水平和照明变化有关联,即之前的实验结论也许有误;空格句指出:结果表明,进行实验的特殊方式可能导致了对所发生现象的____解释。该句是对上段末"之前实验为何得出错误结论"的解释,因此空格词应包含"有误、错误"的含义,\[D\]正确。 \[错项排除\]空格词修饰的内容是 interpretations of what happened,即"初次实验结果的解释",这种解释当时被认为是正确的,并不存在争议,因此排除\[A\]。\[B\]强调"使人增进知识,予以启迪的";\[C\]强调"可信度高",此两项均表现对原先实验结论的"认可"态度,与文中的"质疑"态度不符。 15. \[A\] In contrast 与......相反,相比之下 \[B\] For example 例如 \[C\] In consequence 因此,结果 \[D\] As usual 照旧,像往常一样 \[考点提炼\]上下文逻辑关系。正确率:61% \[解题思路\]①句提到,特殊的实验方式导致了对实验现象的误导性解释;②③句指出:____,照明条件总是在周日改变。当周一重新开工时,工人的产出与上周六相比......,在接下来的几天里......。两句群构成"概括(总体)→具体(典型)"的关系,选项中符合文意的只有例证逻辑词 For example,\[B\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]表示"所谈论情形与上文所提及内容的迥然不同",与上文构成对比关系;\[C\]用于"引出某事的结果",但上下文并非对比或因果关系,故排除此两项。\[D\]表示"某事或某人行为与往常大部分情况一样",强调"惯常性",而空格后内容为"实验设定的一种特定操作",并非车间"原有惯例"。 16. \[A\] duly 如期地;适时地,按时地 \[B\] accidentally 偶然地,意外地 \[C\] unpredictably 不可预测地,不可预知地 \[D\] suddenly 突然地;忽然 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+副词用法。正确率:40% \[解题思路\]空格上句指出照明总是在周日改变;always 强调这是霍桑初次实验设置的一种"常态变化";空格句指出当周一复工时产出与上周六相比____上升。由第二段②③句可知,"照明条件改变,产出增加",故"周一复工时的产量增加"也应和"周日照明改变"一样,是种常态,在预期之中,\[A\]符合文意。 \[错项排除\]\[B\]、\[C\]、\[D\]三项均强调无规律的意外情况,与实验结论"照明改变会带来产出增加"表明的"常态性,可预料性"相悖。 17. \[A\] failed 失败,未做到 \[B\] ceased 停止 \[C\] started 开始 \[D\] continued 继续 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+动词辨析。正确率:59% \[解题思路\]下文⑤句"无论什么情况下,工人在一周前几天......勤奋工作"表明,工人产出在前几天都"比较高",可推知在接下来的两三天应该"保持或继续上升"。从语法上看,空格后时间状语 for...days 为一段时间,故空格处为延续性动词。continued 能够表明工人在一周前几天的高产出趋势,且为延续性动词,语义与语法均符合要求,故\[D\]正确。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]表示"未成功(做成某事)"或"未做到本该做到的事,\[B\]表示"停止或不再(做某事)",为非延续性动词;两项均与⑤句"前几天都很努力"的逻辑相左。\[C\]表示"开始(做某事)",而前半句已知"周一产出就开始上升",并由 and 连接后文,因此不可能是"接下来的几天才开始上升"。 18. \[A\] Therefore 因此 \[B\] Furthermore 此外 \[C\] However 然而 \[D\] Meanwhile 同时 \[考点提炼\]上下文逻辑关系。正确率:23% \[解题思路\]空格句指出,____,与没有进行实验时的数据比较发现,工人的产出总是在周一上升。也即,做实验还是不做实验,工人产出情况都一样;本次实验结果无疑令人意外,能体现这一逻辑的只有\[C\],用于"引出对比以及令人吃惊的内容"。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]用于"引出前述内容的逻辑性结果或结论";\[B\]用于"引出新信息或观点以补充或支持前述内容",但空格句与上文明显不是因果或递进关系。\[D\]利用其"对比两方面内容"这一用法进行干扰,但这种对比尤指"完全相反、且同时发生的两方面情况";而文中涉及的对比是"做实验 VS 未做实验"这一前提条件,结果其实一致,其次两方面内容并非"同时发生",而是"先后发生"。 19. \[A\] attempted 尝试 \[B\] tended 往往会 \[C\] chose 选择 \[D\] intended 打算 \[考点提炼\]上下文语义+动词辨析。正确率:39% \[解题思路\]上文提到,进行或不进行实验,工人的产出总是在周一上升;空格句中 in any case 强调这是工人一种很规律的行为,不因是否进行实验而改变,因此空格句是对上文规律性现象的总结,tended (to)表示"规律性或客观倾向性",符合句意要求,正确项为\[B\]。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]、\[C\]、\[D\]三项均表示主观行为,与"客观、规律的实验现象"不符。 20. \[A\] breaking 突破 \[B\] climbing 攀登 \[C\] surpassing 超越 \[D\] hitting 达到 \[考点提炼\]句内语义+熟词僻义。正确率:31% \[解题思路\]空格句中时间副词 for the first few days(一开始)、before(继而,"引出紧跟前文动作的状态")、and then...(然后)顺序串联起工人一周工作的三种状态:勤奋→(直到)____稳定状态→懒散下来,表明工人效率呈现"上升→保持→下降"的抛物线态势,因而"____a plateau"应该表示"到达一个稳定高点",hit a plateau 为固定搭配"达到停滞期、稳定阶段",hit 取僻义"达到",正确项为\[D\]。 \[错项排除\]\[A\]、\[C\]设置反向干扰,\[A\]与 plateau 搭配,表示"突破瓶颈"之意;\[C\]表示"比......更好",前后为比较的对象,前优于后,而文中 workers 和 a plateau 逻辑上不能比较,只有"工人产出(值)VS 瓶颈(值)"才可比较。\[B\]强调"攀、爬"这一动作,before climbing a plateau 实际表示"仍在起点,尚未攀爬高地",而"勤奋→准备开始勤奋"显然逻辑混乱。 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. "So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism," Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are'." Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. 21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that \[A\] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers. \[B\] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews. \[C\] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers. \[D\] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies. 22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by \[A\] free themes. \[B\] casual style. \[C\] elaborate layout. \[D\] radical viewpoints. 23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on? \[A\] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals. \[B\] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. \[C\] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. \[D\] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing. 24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs? \[A\] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today. \[B\] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. \[C\] His style caters largely to modern specialists. \[D\] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition. 25. What would be the best title for the text? \[A\] Newspapers of the Good Old Days \[B\] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers \[C\] Mournful Decline of Journalism \[D\] Prominent Critics in Memory Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1 报纸艺术评论的衰落 一、总体分析 本文摘自《Commentary》(《评论杂志》)2007年11月一篇题为《The Amateur as Critic》(《业余评论家》)的文章。文中作者抚今追昔,对英语报刊艺术评论不可遏制的衰落趋势表达了遗憾。文章采用倒叙,开头和结尾评述现在,中间回顾历史,并将比较论证方法贯串始终,生动揭示了报纸艺术评论的衰落,并暗中明确其中原因。本文措辞典雅、句式多变,这使得解读本文虽会感到吃力,但读后收获颇丰。 二、语篇分析及试题精解 Ⅰ ①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. (中文翻译)英文报纸过去25年间发生的所有变化中,影响最为深远的或许就是其艺术报道范围和严肃性已呈不可遏止的衰落之势。 词汇注释与难句分析 ①inexorable \[ɪnˈeksərəbl\] a. 不可阻挡的;无法改变的 ②scope \[skəʊp\] n.(处理、研究事物的)范围 ③coverage \[ˈkʌvərɪdʒ\] n. 新闻报道 经典搭配 ①inexorable decline(不可遏止的衰落) ②arts coverage(艺术报道) 语篇分析 第一段开门见山提出全文主旨:英文报纸艺术报道的范围和严肃性已呈不可遏制的衰落趋势。关键词:inexorable decline。 本段为独句段,整体以最高级表述Of all... the most...凸显作者关注事件、亮出全文主旨。 前半句背景烘托,着笔英文报纸过去25年间发生的"诸多变化(all the changes)"。during the past quarter-century设定本文关注时间,English-language newspapers明确本文关注领域。 后半句明确本文关注事件,指出其中"意义最深远的变化"(the most far-reaching):(英语报纸)艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可遏制的衰落趋势。arts coverage指"报纸中的艺术报道/评论",为作者关注对象;scope、seriousness为两个具体关注方面。inexorable decline饱含作者遗憾之情。 【深层解读】本段运用最高级表述Of all the changes... the most far-reaching,着笔英文报纸过去25年间发生的"诸多变化",引出其中"意义最深远的变化",这种烘托渲染的方式起到强烈的凸显功用。被凸显对象the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage以"高度概括性"与"话题严肃性"暗示其"全文主旨"的地位,表明下文将绕其论述。 Ⅱ ①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. (中文翻译)对于40岁以下的普通读者而言,他们难以,甚至根本无法想象一个能在大多数大都市报纸上读到高质量艺术评论的时代。然而20世纪出版的相当多的最具重要影响的评论文集大部分由报纸评论组成。若今日再来阅读这些文集,会惊叹于这样一个事实:里面这些广博精深的内容曾被认为适合刊登在面向大众发行的日报上。 词汇注释与难句分析 ①marvel \[ˈmɑːvl\] v. 感到惊奇,大为赞赏 ②learned \[ˈlɜːnd\] a. 博学的,学问精深的 ③deem \[diːm\] v.(尤用于被动语态)认为;视为 ④circulation \[ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃn\] n.(报刊等的)发行 经典搭配 ①to the point of(达到......的程度) ②in large part(在很大程度上) It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 句子主干:It is difficult for the average reader to imagine a time (形式主语 系动词 表语 不定式逻辑主语 不定式做真正主语) 介词短语做状语:to the point of impossibility 后置定语:under the age of forty 定语从句:when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. (关系副词 主语 谓语 地点状语) 功能注释:本句是主从复合句,主句主语it为形式主语,真正的主语为不定式。关系副词when(= in which)引导的定语从句对time做进一步说明。 语篇分析 第二、三段以时间为轴追溯报纸艺术评论曾经的辉煌,反向说明如今的衰落趋势,并暗示其中原因。 第二段回顾25年前(二战后至80年代)报纸艺术评论盛况。关键词:difficult... to imagine a time。 ①句明确指出,如今的读者根本无法想象一个"能在大多数都市报纸上读到高质量艺术评论的"时代。句中a time when...描绘一个艺术评论的辉煌时代:高质量艺术评论在报纸上随处可见。average reader under the age of forty是见证今昔变化的人群(契合开篇the past quarter-century):他们是现在(近25年)报纸的读者群,25年前却很少阅读报纸(无法体会当时报纸的情形)。句子整体以It is difficult to the point of possibility for... to imagine a time when...结构极言"四十岁以下普通读者几乎完全无法想象这样一个艺术鼎盛时代",强调"如今绝非这样一个时代",暗示"25年前曾是这样一个时代"。 ②句转而指出20世纪便是这样一个"报纸评论质量高、数量大、影响力强的"时代。句子语义重心落于句末的"报纸评论",整体以多重强调"相当多的(a considerable number of)、最具影响力的(the most significant)、多半(in large part)"侧面凸显当时报纸评论的"质量高、数量多、影响力大"。 ③句进一步强调当时是一个"广博精深的内容被认为完全适合刊登在面向大众的日报"的时代(凸显当时艺术评论质量高、受众广)。评判句式To... is to...强调必然对等关系,借蕴含强烈情感的marvel at(惊叹于)传递作者态度:对往日情形感到惊叹,对今日情形表示遗憾。learned contents和general-circulation dailies形成反差、凸显昔日报纸评论的盛况:艺术评论内容广博精深,但其受众极广。 【深层解读】一、①②句以Yet衔接,看似转折,实际是反向同义(逻辑统一,视角不同):"四十岁以下读者无法想象这样的盛景"反向说明"四十岁以上读者曾经历这样的盛景";①句high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers和②句a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism... consisted in large part of newspaper reviews实为同义。二、归类关键词汇,发现段间关系:本段could be found in most big-city newspapers、consisted in large part of newspaper reviews、deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies反复强调该时期艺术评论"范围广/随处可见",解释首段scope;而high-quality、the most significant、learned contents均指向报纸评论的"高质量",解释首段seriousness。本段进一步解释第一段主题"报纸艺术评论的范围和严肃性呈衰落趋势"。 真题精解 21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that 21. 第一、二段表明 \[A\] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers \[A\] 艺术评论已从大城市报纸上消失 \[B\] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews \[B\] 英文报纸过去常刊载更多艺术评论 \[C\] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers \[C\] 高品质的报纸留住大批读者 \[D\] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies \[D\] 年轻读者怀疑评论文章是否适合刊登在日报上 \[精准定位\]第一段指出,英语报纸中艺术报道的范围和严肃性不可遏制的衰落趋势。第二段指出,过去在大多数都市报纸上都能够读到高品质的艺术评论;20世纪出版的重要艺术评论文集里报纸评论占据大半。可见,英文报纸过去常刊载更多的艺术评论,\[B\]正确。 \[命题解密\]\[B\] carry more arts reviews 概括 in most big-city newspapers, consisted in large part of newspaper reviews 所描绘的曾经情形、且体现 difficult to the point of impossibility to imagine 所表明的现在相反状况:曾经报纸上艺术评论数量大、范围广,今日读者简直难以想象。 \[A\]对第二段①句 It's difficult to the point of impossibility... arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers 断章取义,实际上该句意为"如今读者很难想象昔日报刊评论之盛况"。另外,回顾首段亦可发现,艺术评论只是 decline(衰落),而非 disappear(消亡),选项夸大其词。\[C\]将首两段中 English-language newspapers... decline,reader,high-quality 与惯有认知(报纸品质高则读者多)糅杂,错误推出"低质量报纸衰落,高质量报纸却留住了大部分读者"。但文章实际聚焦的是"新闻评论的质量",并未提及"报纸的质量"。\[D\]将第二段③句人们对(昔日)将高质量评论发表在日报上表示赞叹(marvel at),改为与之完全相悖的怀疑(doubt)。 \[技巧总结\]本题就跨段今昔对比设置推理题,考查学生归纳概括细节信息的能力。针对这类"题干仅限定信息搜索范围、却没有提示方向的关键词"的细节题,考生可:①根据选项中的时态标识和名词标识定位原文对应位置;②比对选项与原文,找到决定选项正误的关键词:正确项多为对原文信息的概括总结或同义改写,而干扰项则常常在原文信息的基础上强加关联或篡改语义。 如本题,先由选项时态,得知\[A\]、\[B\]着眼过去,而\[C\]、\[D\]则说明当前情况,以此将各项定位到原文对应位后发现,选项中的 disappeared,more,retain,doubt 构成了判断正误的关键,仔细比对这些词与其原文细节的异同,即可发现\[A\]、\[C\]、\[D\]均在不同程度上偏离了原文含义,只有\[B\]符合原文信息。 Ⅲ ①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤"So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism," Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are'." (中文翻译)我们与20世纪初至二战前夕英国的杂感式报纸评论就更是无缘了,当时,新闻用纸价廉如土,风格独特的艺术评论被看作是对刊登它的出版物的一种装饰。在那个遥远的年代,各大报纸的评论家们会对所报道的事件撰写详尽入微的评论,这被视作理所当然。他们从事的是严肃的工作,人们信任,即便是那些以轻松活泼的方式展现自己学问的评论家,如萧伯纳和欧内斯特·纽曼,也都清楚自己在做什么。这些人相信新闻写作是他们的天职,并为自己的文章能发表在日报上而感到自豪。"能够拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋能尽职尽责做好新闻写作工作本分的作家是如此之少",纽曼写道,"以至于我不禁想把'新闻写作'定义成为'没读者的作家对有读者作家的蔑称'"。 词汇注释与难句分析 ①ornament \[ˈɔːnəmənt\] n. 装饰;摆设;点缀 ②about \[əˈbaʊt\] prep. 从事于,忙于 ③calling \[ˈkɔːlɪŋ\] n. 天职,使命感 ④casual \[ˈkæʒuəl\] a. 马虎的,疏忽的,随便的(22题) ⑤layout \[ˈleɪaʊt\] n. 布局,安排,设计(22题) ⑥elaborate \[ɪˈlæbərət\] a. 详尽而复杂的;精心制作的(22题) 经典搭配 ①be taken for granted(被视作理所当然) ②in detail and at length(十分详尽) ③keep/hold one's end up(在困难面前坚持下去,表现好) ④be tempted to(不禁) ⑤a term of contempt(轻蔑的称呼) 1. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. 句子主干:We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews (主语 系动词 表语 removed的状语 后置定语) published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II. (后置定语) 同位语:at a time 定语从句:when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (关系副词 主语1 谓语1 并列连词 主语2 谓语2 主语2的补语 定语从句) 功能注释:句中介词短语 at a time... 是主句时间状语的同位语,进一步解释说明它是怎样一个时期。该同位语结构比较复杂,介词短语中嵌套了两个定语从句。 2. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. 分句1 句子主干:Theirs was a serious business (主语 系动词 表语) 分句2 定语从句:who wore their learning lightly (关系代词 谓语 宾语) 宾语从句:what they were about. (引导词 主语 谓语 表语) 句子主干:and even those reviewers could be trusted to know (连词 状语 主语 谓语 主语补语) 插入语做同位语:like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman 功能注释:该句由 and 连接的两个并列分句组成,第二个分句较复杂:谓语为被动结构,不定式 to know... 做主补,其中 what they were about 含义为"他们在忙些什么",like... 做插入语,引出例子。 语篇分析 第三段延展时间线,回顾20世纪初至二战前夕报纸艺术评论的鼎盛时期,并暗示如今报纸艺术评论衰落涉及的原因。关键词:even farther removed。 ①句介绍20世纪初至二战前夕报纸艺术评论的总体特点"主题自由多样",并说明原因:新闻用纸廉价、报纸重视评论的装饰价值(侧面表明报纸艺术评论衰落的原因之一:新闻用纸价格今非昔比,用评论装饰报纸已无成本优势)。at a time when... 为时间状语的同位语,实际表明原因。 主句以 even farther removed from 递进承接上文,不仅将时间推远,且将报纸艺术评论的衰落进一步凸显:我们难以想象 "二战后至80年代博大精深的艺术评论",更与"20世纪初至二战前夕杂感式艺术评论"完全无缘。unfocused 为本句关键词,强调当时报纸艺术评论的总体特点"主题自由多样,以杂感为特点"(即:题材广泛,回应首段 scope")。同位语 at a time when... 暗示当时新闻评论呈此特点的原因:新闻用纸价廉如土,报纸评论装饰价值大于实用价值,故各大报纸不受题材、篇幅限制、大量发表各类杂感。 ②至⑤句进一步论述当时报纸评论的"严肃性",并指出这源自当时评论家对新闻评论的神圣使命感)。In those far-off days 回应①句 between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II,引发另一意群。本文意群四句以... critics... theirs, like... Newman... These men... Newman 紧密衔接、层层递进。 ②句指出评论家的写作特点:详尽充分(初步展示其"严肃性")。at length、in detail 实为同义,两词叠加意在凸显评论的细致程度。it was taken for granted 则表明这是当时报纸评论界共识。 ③句明确指出评论家均将写评论当做"严肃的事业"(a serious business)。and even 在句内形成解释递进关系。wore their learning lightly(用轻松幽默的方式展现自身学问)与 could be trusted to know what they were about(about 意为"忙于/从事于")形成鲜明反差,强调当时评论家们对这项工作严肃以待:连文笔轻松活泼的评论家对新闻写作都丝毫不敢怠慢(其他评论家的严肃性更不必说)。 ④句进一步将评论家的严肃推至极致:将新闻写作视为天职并引以为荣。believed in journalism as a calling、were proud to... 共同强调评论家们将"给日报撰写评论"看做是无比神圣与自豪的事业,且再次暗示过去大众日报"格调高雅"的定位。 ⑤句以纽曼之言例证④句,形象传达新闻评论家的自豪感。纽曼话语整体以 So few...that... 因果强调句式结合幽默讽刺手法,起到强烈凸显效果。 前半句以 So few authors have...enough or...enough to... 强调成为合格新闻作家必须具备两个常人难有的条件:极高的智慧(brains)和文学天赋(literary gift)。keep one's end up in journalism(keep one's end up 意为"尽好自己的本分、完成自己的工作")指成为一名合格的新闻评论家。 后半句利用幽默讽刺的手法,进一步予以凸显。I am tempted to define journalism as a term... 传递 Newman 的幽默夸张风格,暗中呼应上文 wore their learning lightly。a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are(read)正常语序为 writers who are not read apply a term of contempt to writers who are(read),以"没有读者的平庸作家"将"新闻写作"一词用作蔑称来嘲讽"有读者的优秀作家",传递"木秀于林,风必摧之"之意,即:"新闻写作"恰恰划清了"优秀作家"与"平庸作家"的界限;这种来自满肚子酸葡萄的平庸者的嘲弄何尝不是对真正优秀者的高度肯定! 句中 who are(read)Vs who are not read 结合 read 本意("被读",即:有读者)和其生僻之意(博学的,通达的),回应前半句 brains、literary gift:有足够智力和文学天赋才能在日报上发表文章,被无数读者赏读;没有足够智力和文学天赋则无法发表文章而得到广泛阅读。 【深层解读】提炼段落层次,明确段间论证逻辑:本段分为两层,①句以 unfocused 继续回应首段 scope(即:第二段从"艺术评论在报纸上随处可见"角度进行论证;本段则进一步从"评论题材多样"角度进行论证);②③④⑤句以 write in detail and at length... a serious business... know what they were about... a calling... have brains enough or literary gift enough 形成的语义场正面回应首段 seriousness(即:第二段从"报纸评论的高质量"角度进行论证,本段则直接强调其"严肃性")。整体看三段即:第二、三段以递进关系论证第一段(契合两段间以 It is difficult to the point of impossibility... to imagine a time when... 和 We are even farther removed from... at a time when... 体现明显的时间后推、语义递进关系)。 真题精解 22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by ______. 22. 二战前英国报纸评论的特点是______。 \[A\] free themes \[A\] 主题自由 \[B\] casual style \[B\] 风格随意 \[C\] elaborate layout \[C\] 布局精心 \[D\] radical viewpoints \[D\] 观点激进 \[精准定位\] 根据题干中时间关键词 before World War II 迅速定位到第三段首句。本句承接上段指出,与现在截然不同的是,二战前报纸评论涵盖的内容非常广泛,包罗万象,故\[A\]为正确项。 \[命题解密\] 有多种方法猜测 unfocused 一词在文中的含义:(1) 构词法,un 否定前缀+focused"集中的";(2) 首段中较远的呼应。decline in the scope and seriousness 暗示过去的艺术报道范围广泛,风格严肃。\[A\]中 free 是基于 unfocused 在文中含义的同义替换。 \[B\]源自段中 stylish,但该词指评论的文体十分讲究、华丽,并非"随意"。且 Theirs was a serious business 也表明评论家们严肃认真,而非选项中"随意的"。\[C\]elaborate 虽涵盖②句 in detail and at length 之意,但"layout(布局)"却偏离文段焦点"艺术评论的内容和风格"。\[D\]将 serious business 误解为"评论家的观点很激进",但 serious 指"工作态度"问题,与其所持观点无关。 \[技巧总结\] 本题就二战前英国报纸评论的细节特点设问,实则考查理解关键抽象词在文中具体含义的能力。解答此类题一般:①先从文中寻找选项来源词;②找到来源词后,先结合上下文仔细揣摩其含义,再与选项进行比对。注意:正确项不得与其他表明事物特征的内容相悖。 具体到本题:四项分别对应文中 unfocused、stylish、in detail and at length/ornament、serious,各项均由两部分组成(形容词表特征,名词指向特征的载体),选择正确项时不仅要确保选项所言特点在文中有凭据,还需甄别该特点所修饰的对象是否符合原文,如\[B\]与 serious 相悖;\[D\]对 seriousness 推导过度;\[C\]elaborate 虽然符合文意,但其所修饰的 layout 却与原文聚焦的"内容"不符。 23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on? 23. 萧伯纳和纽曼最可能同意以下哪种说法? \[A\] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals. \[A\] 实现新闻工作的目标是作家的职责。 \[B\] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. \[B\] 作家们不屑去做新闻工作者。 \[C\] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. \[C\] 作家很可能受到吸引从事新闻写作。 \[D\] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing. \[D\] 并不是所有作家都能胜任新闻写作。 \[精准定位\] 第三段⑤句指出,Newman 认为"能拥有足够的智慧和文学天赋从事新闻写作的作家很少",又从③④句可知 Shaw 和 Newman 被当作那个时代评论家的典型代表,二人观点接近,故\[D\]正确。 \[命题解密\] \[D\]同义改写第三段末句 So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to... in journalism。Not all 和 So few 同义,capable 概括了 have brains enough or literary gift enough。 \[A\]干扰源自 Theirs was a serious business、know what they were about,但该内容实际上强调"评论家将其工作当做一种严肃的事业"并非"实现新闻工作的目标是作家的职责",选项将一种"主观意愿(believe in)"偷换成了"客观要求(duty)"。\[B\]是对第三段末句 define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt...'的断章取义,结合上文可知,该内容是"平庸作家对新闻写作者的嘲讽",而非"Newman 观点"。\[C\]利用段中 tempted 捏造干扰,但实际上 Newman 认为"新闻写作门槛极高,能胜任者寥寥无几",因此很多作家实际非但不会被这一职业吸引,反而可能望而却步。 \[技巧总结\] 本题就文中人物观点设问,在确定人物观点时,需注意:①直接引语以及诸如 thinks,believes,contends 等转述动词是传达人物观点的重要标志;②人物观点中还可能嵌套他人观点,应加以区分。 如本题:第三段③句开始引入 Shaw 和 Newman,但④⑤句才将二者作为主语(These men,Newman),且带有 believed in,wrote 等观点标识词,故应成为分析的重点:对比后发现,\[D\]和体现 Newman 观点的重点信息(第三段⑤句前半句)一致,故正确。\[A\]duty、\[C\]tempted into 均偏离文意。\[B\]利用第三段⑤句末的嘲讽表述捏造干扰,但结合该句前半句及上文可知,选项违背 Newman 观点。 Ⅳ ❶ Unfortunately, these critics are virtually⁰ forgotten. ❷ Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket®. ❸ During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost® classical-music critics, and a stylist® so widely admired that his Autobiography® (1947) became a best-seller. ❹ He was knighted® in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ❺ Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save® to specialists. 遗憾的是,这些评论家几乎被完全遗忘了。内维尔·卡达斯从 1917 年到 1975 年去世前不久,一直在为《曼彻斯特卫报》撰写评论文章,可现在仅以板球比赛短评撰写人为人所知。但是,在他的一生之中,他也是英国最优秀的古典音乐评论家之一,他同时还是一位文体家,如此之广受赞誉,以致于其《自传》(1947 年出版)成为一本畅销书。1967 年,他受封为爵士,是第一位享有如此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而现如今,他的著作中只有一本仍在印行,他大量的乐评作品除了专业人士之外,无人知晓。 ● 词汇注释与难句分析 ①virtually \[ˈvɜːtʃuəli\] ad. 几乎;差不多;事实上;实际上 ②cricket \[ˈkrɪkɪt\] n. 板球(运动) ③foremost \[ˈfɔːməʊst\] a. 最好的,一流的 ④stylist \[ˈstaɪlɪst\] n. 语言风格优美的人;文体家 ⑤autobiography \[ˌɔːtəbaɪˈɒɡrəfi\] n. 自传;自传体小说 ⑥knight \[naɪt\] v. 封(某人)为爵士 ⑦save \[seɪv\] prep. / conj. 除了 ● 经典搭配 ①in print(仍在印刷、可买到) ②a vast body of(大量的) ● 语篇分析 第四、五段以古典音乐评论家 Cardus 为实例,直叙报纸艺术评论如今的衰落之势,并明确根本原因。 第四段借对比"卡达斯生前广为人知 VS 现在无人知晓"揭示报纸艺术评论的衰落之势。关键词为:virtually forgotten。 ①句(段落主旨句)承上启下:那些严肃对待新闻写作并以之为荣的评论家已被淡忘。are virtually forgotten 概述如今人们对昔日评论家的淡忘(these critics 回指上文"拥有足够智慧和才华的报纸评论家"),引出下文例证。Unfortunately 传达作者对艺术评论衰落的悲哀心境,定下段群情感基调。 ②至⑤句具体到个人,借对比"Cardus 生前因撰写评论文章广受赞誉"与"现在作品却几乎无人知晓"例证①句。Neville Cardus... During his lifetime... He... Yet only one of his books... and his vast body of writings... 串起意群。 ②句总起,初步展示对比:Cardus 一生从事新闻写作 VS 现在却仅以板球评论家为人所知。from 1917 until...1975 说明 Cardus 一生热衷新闻写作(言外之意,其评论作品颇多)。is now known solely as...(solely 意为"唯一地,仅仅地",起强调作用)则指出与之相悖情形:Cardus 如今仅仅作为"娱乐性质的板球评论家"为人知晓(即,其作为"严肃的艺术评论家"身份却不为人知)。 ③④句详细介绍 Cardus 生前作为报纸艺术评论家曾取得的辉煌成绩。 ③句指出 Cardus 是首屈一指的古典音乐评论家,广受赞誉的文体家。though,he was also 照应上句 solely,引出作者最关注方面(人们应该关注却已遗忘的方面)。one of England's foremost classical-music critics,a stylist so widely admired 重彩描绘这一方面:Cardus 是卓越的古典音乐评论家、文体家。 ④句进一步凸显其作为音乐评论家的出类拔萃:他是首位被封为爵士的音乐评论家。注:受封为爵士者(be knighted)代表该人士在某一领域有着重大成就,对社会产生重大贡献。 ⑤句转而(Yet)指出现状:Cardus 的音乐评论几乎无人问津。only one of his books is now in print;unknown 与③④句形成强烈对比,凸显 Cardus 作为盛极一时的评论家如今被人们淡忘,映射艺术评论的衰落。save to specialists 貌似补充说明,实则强化今昔对比:曾经 Cardus 乐评作品广受推崇,如今却仅限于专业人士。 \[深层解读\] 可从两方面理解本段和上文论证关系:一、体现"先总体阐释现象,再以个例具体展示"的典型论证结构:前两段借追溯报纸艺术评论曾经的辉煌,反向说明如今的衰退;本段以 Cardus 由"报纸艺术评论曾经广受追捧、本人也因其地位显赫"到"如今其作品无人问津、本人也几乎被完全遗忘"的对比具体例证,给人以切实的感知。二、论证角度和情感色彩发生了变化(集中体现于 Unfortunately):前两段重在展现报纸艺术评论"早期令人惊叹的辉煌",本段重在描绘其"令人遗憾的急剧衰退"。 Ⅴ ❶ Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ❷ The prospect seems remote. ❸ Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered® Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ❹ Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat®. 〔427 words〕 卡达斯的评论还有再度盛行的可能吗?前景似乎非常渺茫。早在他去世前的很长一段时间,新闻业的品味就已经改变。后现代的读者们几乎不再喜欢他所专长的极其华丽的维多利亚---爱德华时期风格的散文。更何况,音乐评论的业余传统已经迅速走向衰落。 ● 词汇注释与难句分析 ①upholster \[ʌpˈhəʊlstə\] v. 给(椅子等)做软垫等;(用织物)装饰(家具);文中引申为"对文章加以修饰" ②retreat \[rɪˈtriːt\] n. 撤退;退却 ③horizon \[həˈraɪzn\] n. 范围,见识,眼界(25 题) ④mournful \[ˈmɔːnfl\] a. 悲哀的(25 题) ⑤prominent \[ˈprɒmɪnənt\] a. 卓越的,显著的(25 题) ● 经典搭配 ①have little/no use for sth(厌恶、不怎么喜欢某事) ②specialize in(精通) ③in headlong retreat(急速衰落) ● 语篇分析 第五段继续以 Cardus 为例,明确报纸艺术评论衰落的根本原因,重申主题"报纸艺术评论衰落之势已不可遏止"。关键词:①remote;②little use。 ①②句自问自答,明确观点:卡达斯的艺术评论几无可能再度盛行。①句中 enjoy a revival(意为"再度盛行")针对卡达斯作品昔日大受欢迎的情形而言。②句中 seems remote 以委婉的语气明确作者观点:Cardus 评论再度盛行(以点带面指代早期艺术评论的复兴)几乎无望。 ③④句进而解释原因。Moreover 体现两句间递进逻辑。 ③句指出原因一:新闻业风格已变。and 连接的前后两分句为同义解释关系:postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose(Vicwardian 由 Victorian 和 Edwardian 合并,指维多利亚时代和爱德华时代,该时期的艺术评论强调渊博学识和华丽文采)明确 Journalistic tastes had changed:如今的后现代读者不再喜欢 Cardus 年代"讲文采,重雕琢,且文化底蕴深厚"的文风。 ④句指出原因二:音乐评论业余传统迅速衰落。amateur tradition 表明 arts criticism 所指,明确第三段末句暗示的当时情形:很多艺术评论家属于业余评论家(注:萧伯纳、纽曼、卡达斯等均为非专业出身的艺术评论家)。has been in headlong retreat(headlong 意为"迅猛且失控、慌不择路的")呼应首段 inexorable decline,说明现在业余评论一泻千里的衰落势头,暗示现在艺术评论多由专业人士所作。 \[深层解读\] 本段整体论述逻辑为:先明确观点(Cardus 评论再度盛行几无可能)------再说明理由(新闻品味已变;业余评论传统已改)。还需体味背后两层深意:一,作者是在以点代面说明报纸艺术评论衰落无可挽回,并给出根本原因(相对第三段所暗示原因,本段才是最根本的原因)。二,作者虽然貌似客观阐述,实际暗含情感(暗含于本段的 have little use for、in headlong retreat 以及与之呼应的首段的 inexorable decline),这一现象虽顺应时代、难以避免,但依然令人遗憾。 真题精解 24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs? 24. 从最后两段,我们可以获知有关卡达斯的什么信息? \[A\] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today. \[A\] 他的音乐评论对当今读者可能已没什么吸引力了。 \[B\] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. \[B\] 他作为音乐评论家享有的声誉长久以来饱受争议。 \[C\] His style caters largely to modern specialists. \[C\] 他的风格主要适合现代专业人士。 \[D\] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition. \[D\] 他写作的文章未能遵循业余传统。 \[精准定位\] 第四段提到:卡达斯的大量音乐评论作品除了专业人士之外,现在已无人知晓。第五段③句进而明确指出,后现代的读者不再需要卡达斯所擅长的华丽散文了。\[A\]符合文意。 \[命题解密\] \[A\]not appeal to readers today 对应末段③句 postmodern readers have little use for.... \[B\]将四段②句 is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket 误解为其"饱受争议",但该句实际强调卡达斯作为"严肃音乐评论家"的声誉已"被遗忘了"。\[C\]将 his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists"卡达斯音乐评论除专业人士外鲜有人知"的"客观情况"篡改为卡达斯主观上"迎合专业人士"。\[D\]fail to follow the amateur tradition 与第五段末句"音乐评论业余传统迅速衰落(乃卡达斯式音乐评论难以复兴的另一原因)",即卡达斯式音乐评论遵循着业余传统"相悖"。 \[技巧总结\] 本题考查最后两段具体信息。解题时:①以 Cardus 为中心,从选项切入角度出发,寻找原文以该角度阐述的内容;②以选项提及的其他对象为中心,找准原文中其与 Cardus 的真正关联。 具体到本题:若以 Cardus 为中心,即可分别以中心词 music criticism、reputation、style、writings 为切入点,但发现仅有 reputation 这一角度可提供明确的判断依据(原文是"被遗忘",选项是"处于争议中");随后再从其他对象出发,即 readers today、modern specialists、amateur tradition,再次回到文中寻找相关内容,即可发现 caters to 和 fail to follow 均不符合这些对象在原文中与 Cardus 的关联,最后确定正确项\[A\]。 全局真题精解 25. What would be the best title for the text? 25. 本文最好的题目是什么? \[A\] Newspapers of the Good Old Days \[A\] 报纸令人追忆的美好时代 \[B\] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers \[B\] 报纸上消失的视域 \[C\] Mournful Decline of Journalism \[C\] 新闻业令人悲哀的衰落 \[D\] Prominent Critics in Memory \[D\] 记忆中杰出的评论家 \[精准定位\] 本文开篇直陈主旨:英文报纸艺术报道已"不可遏止"地衰落了。第二、三段追述往昔艺术评论曾盛极一时的情况。最后两段从一位辉煌时期代表评论家的角度再次论证这一趋势,明确复兴前景渺茫的事实。文章通篇都在传达一个信息:艺术评论正逐渐从报纸上消失。\[B\]为最合适的标题。 \[命题解密\] \[B\]以 Horizon(知识、兴趣的范围)喻指"艺术评论",指向主题词 arts coverage;Lost(无法恢复的)则概括了全文陈述的趋势 inexorable decline/headlong retreat。 \[A\]中 the Good Old Days 源自文中第二、三段对"过去辉煌"的追溯,未涉及文章实际着意凸显的"衰微现状";且原文论述的中心在于"艺术评论"而非更大范围的"报纸"。\[C\]亦将主题词 arts criticism 偷换成更大范围的 journalism。\[D\]源自最后两段对 Cardus 的追忆,但对 Cardus 的遗忘只是用以论证艺术评论衰落的论据,并非全文主旨。 \[技巧总结\] 标题题历来是各类题型中的难点,需要回顾各段主要内容,然后对整篇主题予以概括和提炼,且需牢记:①标题作为全文概括,有两点必须说清:"文章论述对象是什么",以及"该对象发生了什么";②以偏概全(仅截取文中某一部分加以概括)和扩大外延是常用的干扰手段。 具体到解题:回顾各段的议论中心词:arts coverage(一段),arts criticism、newspaper reviews(二、三段),critics(四段),Cardus's criticism、music criticism(五段),可归纳本文主题为"艺术评论";随后纵观篇章布局可发现,对过去报纸评论美好时光的回顾和对卡达斯在世时的种种成就的缅怀,都是为了衬托一种"衰落之势"(inexorable decline/difficult(... to imagine)/farther removed from/virtually forgotten/headlong retreat)。只有\[B\]全面准确地涵盖这两点,其他项要么扩大论述对象外延(\[A\]、\[C\]的 Newspapers 和 Journalism),要么以偏概全(\[D\]只概括了最后两段内容)。 Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court," says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of \[A\] their limited value to businesses. \[B\] their connection with asset allocation. \[C\] the possible restriction on their granting. \[D\] the controversy over their authorization. 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? \[A\] Its ruling complies with the court decisions. \[B\] It involves a very big business transaction. \[C\] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit. \[D\] It may change the legal practices in the U.S. 28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means \[A\] loss of goodwill. \[B\] increase of hostility. \[C\] change of attitude. \[D\] enhancement of dignity. 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents \[A\] are immune to legal challenges. \[B\] are often unnecessarily issued. \[C\] lower the esteem for patent holders. \[D\] increase the incidence of risks. 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? \[A\] A looming threat to business-method patents. \[B\] Protection for business-method patent holders. \[C\] A legal case regarding business-method patents. \[D\] A prevailing trend against business-method patents. Text 2 商业方法专利受到潜在法律威胁 一、总体分析 本文摘自《商业周刊》2008年2月21日一篇题为《专利保护面临的潜在威胁》的文章。主要分析美国专利法庭"过去大量颁发商业方法专利,如今则欲大幅缩减该类专利"的巨大转变。 二、语篇分析及试题精解 Ⅰ ❶ Over the past decade, thousands of patents⁰ have been granted for what are called business methods. ❷ Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. ❸ Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation² strategy. ❹ One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. 过去十年间,成千上万项专利被授给了所谓的"商业方法"。亚马逊公司因其"一键式"在线支付系统获得了一项专利。美林集团因其某种资产配置策略获得了法律保护。某发明者取得了一种提箱技术的专利。 ● 词汇注释与难句分析 ①patent \[ˈpeɪtnt\] n. 专利(权) v. 取得专利权 ②allocation \[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn\] n. 配置,分配 ● 语篇分析 第一、二段介绍现象:联邦巡回法院意欲缩减商业方法专利数量。 第一段铺垫过去情形:十年来不计其数的商业方法被授予专利。关键词:thousands。 ①句回溯近年来专利领域情况:太多的商业方法取得了专利保护... patents... for business methods 锁定主题关键词:商业方法专利。what are called("所谓的")暗含奚落语气、怀疑态度:这些"商业方法"徒有虚名,授之专利可能是错误之举。thousands of 表面上客观表明专利数量颇多,实际蕴藏不满之情:有关当局这些年来都在"滥发"专利。而句首的 Over the past decade 预示该情形如今生变,为下文引出"该类专利如今面临被撤销、受限等潜在法律威胁"埋下伏笔。 ②③④句例证①句:专利对象大到知名公司的商业方法,小到不知名者的生活技巧。句群借助三组平行结构"专利获得者(Amazon.com/ Merrill Lynch/ One inventor)"、"获取专利(received one for.../ got legal protection for.../ patented a technique for...)"、"专利内容(online payment system/ an asset allocation strategy/ a technique for lifting a box)"展现句间并列逻辑;简单动词 received/got/patented 传达"商业方法能轻易获取专利"的韵味,末句 One inventor... lifting a box 更将此韵味推向高潮:随便某个发明人都有意申请哪怕是普通生活技巧方面的专利,而且最终能够达成,可见专利已泛滥成灾。 【深层解读】一、重视开篇在判断全文主旨方面的作用。"今昔对比"式开篇很常见,如2004-text 2(Over the past century...)、2008-text 2(It used to be...)。如此开篇可更好地突显"当前变化、新出现的情况",也即文章主题。本文首句 Over the past decade 字面聚焦过去现象,实则为下文"新变化"做铺垫,故全文的论述方向应该是:如今商业方法专利面临拐点,即"将要受到限制、威胁"。 二、从语态以及谓语动词的使用中洞悉段落逻辑以及作者态度。①句正式动词 grant("\[尤指正式或法律上\]同意,准予")及其被动式,属于客观介绍现象的惯常措辞,②③④句普通动词 received a patent /got legal protection / patent a technique 及其主动式,彰显随意举例说明的用意;洞悉"总(主旨)---分(扩展)"段落结构;而反复出现的同一动作(受/发专利)凸显现状:商业方法类专利极易获取,铺天盖地。 Ⅱ ❶ Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized¹ 10 years ago. ❷ In a move² that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz⁰, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. ❸ In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. ❹ It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." 现在国家最高专利法庭似乎完全准备好缩减商业方法专利的数量,这类专利自十年前首次获批以来就一直备受争议。在一次令知识产权律师们议论纷纷的举措中,美国联邦巡回上诉法院宣称,它将利用一起特殊案件对商业方法专利开展广泛复审。这个被熟知为比尔斯基案的案件"事关重大",密苏里大学法学院的丹尼斯·D·克劳奇说,它"有撤销一整类专利的潜力"。 词汇注释与难句分析 ①authorize \[ˈɔːθəraɪz\] v. 批准;认可 ②move \[muːv\] n. 行动 ③abuzz \[əˈbʌz\] a. 嘈杂的,唧唧喳喳的 ④transaction \[trænˈzækʃn\] n. (一笔)交易(27题) ⑤dismiss \[dɪsˈmɪs\] v. 驳回(讼案、上诉等)(27题) ①scale sth. back(减少(数量);缩小(规模或范围)) ②ever since(自从) ③intellectual property(知识财产) ④a big deal(非常重要或严重的事) ⑤comply with(遵从,服从,顺从)(27题) ● 经典搭配 Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. 句子主干分析 时间状语:Now 主语:the nation's top patent court 系动词:appears 表语:completely ready 不定式做状语:to scale back on business-method patents 定语从句:which have been controversial 时间状语从句:ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago 引导词:which 系动词:have been 表语:controversial 引导词:ever since 主语:they 被动式谓语:were first authorized 时间状语:10 years ago 功能注释:主干(逗号前)指出美国最高专利法庭"减少商业方法专利数量"的趋势;which 从句修饰 business-method patents,补充指出商业方法专利自引入以来便争议不断。 语篇分析 第二段表明当前态势变化:最高专利法庭准备从"Bilski 案"入手,以期控制商业方法专利的授予。关键词:①scale back;②Bilski。 ①句直述现状:最高专利法庭意欲缩减商业方法专利数量。Now 呼应上段 Over the past decade,提示今昔变化,预示文章主题。scale back 明确变化的内容:专利发放将收紧。句中 appear(似乎)体现"严谨":结论未经证实;而绝对性副词 completely(ready to...)即刻弱化这一"含糊性":完全准备就绪;ready 具双关意义,一方面表明"准备完毕",同时暗含"毫不犹豫想迅速行动"之意,深层表明专利法庭从思想上和行为上都严阵以待,暗示如火如荼的商业方法专利申请景象即将成为历史。which 定语从句补充背景,其中 ever since(自......后就一直)、first(最初)强调商业方法专利自问世以来就一直饱受争议、引发众怒,影射法庭为何要控制专利数量的同时,也为后文回顾此类专利最初引入时的情形埋好伏笔。 ②句介绍最高专利法庭的具体做法:将以某特殊案件作为突破口。本句展开方式为:(状语)先虚化举措,说明其影响→(主干)再具化举措内容。使役动词 have(=make"使......处于某种状态")引出专利法庭新举产生的影响:在知识产权界引起巨大喧哗(象声词 abuzz"嗡嗡的"形象突显此举影响之大);conduct a broad review 说明举措波及的范围广、力度大,暗示反响强烈的主要原因;use a particular case 明确具体实现方式:选定某一案例作为突破口,由此设下悬念:到底会拿谁开刀?从另一层面解释了此举的热议原因。注:the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 即为①句"最高专利法庭";a move (指"一系列行动中的一步,常为计划的一部分")指代句末"将借助一起特殊案例对商业方法专利开展大范围复审"这一预告,暗示"完整计划已出炉",只待一步步执行;其中 particular 既表示"专指的(与泛指相对)",还含有 greater than usual, special 之意,影射该案件异乎寻常,非同凡响。 ③④句引用知识产权律师之言明确"某特殊案例"所指及其影响力。 ③句引出 Bilski 案并对其评价:意义重大。known 表示此案知名度颇高;big deal 意指"极其重要或有影响力之事",而非"大的商业交易";very big 复现上句 particular,重申该案的非同一般。注1:句内"B, as A is known"意为"A 作为 B 为人所熟知,A 通常被称作 B"。注2:"In re"意为"关于,案由"。它经常用于提及及关注点为"某一产权或财产"而非"某一组敌对双方"的司法程序。如本文 Bilski 案的争论点在于"Bilski 提交的申请是否为可专利内容",而非"Bilski 向某一敌对方提起诉讼"。 ④句进而阐释该案的重大意义:或危及"商业方法专利"这一整类专利的命运。eliminate an entire class of patents 在 scale back on business-method patents 的基础上进一步折射专利法庭在遏制这类专利问题上的坚决态度;potential 虽含有"不确定性",但仍肯定了 Bilski 案的影响力之大,与 entire 一起,暗示此案很可能会改变美国的法律实践。 【深层解读】一、本段以 Now 过渡至"如今情况",但注意段中的两处"热议"分属过去和当前,发出动作的主体及内涵均有别:①句表明过去情况:此类专利出现之初就存争议(controversial),暗示相关部门从一开始就持放任态度,未加规范;②句表明当前情况:相关部门终于要出重拳加以整治,引发业界哗然(abuzz)。前者更多出自人们对专利问题的担忧,后者则源于利益攸关者对自身处境的考虑。 二、"时态"是抓住"新闻事件"类文章主线的重要线索。一般来说,"事件本身(叙)"通常采取一般过去时或一般现在时,"事件背景(叙)"采取一般过去时或现在完成时,"作者或人物态度、评论(议)"则采取一般现在时。本段利用时态转换清晰表现作者"叙 VS 议"的行文逻辑:先论述当前事件(=全文主题),再追溯事件源起(引出核心案件),最后通过评论核心案件肯定当前事件的势在必行。 真题精解 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of 26. 商业方法专利最近引起关注是因为 \[A\] their limited value to businesses \[A\] 它们对企业的价值有限 \[B\] their connection with asset allocation \[B\] 它们与资产配置相关 \[C\] the possible restriction on their granting \[C\] 它们的授予可能受到限制 \[D\] the controversy over their authorization \[D\] 它们的获批引起争议 \[精准定位\] 根据题干 have recently aroused concern 定位至第二段①②句(Now, has...abuzz),此两句明确指出知识产权律师议论纷纷的原因是:最高专利法庭将广泛复审商业方法专利,并已准备好削减此类专利数量。可见商业方法专利最近引发争议是因为它们的授予很有可能要受到限制,\[C\]正确。 \[命题解密\] 题干+正确项\[C\]符合第二段①②句暗含的因果逻辑:最高专利法庭准备限制商业方法专利的授予→该类专利引发关注。the possible restriction 同义改写①句 appears...scale back。 \[A\]从"首段暗含的作者对商业方法专利授予过多的不认同态度(what are called...)"和"第二段权威当局拟对这类专利进行限制"中捕风捉影,但"反对其过滥"不等于"所有的商业方法专利价值有限";其次首段表明企业争相申请这类专利,可见它们"对企业来说相当重要"。\[B\]由首段③句中 asset allocation 而来,但该句仅为"过去 10 年来无数商业方法专利被授予"的一个例子,不涉及"新近商业方法专利何以引争议"。\[D\]将第二段①句中时间"自 10 年前"偷换成"最近",将多年以来存在的争议说成是"新近引发关注"。 \[技巧总结\] 以"铺垫过去现象(昔)→说明如今情况(今)"方式开篇的文章,命题人或"聚焦过去",或"直接进入对当前情况的考查"。解题时应仔细审题,首先从宏观上判断考点聚焦的是过去还是当前,然后排除题干聚焦之外的内容,再对剩余选项进行细节方面的过滤。 本题题干 recently 表明考查点落于"今日之变",根据时间词 Over the past decade(第一段)和 Now(第二段)判定题眼在第二段。则最先排除与过去情况相关的\[B\]和\[D\]。②句 has...abuzz(使得......议论纷纷)表明:最高法院新举措招致人们的关注,由此追索其举措具体内容,不难锁定\[C\],该内容也与首段对过去情况的铺垫暗合,预示全文将就此一新变化展开论述。注:scale back on 的含义可以借助下文的 eliminate an entire class of patents, curbs on...推断。 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? 27. 有关比尔斯基案,以下哪项是正确的? \[A\] Its ruling complies with the court decisions. \[A\] 对它的裁决符合法庭的决议。 \[B\] It involves a very big business transaction. \[B\] 它涉及一项非常大的商业交易。 \[C\] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit. \[C\] 它已被联邦巡回法庭驳回。 \[D\] It may change the legal practices in the U.S. \[D\] 它可能会改变美国的法律实践。 \[精准定位\] 第二段④句指出比尔斯基案可能导致一整类专利的撤销。换而言之,该案可能会改变美国现有的法律实践,\[D\]正确。 \[命题解密\] 正确项\[D\]是第二段④句的同义改写。 \[A\]利用第二段②句"将利用一项特别案例,即比尔斯基案,来对商业方法专利展开广泛复审"、第四段②句"联邦巡回法庭将由全体 12 名法官听审,而非惯常的 3 人组"以及第三和第五段的 ruling 和 decision 编造选项,而文中 ruling 实为"道富银行案";并且根据第四段②句中 would be heard 可推知比尔斯基案尚未作出终审判决。\[B\]由第二段③句中 a very big deal 而来,但文中 deal 并非指其本义"商业交易",而是表示"意义重大的事,非常重要的事"。\[C\]中 has been dismissed 表明判决结果,与第四段②句中 would be heard(即将听审,尚未作出判决)相矛盾。 \[技巧总结\] Which of the following is true of... 为细节推理题的典型提问方式,此类题的解答步骤有:一、根据考查对象迅速定位;二、分析选项内容及措辞:含有 may 或表示可能性的副词,同时内容涉及"较大的影响力"(不具备较大意义或影响力的内容不会成为命题人着眼的对象),很可能为正确项,确认该项与主题是否契合。 解答本题时,首先根据 the Bilski case 迅速定位至第二段③④句;然后通过选项措辞及内容,判断\[D\]可能正确;再根据文章主题:the bilski case 为文中例子,旨在说明文章主题,而文章主题为第二段①句:(十年来授予无数商业方法专利,)现在美国专利法庭意欲缩减商业方法专利数量(对其采取限制措施),今昔变化凸显美国专利相关法律实践或遭改变,最终确定选项。 Ⅲ ❶ Curbs⁰ on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. ❷ That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. ❸ Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. ❹ In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. ❺ Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. 对商业方法专利申请的限制也许是一次戏剧性的 180 度逆转,因为正是联邦巡回法院自己在 1998 年被称为"道富银行案"的裁决中引入了此类专利,批准了一项共同基金资产筹集方法的专利。那项裁决导致了商业方法专利申请卷宗的激增,起初是新兴网络公司试图对特定类型的在线交易占得专有权。后来,更多的老牌公司竞相将此类专利归入其卷宗,哪怕只是作为一项防御性措施以防范可能先发制人的竞争对手。2005 年,IBM 在一份法院案卷中注意到自己被授予了 300 多项商业方法专利,尽管它质疑授予这些专利的法律依据。无独有偶,一些华尔街投资公司也都以金融产品专利来武装自己,即使它们在法庭案例中表示反对这一做法。 ● 词汇注释与难句分析 ①curb \[kɜːb\] n. 起约束或控制作用的事物 ②claim \[kleɪm\] n. 专利申请 ③dramatic \[drəˈmætɪk\] a. 戏剧性的 ④about-face n. 政策或意见的 180 度转变 ⑤pool \[puːl\] v. 集中(金钱、资源等) ⑥ruling \[ˈruːlɪŋ\] n. 裁决,裁定,判决 ⑦explosion \[ɪkˈspləʊʒn\] n. 激增 ⑧filing \[ˈfaɪlɪŋ\] n. 卷宗 ⑨established \[ɪˈstæblɪʃt\] a. 地位稳固的 ⑩issue \[ˈɪʃuː\] v. (正式)发给,供给 ⑪practice \[ˈpræktɪs\] n. 通常的做法,惯例,常规 ● 经典搭配 ①stake out exclusive rights to sth(宣布对......的独占权) ②established companies(老牌公司) ③race to do sth(争相......) ④defensive move against(针对......的防卫措施) ⑤beat sb to the punch(先下手为强) Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 句子主干分析 主语:Curbs on business-method claims 系动词:would be 表语:a dramatic about-face 原因状语从句:because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case 现在分词短语做伴随状语:approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets 引导词:because 强调句式:it was... that... 主语:the Federal Circuit itself 谓语:introduced 宾语:such patents 方式状语:with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case 功能注释:该句主干为 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because 引导的状语从句说明原因。从句主干为强调句 it was... that...,强调当初正是联邦巡回法院自己(Federal Circuit itself)引入了商业方法专利(such patents 指 business-method patents,其中介词短语 with...case 做方式状语,修饰谓语 introduced,意为"以......方式引入";现在分词短语 approving... 做状语,具体解释"引入了怎样的专利"。 语篇分析 第三、四段评述现象。 第三段通过"追溯商业方法专利的源起"评价现象:专利法庭新举或表明其在专利问题上态度彻底逆转。关键词为:①about-face;②explosion。 ①句总说对法庭举措的看法:预示其立场由支持者(在道富银行案中首次引入此类专利)变为反对者。Curbs on business-method claims 复现上段①句主题 scale back on business-method patents,其中 curb(抑制)尤其针对"不良内容",再度暗示商业方法专利滥发问题严重,亟需回归正常轨道。about-face 字面为"扭转脸的朝向",此处喻指"观点、计划或行为的彻底转变",由 dramatic 修饰,进一步强调这一转变"突然且巨大,出人意料"。注:句中 would 语用功能为"(表相信)大概",用于使观点更委婉。 because 从句借强调结构(it was... that...)、反身代词(itself)及对比表达(introduced such patents VS curbs on business-method claims)突出论证主句内容:当初要引入此类专利的是专利法庭,如今要限制甚至取消它们的也是专利法庭,态度可谓 180 度逆转。so-called 有别于首段 what are called,倒与第二段"B, as A is known"异曲同工,表示"通常被称作......的",暗示首个认定商业方法专利的"道富银行案"也曾引发强烈轰动与争议、至今仍被频繁提及,呼应第二段首句 has been controversial。 ②至⑤句追溯道富银行案的影响,反衬①句法庭立场的逆转。 ②③句说明影响:商业方法专利申请激增,新老企业竞相追逐专利所有权。 ②句主句总述影响。That ruling 回指上句 1998 decision(道富银行案裁决);因果标记词 produced(引起,导致)引出裁决的特殊影响;explosion 意为"激增,急剧膨胀",凸显专利申请增速之快,数量之大。作者由 filing(存档档案)切入说明这类专利猛增,使论述有据可依。 后半句具体介绍裁决之初(initially)的情况:新兴公司急于申请专利以占得先机。emerging、trying to 共同强调力量并不雄厚的新兴网络公司努力争取才能申请到一项专利的情形;stake out exclusive rights to sth(向公众表示某物应全权属于自己,其中 stake 本指"立桩标出......的界限")文中即指"就某物申请专利",明确这些公司申请专利的目的:界定并独享某些权利,从而争取立足于市场,暗指此类专利申请已沦落为跑马圈地、违背了专利设立初衷(鼓励商业方法创新)。 ③句具体介绍裁决过后(Later)的情况:老牌公司也争相加入申请队伍以防范对手。established、raced to 反衬上句 emerging、trying to,表明老牌公司力量雄厚、地位稳固,但也开始加入抢占专利的队伍;if only(\[用于给出理由,不过认为不充分\]只要)引出其动机:防止对手抢占先机,同时流露作者不满:就为了利于竞争便疯狂追逐专利,这显然是对专利本身的"亵渎"。 ④⑤句以著名老牌公司的做法为例证明③句。 ④句以 IBM 公司为例。noted in a court filing that...(noted 意为"留意到,注意到")极具讽刺意味,言外之意即,若非亲眼所见,IBM 自己都不知道取得了这么多专利;despite the fact that it questioned that...(question 意为"怀疑、质疑")则反向凸显此类专利申请的泛滥和相关制度的缺陷:连申请者自己都不认同这些专利的可专利性,居然还取得了专利权,足见专利授予问题的严峻程度。 ⑤句以华尔街投资公司为例。armed themselves with patents...(arm 意为"以武器装备自身")将"专利"比作"武器",照应③句 against rivals,形象展示犹如战场的专利角逐场景------竞相申请专利以抵制对手;注意这里 even as 并非固定搭配表"正当",两词各司其职,even 用于"强调出于意料",意为"甚至,即使",与④句 despite the fact that...功能类似,引出让步内容;as 表示"当......时",两词连用凸显讽刺意味:这些公司一边疯狂申请专利,可与此同时它们竟在法庭实际案件中公然反对这一行为;这就说明它们非常明确自己所申请的商业方法可能并不具备可专利性,如此虚伪行事皆因利益驱使。注:take position 意为"采取......的态度",opposing the practice(反对这一做法)为后置定语,明确 position(态度、立场)的具体内容,两部分被 in court cases 隔开。 【深层解读】本段很长,涉及专有名词、事件以及许多专业性较强的内容,但利用关键词把握好段落结构,明晰段落在全篇中的角色便不难把握段落立意。首句主语为 Curbs on business-methods claims(对专利申请的限制),谓语为 would be...,推测本段将对"专利法庭新举措"进行评论;随后的 itself that introduced such patents 尽显讽刺意味:曾经是它引入,如今又是它要遏制,暗示后文将就此"前后态度的反转"打开论述。②③句 That ruling produced a explosion...,initially by...Later...提示句群按时间顺序表明了专利首案的影响,而 explosion 说明这一影响即为首段所述当前问题"专利泛滥",由此明确本段主体在"追溯问题源起,借以反衬专利法庭前后态度反转"。末两句 In 2005, IBM... 和 Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms...提示句群为具体例证,共同说明"问题如何发展"。 真题精解 28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means 28. 第三段第一行中"about-face"一词的含义最可能是 \[A\] loss of goodwill \[A\] 善意的缺失 \[B\] increase of hostility \[B\] 敌意的增加 \[C\] change of attitude \[C\] 态度的转变 \[D\] enhancement of dignity \[D\] 尊严的提升 \[精准定位\] 被考词所在句(第三段①句)实为因果句:1998 年引入商业方法专利并使之合法化的是联邦巡回法院,而现在要控制此类专利的也是它,故法院此次举措预示对专利态度的巨大转变,\[C\]符合文意。 \[命题解密\] 正确项\[C\]change of attitude 是对第三段①句内在逻辑关系(对比:Curbs VS introduced/approving)的合理判断。 \[A\]实与\[B\]语义重复,均因 about-face 字面含义"翻脸"而来,不可能同时正确,故排除。\[D\]dignity 利用 about-face 中 face"脸面"设置干扰,但文中 about-face 与"脸面,尊严"毫无关系。 \[技巧总结\] 词汇题不考查猜词或认词能力,而是考查是否理解文章,因此,破解关键就隐藏在上下文中。考查词汇或短语附近往往有一些提示词,通常会以同义词或者反义词的形式出现。此外,还可以根据句间关系(因果、比较、否定、转折,并列等)来推断出作者想借它表达的意思。 本题中 about-face 之前是 curb"控制",之后是 introduced"引入"/approving"赞同",很明显两者是对立关系,\[A\]\[B\]\[D\]表达的都是同一性,而不是对立性,只有\[C\]能体现对立关系。其次,根据 because 可推知后一分句是前一分句的原因:限制商业方法专利申请是......,因为是法庭自己引入的此类申请;唯有\[C\]置入其中才能符合这一显性因果关联。 Ⅳ ❶ The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging⁰ risk in the energy market. ❷ The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling. 比尔斯基案涉及一项规避能源市场风险方法的专利申请。联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的指令,宣称此案将由该法院全体 12 名法官听审,而不是典型的三人组听审,并且宣称法院想要评估一个问题,即,是否需要"重新审议"对道富银行案的裁决。 ● 词汇注释与难句分析 ①hedge \[hedʒ\] v. (商业)以套期保值避免或减轻损失 ①energy market (能源市场) ②hear a case (审理案件) ● 经典搭配 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling. 句子主干分析 主语:The Federal Circuit 谓语:issued 宾语:an unusual order 现在分词做后置定语:stating 宾语从句1:that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three 引导词:that 主语:the case 被动式谓语:would be heard 动作执行者:by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three 宾语从句2:and that one issue is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling 引导词:that 主语:one issue 定语从句:it wants to evaluate 系动词:is 表语从句:whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling 引导词:whether 主语:it 谓语:should "reconsider" 宾语:its State Street Bank ruling 功能注释:本句主干为 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order,宾语 an unusual order 带有复杂的后置定语 stating that...and that...,解释"这一不寻常的法令"的内容。从句 1 中被动式结构的施动者为由 rather than 连接的两个并列短语 all 12 of the court's judges 和 a typical panel of three。从句 2 主干为 one issue... is... ;one issue 后跟定语从句(that)it wants to evaluate;表语由从句 whether...担当。 语篇分析 第四段(承接第二段)将视角拉回现在,通过"介绍 Bilski 案的特殊审理方式"说明联邦巡回法院当前对此类专利的态度。关键词为:unusual。 ①句介绍"Bilski 案"所涉内容:一项规避能源市场风险方法的专利申请。a claimed patent 复现上段①句 business-method claims,意为"专利申请"。 ②句叙述联邦巡回法院具体做法:发布了不同寻常的听审指令。两个 that 从句分别从两个方面具体说明不同寻常(unusual)。第一个 that 从句借助取舍结构(... rather than a typical...)强调比尔斯基案的审理形式不同寻常:要求全体法官(12 人)听审,而非典型的 3 人听证;两组对比(all 12 VS three、typical VS unusual)彰显专利法庭对此案的重视程度。 第二个 that 从句借助定语从句(将 one issue 置于句首加以凸显,再以 it want to evaluate 从句进行修饰)强调比尔斯基案的意义非比寻常:借此解决一个重大问题------是否推翻标志商业方法专利开端的道富银行案判决,即,借此案动摇商业方法专利的根基,呼应第二段④句。reconsider 加引号既表"引用"也表"强调":该观点引自专利法庭决议,客观可靠;同时凸显其可能性影响------推翻道富银行案的裁决。 【深层解读】段末通过大词 issue("特别重要的议题、争议")、evaluate("慎重思考某事的价值从而得出结论")以及 reconsider("尤指为了改变或修正先前决议/定而重新思考")凸显重审"道富银行案"裁决重要性的同时,也反衬了案件的极大争议性,侧面表明比尔斯基案的影响力之大,而作者一再重申该案影响力,提示读者该内容为潜在的重要考点。 Ⅴ ❶ The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. ❷ Last April, for example, the justices signaled⁰ that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. ❸ The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court," says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney® and professor at George Washington University Law School. \[438 words

联邦巡回法院的(上述)行动紧随最高法院近期一连串缩小专利持有人受保护范围的决议之后。比如,去年4月,法官们表示太多的专利授给了平淡无奇的"发明"。联邦巡回法院的法官们正在"对最高法院的反专利趋势作出反应",身兼专利律师和乔治华盛顿大学法学院教授的哈拉尔德·C·韦格纳说。

● 词汇注释与难句分析

①signal [ˈsɪɡnl] v. 表达;表示;显示

②uphold [ʌpˈhəʊld] v. (尤指法庭)维持(原判、裁决)

③attorney [əˈtɜːni] n. 律师(尤指代表当事人出庭者)

④looming [ˈluːmɪŋ] a. 潜在的;逼近的(30题)

⑤prevailing [prɪˈveɪlɪŋ] a. 普遍的;盛行的(30题)

● 经典搭配

①in the wake of (随某事物之后到来)

②the Supreme Court (美国联邦最高法院)

语篇分析

第五段分析现象发生的背景(原因):顺应最高法院的反专利趋势。关键词为:reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court。

①句点明原因:最高法院近期一系列决议限制了对专利持有者的保护(专利法庭应声而动)。The Federal Circuit's action 回指上文巡回法院的新近行动"宣布将借比尔斯基案对商业方法专利展开全面复审";in the wake of sth(紧随......而来,作为......的结果)表明因果:专利法庭紧跟最高法院步伐,回复第二段首句隐含问题"专利法庭在缩减商业方法专利问题上何以如此坚决";a series of recent decisions 以数量之多、时间之近说明该类专利法案问题之大;narrowed the scope of protections 表明最高法院尚未直接要求停止对商业方法授予专利权,而只是暂时缩小专利所有者的要求权限,反映该问题波及面巨大,有一定敏感性,也反衬专利法庭对问题的严重性十分清楚,随时关注上级动向以便跟进。

②③句解释说明①句。

②句首先例证最高法院的反专利态度。too many 含贬义,重申专利数量过多;obvious 则进一步明确此类"发明"平淡无奇,缺乏创意,授予其专利毫无必要,uphold 意为"支持、维护";inventions 加引号表示反讽,强调这些专利根本不算发明,与首段 what are called business methods 暗含的怀疑态度相契合;三词充分表明最高法院的反商业方法专利趋向。signal 暗示最高法院法官们已采取相关行动以明确他们对专利的反对态度。注:the justice 特指"联邦最高法院大法官"。

③句进而引证专利法庭做法是顺应最高法院反专利趋势。the anti-patent trend 概括②句 signaled that...所隐藏之意,并复现①句 narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders;reacting to 明示两者之间因果关系,复现①句 comes in the wake of...。

【深层解读】本文表面上是按照"介绍现象(前两段)------评述现象(第三、四段)------分析现象原因(末段)"的模式展开论述但在现象论述的背后,实际是对具较大影响力的社会问题,即"商业方法专利一直以来被滥发"这一问题的揭露,而新现象"联邦巡回法庭欲缩减专利数量"从一开始就奠定了全文的主题:这类问题专利将获整治,正面临迫近的威胁;这一主题在末段又通过比巡回法庭更高一级的最高法院的"反专利态度"得以巩固;而文章中间部分的现象评述内容,是对问题严峻性的突显,更是对主题的强力支撑:商业方法专利问题问题之大,以至于其不利前景已成定局,无可避免。

真题精解

  1. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents 29. 我们可以从最后两段了解到商业方法专利

A\] are immune to legal challenges \[A\] 不受法律质疑的影响 \[B\] are often unnecessarily issued \[B\] 其授予常常很不必要 \[C\] lower the esteem for patent holders \[C\] 削弱对专利持有者的敬重 \[D\] increase the incidence of risks \[D\] 增加风险的发生率 \[精准定位\] 第五段②句明确指出:最高法院大法官们认为过多无新意的"发明"被授予了专利。换而言之,作者想借最高法院法官们之言来说明太多商业方法专利的颁发实无必要。\[B\]正确。 \[命题解密\] 正确项\[B\]是对第五段②句的同义改写,其中 often unnecessarily 符合文中 too many... too obvious 暗含的语义;issued 近义替代 upheld。 \[A\]明显与文意相悖:第二段④句"有可能撤销一整类专利(暗指商业方法专利)"、第三段①句"限制商业方法专利申请"、第五段③句"最高法院反(商业方法)专利趋势"深层暗示"商业方法专利已经受到法律质疑,将面临严重的法律威胁"。\[C\]从第五段②句"太多专利被授予无新意的发明"中过度推出"商业专利拉低了专利持有者本应得到的敬重",而文中未就"专利所有者是否会因专利性质而有损身份"展开说明。\[D\]将第四段①句 hedging risk(规避风险)偷换成"增加风险发生率";且文中用以介绍比尔斯基案(涉及能源市场风险规避方法的专利)而非用以说明商业方法专利(的风险问题)。 \[技巧总结\] 针对末段的细节题,若题干不涉及任何具体信息或仅给出全文聚焦对象,实际上往往是主旨题,许多人能将正确项归为备选,但难点在辨别某些干扰项,故解答这类题目时,必须胸怀大局,联系全文先判断选项;随后再对其他项逐一分析,明确干扰来源及方式。 本题针对文末两段设题,题干涉及"商业方法专利",即全文论述对象,回顾全文,首段暗示此类专利有"滥发"之嫌,随后介绍专利法庭的新近举措以及法庭由"引入者→制约者"这一态度逆转,由此不难判断,作者认同"如此多的商业方法专利,实际上其中许多都名不副实",选项中符合这一内容的是\[B\];随后再对其余选项逐一分析,发现\[A\]背离主旨,而\[C\]和\[D\]均利用无关大局的细节编制干扰。 全局真题精解 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? 30. 以下哪项是本文的主题? \[A\] A looming threat to business-method patents. \[A\] 商业方法专利的一个潜在威胁。 \[B\] Protection for business-method patent holders. \[B\] 对商业方法专利持有人的保护。 \[C\] A legal case regarding business-method patents. \[C\] 有关商业方法专利的一项法律案例。 \[D\] A prevailing trend against business-method patents. \[D\] 一种不利于商业方法专利的普遍趋势。 \[精准定位\] 第一、二段引出现象(即全文主题)"最高专利法庭意欲减少商业方法专利的授予";第三、四段评价现象"这是专利法庭的180度态度大逆转";第五段分析现象原因"应最高法院反(商业方法)专利趋势而为"。由此可见,全文围绕"法庭准备对商业方法专利做出限制"展开论述,\[A\]正确。 \[命题解密\] 正确项\[A\]是对全文主题的最佳综合概括。其中 looming 对应文中 appears ready to... would use... has the potential... would be...所反映出来的"逼近的,潜在的"之意。 \[B\]故意遗漏了主题关键词"限制",全文论述的是"限制对商业方法专利持有人的保护",而非"保护"本身。\[C\]错将细节当作主题,其次文中不仅仅讨论 A legal case(一个法律案例)而是讨论了 In re Bilski,State Street case(两个法律案例),而且对它们的论述都是为了证明商业方法专利面临威胁。\[D\]将"商业方法专利受到的威胁是'潜在的(potential)'"偷换为"普遍的(prevailing)";最后两段虽然涉及法院的新举措,但该举措是对最高法院反专利趋势的一个回应,尚处于行动的初期,未到"普遍、占优势"的地步。 \[技巧总结\] 主旨题解题技巧在仔细辨别选项信息,尤其是选项与原文相关句的结构和词汇相似时,更要注意是否有关键词被偷换。这种干扰法往往利用考生时间紧,来不及细看,或不把选项读到底的倾向。如本题\[D\]项若不细读,很容易误选。但文中法院还未对相关案件做出明确裁决,因此商业方法专利受到的威胁和反对尚未"普遍、盛行"。其次,贯穿全文表可能性的词语和将来时态(appears ready to... would use... has the potential... would be...)也说明了这一点。

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