前言
❝
KML是一种基于XML的地理数据格式，最初有Keyhole公司开发，后来被OGC标准。在GIS开发中，属于一种重要的数据格式，使用GDAL读取KML数据，有助于认识、了解KML数据结构与特点，从而提高开发效率。
本篇教程在之前一系列文章的基础上讲解
- GDAL 简介[1]
- GDAL 下载安装[2]
- GDAL 开发起步[3]
如果你还没有看过，建议从以上内容开始。
1. 开发环境
本文使用如下开发环境，以供参考。
时间：2025年
系统：Windows 11
Python：3.11.7
GDAL：3.11.1
2. 导入依赖
KML作为一种矢量数据格式，可以使用GDAL直接读取或者使用其矢量库OGR进行处理，以实现KML图层和属性数据读取。
javascript
from osgeo import ogr,gdal
import os3. 读取KML数据
（一）使用GDAL读取
定义一个方法ReadKMLOfGDAL(kmlPath)用于读取KML数据，其中kmlPath为数据路径。在读取KML数据之前，需要检查数据路径是否存在。
lua
# 检查文件是否存在
if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
print("文件存在")
else:
print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
return若KML数据路径正确，则可以使用OpenEx方法打开KML文件。需要判断KML数据集是否正常，若无法打开，则退出数据读取程序。
python
# 打开KML文件
dataset = gdal.OpenEx(kmlPath)
if dataset is None:
print("KML 文件打开异常，请检查文件路径！")
return通过数据集方法GetLayerCount可以获取图层数量。
python
# 获取图层数量
layerCount = dataset.GetLayerCount()
print(f"图层数量：{layerCount}")图层数量信息显示如下：
之后通过遍历图层获取图层字段数量、字段名称以及字段类型等信息，在输出结果中读取要素属性信息和几何对象并限制要素输出数量。
python
# 遍历图层
for i in range(layerCount):
print(f"################开始打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")
# 根据索引获取目标图层
layer = dataset.GetLayerByIndex(i)
# 获取图层名称
layerName = layer.GetName()
# 获取图层要素数量
layerFeatureCount = layer.GetFeatureCount()
print(f"图层名称：{layerName}")
print(f"要素数量：{layerFeatureCount}")
# 获取图层属性
layerProperty = layer.GetLayerDefn()
# 获取图层字段数量
fieldCount = layerProperty.GetFieldCount()
print(f"字段数量：{fieldCount}")
# 获取字段信息
for j in range(fieldCount):
# 获取字段属性对象
fieldProperty = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j)
# 获取字段属性名称
fieldName = fieldProperty.GetName()
# 获取字段属性类型
fieldType = fieldProperty.GetTypeName()
print(f"第 【{j}】 个字段名称：{fieldName}，字段类型：{fieldType}")
# 获取要素
feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
limitCount = 0
# 限制打印前十个要素
while feature and limitCount < 10:
print(f"打印第【{limitCount+1}】个要素")
# print(f"打印要素类型：{type(feature)},{feature}")
# 读取要素属性
for k in range(fieldCount):
# 属性字段名
fieldName = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j).GetName()
# 属性字段值
fieldValue = feature.GetField(k)
# fieldValue = feature.GetField(fieldName)
print(f"第 【{k}】 个字段名：{fieldName}，字段值：{fieldValue}")
# 读取几何属性
geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
if geom:
# 获取几何类型
geomType = geom.GetGeometryName()
# 获取WKT格式几何对象，打印前100个字符
geomWKT = geom.ExportToWkt()[:100]
print(f"第 【{limitCount}】 个几何对象类型：{geomType}，几何对象：{geomWKT}")
feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
limitCount += 1
# 重置读取位置
layer.ResetReading()
print(f"n################结束打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")图层要素属性信息显示如下：
（二）使用OGR读取
定义一个方法ReadKMLOfOGR(kmlPath)用于读取KML数据，其中kmlPath为数据路径。在读取KML数据之前，需要检查数据路径是否存在。
lua
# 检查文件是否存在
if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
print("文件存在")
else:
print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
return若KML数据路径正确，则可以注册KML数据驱动用于读取KML数据，如使用RegisterAll方法注册所有矢量驱动。然后调用ogr对象Open方法打开KML数据源，若其不存在，则退出数据读取程序。
python
# 注册所有驱动
ogr.RegisterAll()
# 打开KML数据源
dataSource = ogr.Open(kmlPath)
# 检查数据源是否正常
if dataSource is None:
print("文件打开出错，请重新选择文件！")
return之后通过遍历图层获取图层空间参考、字段名称以及字段类型等信息，在输出结果中读取要素属性信息。
python
# 遍历图层
for i in range(dataSource.GetLayerCount()):
# 根据索引获取目标图层
layer = dataSource.GetLayer(i)
# 获取图层名称
layerName = layer.GetName()
print(f"第【{i}】个图层名称：{layerName}")
# 获取空间参考
spatialReference = layer.GetSpatialRef()
if spatialReference:
print(f"空间参考：{spatialReference.GetName()}")
else:
print(f"图层【{layerName}】空间参考不存在")
# 读取几何属性
for feature in layer:
# 读取几何属性
geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
if geom:
# 获取四至范围
envelope = geom.GetEnvelope()
print(f"几何范围：{envelope}")
# 读取要素属性
for field in feature.keys():
# 获取属性字段值
fieldValue = feature.GetField(field)
print(f"属性字段名称：{field}，属性字段值：{fieldValue}")
# 关闭数据源
dataSource = None 图层要素属性信息显示如下：
4. 注意事项
注1：数据路径读取异常
在windows系统中建议使用"\"定义数据路径。
注2：中文数据读取异常（中文乱码）
在GIS开发中，涉及属性数据读取时经常会遇到中文乱码问题，需要根据图层编码设置正确的字符集。
bash
# 设置Shapefile的编码为GBK
os.environ['SHAPE_ENCODING'] = "GBK"注3：代码运行异常
需要开启代码异常处理
bash
# 启用异常处理（推荐）
ogr.UseExceptions()注4：坐标读取异常
在读取坐标参考时报错已安装PostgreSQL数据库中的投影文件版本与GDAL中的投影文件不兼容，此时需要为GDAL单独指定投影文件，在代码开头添加以下代码指定目标投影文件路径。
python
# 找到proj文件路径
os.environ['PROJ_LIB'] = r'D:\Programs\Python\Python311\Lib\site-packages\osgeo\data\proj'5. 完整代码
python
from osgeo import ogr,gdal
import os
# 如果是通过 pip 安装的，可能需要找到对应位置
os.environ['PROJ_LIB'] = r'D:ProgramsPythonPython311Libsite-packagesosgeodataproj'
# 设置Shapefile的编码为GBK
os.environ['SHAPE_ENCODING'] = "GBK"
# 启用异常处理（推荐）
ogr.UseExceptions()
# 注册所有驱动
ogr.RegisterAll()
"""
使用GDAL读取KML数据
"""
def ReadKMLOfGDAL(kmlPath):
# 检查文件是否存在
if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
print("文件存在")
else:
print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
return
# 打开KML文件
dataset = gdal.OpenEx(kmlPath)
if dataset is None:
print("KML 文件打开异常，请检查文件路径！")
return
# 获取图层数量
layerCount = dataset.GetLayerCount()
print(f"图层数量：{layerCount}")
# 遍历图层
for i in range(layerCount):
print(f"################开始打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")
# 根据索引获取目标图层
layer = dataset.GetLayerByIndex(i)
# 获取图层名称
layerName = layer.GetName()
# 获取图层要素数量
layerFeatureCount = layer.GetFeatureCount()
print(f"图层名称：{layerName}")
print(f"要素数量：{layerFeatureCount}")
# 获取图层属性
layerProperty = layer.GetLayerDefn()
# 获取图层字段数量
fieldCount = layerProperty.GetFieldCount()
print(f"字段数量：{fieldCount}")
# 获取字段信息
for j in range(fieldCount):
# 获取字段属性对象
fieldProperty = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j)
# 获取字段属性名称
fieldName = fieldProperty.GetName()
# 获取字段属性类型
fieldType = fieldProperty.GetTypeName()
print(f"第 【{j}】 个字段名称：{fieldName}，字段类型：{fieldType}")
# 获取要素
feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
limitCount = 0
# 限制打印前十个要素
while feature and limitCount < 10:
print(f"打印第【{limitCount+1}】个要素")
# print(f"打印要素类型：{type(feature)},{feature}")
# 读取要素属性
for k in range(fieldCount):
# 属性字段名
fieldName = layerProperty.GetFieldDefn(j).GetName()
# 属性字段值
fieldValue = feature.GetField(k)
# fieldValue = feature.GetField(fieldName)
print(f"第 【{k}】 个字段名：{fieldName}，字段值：{fieldValue}")
# 读取几何属性
geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
if geom:
# 获取几何类型
geomType = geom.GetGeometryName()
# 获取WKT格式几何对象，打印前100个字符
geomWKT = geom.ExportToWkt()[:100]
print(f"第 【{limitCount}】 个几何对象类型：{geomType}，几何对象：{geomWKT}")
feature = layer.GetNextFeature()
limitCount += 1
# 重置读取位置
layer.ResetReading()
print(f"n################结束打印第【{i+1}】个图层################n")
"""
使用OGR读取KML数据
"""
def ReadKMLOfOGR(kmlPath):
# 检查文件是否存在
if os.path.exists(kmlPath):
print("文件存在")
else:
print("文件不存在，请重新选择文件！")
return
# 注册所有驱动
ogr.RegisterAll()
# 打开KML数据源
dataSource = ogr.Open(kmlPath)
# 检查数据源是否正常
if dataSource is None:
print("文件打开出错，请重新选择文件！")
return
# 遍历图层
for i in range(dataSource.GetLayerCount()):
# 根据索引获取目标图层
layer = dataSource.GetLayer(i)
# 获取图层名称
layerName = layer.GetName()
print(f"第【{i}】个图层名称：{layerName}")
# 获取空间参考
spatialReference = layer.GetSpatialRef()
if spatialReference:
print(f"空间参考：{spatialReference.GetName()}")
else:
print(f"图层【{layerName}】空间参考不存在")
# 读取几何属性
for feature in layer:
# 读取几何属性
geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
if geom:
# 获取四至范围
envelope = geom.GetEnvelope()
print(f"几何范围：{envelope}")
# 读取要素属性
for field in feature.keys():
# 获取属性字段值
fieldValue = feature.GetField(field)
print(f"属性字段名称：{field}，属性字段值：{fieldValue}")
# 关闭数据源
dataSource = None
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 数据路径
kmlPath = "E:\data\test_data\四姑娘山三峰.kml"
# GDAL读取KML数据
ReadKMLOfGDAL(kmlPath)
# OGR读取KML数据
ReadKMLOfOGR(kmlPath)6. KML示例数据
xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<kml xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2">
<Document>
<name>Track 登顶四姑娘山三峰 :wikiloc.com</name>
<visibility>1</visibility>
<LookAt>
<longitude>102.8793075</longitude>
<latitude>31.0426283</latitude>
<altitude>0</altitude>
<heading>3</heading>
<tilt>66</tilt>
<range>15000</range>
</LookAt>
<StyleMap id="m1367020">
<Pair>
<key>normal</key>
<styleUrl>#n1367020</styleUrl>
</Pair>
<Pair>
<key>highlight</key>
<styleUrl>#h1367020</styleUrl>
</Pair>
</StyleMap>
<Style id="h1367020">
<IconStyle>
<Icon>
<href>http://s1.wklcdn.com/wikiloc/images/pictograms/ge/1.png</href>
</Icon>
</IconStyle>
<BalloonStyle>
<text>$[description]</text>
</BalloonStyle>
</Style>
<Style id="lineStyle">
<LineStyle>
<color>f03399ff</color>
<width>4</width>
</LineStyle>
</Style>
<Style id="n1367020">
<LabelStyle>
<scale>0</scale>
</LabelStyle>
<BalloonStyle>
<text>$[description]</text>
</BalloonStyle>
<Icon>
<href>http://s1.wklcdn.com/wikiloc/images/pictograms/ge/1.png</href>
</Icon>
</Style>
<Style id="waypointStyle">
<IconStyle>
<Icon>
<href>http://sc.wklcdn.com/wikiloc/images/pictograms/ge/wpt.png</href>
</Icon>
</IconStyle>
<BalloonStyle>
<text>$[description]</text>
</BalloonStyle>
</Style>
<Folder>
<name>Trails</name>
<visibility>1</visibility>
<Folder>
<name>登顶四姑娘山三峰</name>
<visibility>1</visibility>
<Placemark>
<name>Path</name>
<visibility>1</visibility>
<LookAt>
<longitude>102.8862617</longitude>
<latitude>31.052715</latitude>
<altitude>0</altitude>
<heading>0</heading>
<tilt>0.00779126500014642</tilt>
<range>5250.96911517065</range>
</LookAt>
<Style>
<IconStyle>
<color>ffffffff</color>
<scale>1</scale>
<Icon>
<href/>
</Icon>
</IconStyle>
<LabelStyle>
<color>ffffffff</color>
<scale>1</scale>
</LabelStyle>
<LineStyle>
<color>f00000ff</color>
<width>4</width>
</LineStyle>
<PolyStyle>
<color>ffffffff</color>
<fill>1</fill>
<outline>1</outline>
</PolyStyle>
</Style>
<LineString>
<altitudeMode>clampToGround</altitudeMode>
<coordinates>
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