目录
[2.1进行 NQA 的部署测试连通性](#2.1进行 NQA 的部署测试连通性)
[2.2关闭R3 和 L2 的接口， 模拟故障](#2.2关闭R3 和 L2 的接口， 模拟故障)
[2.3 浮动路由生效](#2.3 浮动路由生效)
架构解析：
实验准备：
4 台路由器模拟之间的路由交换。
2 台交换机模拟故障为 BFD 与 NQA 联动，
3 本实验 LSW2 故障跟 NQA 联动
数据流向：
R1和R2-->10.0.12.0/24
R1和R3-->10.0.13.0/24
R4和R2-->10.0.24.0/24
R4和R3-->10.0.34.0/241.基础准备
1.1打通路由
R4 走 R3 访问 R1.R4-->R2-->R1为浮动路由，pre 为 80
###AR1 配置
<Huawei>sys #进入到命令视图
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysn R1 #设备命名为 R1
[R1]int g0/0/0 #进入到R1接口G0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip ad 10.0.12.1 24 #给设备接口G0/0/0配置网段10.0.12.1 255.255.255.0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip ad 10.0.13.1 24
###AR2 配置
<Huawei>sys
[Huawei]sysn R2
[R2]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip ad 10.0.12.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip ad 10.0.24.2 24
###AR3 配置
<Huawei>sys
[Huawei]sysn R3
[R3]int g0/0/0
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip ad 10.0.34.3 24
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip ad 10.0.13.3 24
###AR4 配置
<Huawei>sys
[Huawei]sysn R4
[R4]int g0/0/0
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip ad 10.0.24.4 24
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip ad 10.0.34.4 24
###写静态路由，打通设备之间的通信。
###R1-->R4
[R1]ip route-static 10.0.24.4 24 10.0.12.2 #这个规则告诉 R1想去往 10.0.24.0/24 这个网段，下一跳走 10.0.12.2 这个接口可以到目的地。
[R1]ip route-static 10.0.24.4 24 10.0.13.3 pre 80 #同理，静态路由默认优先值为60 越小优先级越高。到同一目的的路由只保留一个最小优先值路径的。或者相同的就是负载均衡。
[R1]ip route-static 10.0.34.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.13.3#第二条路线回程
###R4-->R1
ip route-static 10.0.12.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.24.2 preference 80
ip route-static 10.0.12.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.34.3
ip route-static 10.0.13.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.34.3
###R3
ip route-static 10.0.12.0 24 10.0.13.1
###测试连通性
[R4]ping 10.0.12.1
PING 10.0.12.1: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=270 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=60 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=50 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=50 ms
Reply from 10.0.12.1: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=60 ms
--- 10.0.12.1 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 50/98/270 ms1.2模拟故障检测浮动路由是否生效
###查看当前路由表### 10.0.12.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.34.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
[R4]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 12 Routes : 12
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.12.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.34.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
10.0.13.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.34.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
10.0.24.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.24.4 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.24.4/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.24.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.34.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.34.4 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
10.0.34.4/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
10.0.34.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
###断掉 R4 和 L2 之间的接口模拟故障
[R4]int g0/0/1
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]shutdown
Dec 12 2025 08:57:57-08:00 R4 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEthern
et0/0/1 has turned into DOWN state.
###检测浮动路由是否生效###已生效 10.0.12.0/24 Static 80 0 RD 10.0.24.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
[R4]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 8 Routes : 8
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.12.0/24 Static 80 0 RD 10.0.24.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.24.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.24.4 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.24.4/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.24.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/02.NQA介绍：
NQA（Network Quality Analysis-网络质量分析），也可以实现类似的功能。NQA 是一个非常强大的工具，主要用于网络性能检测以及运行状态分析。通过在设备上部署 NQA，网络管理员可以对网络的响应时间、网络抖动、丢包率、等信息进行统计，从而实现实时采集网络的各项运行指标。
2.1进行 NQA 的部署测试连通性
1.还是以下图为例，需求为：当主路由故障时，根据 NQA 的 ICMP 测试机制平滑切换为浮动路由，只需要在 R4 上部署 NQA，使用 ICMP 测试机制探测到 R1（10.0.12.1）的可达性。并将与下一跳为 R1 的静态路由进行联动即可。当 R1 可达时，静态路由生效，当 检测下一跳不可达时，浮动路由生效。
2.首先在 R4 上创建一个 NQA 的 ICMP 实例：
[R4]undo nqa test-instance admin nqatest
[R4]nqa test-instance admin nqatest
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest] test-type icmp
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest] destination-address ipv4 10.0.34.3
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest] frequency 6
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest]interval seconds 2
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest] timeout 2
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest]probe-count 2
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest]start now
[R4-nqa-admin-nqatest]q
####解释
在以上配置中，
1.admi是测试实例的管理者名称，nqatest 是测试实例名称，这两个名称都是自定义。
2.test-type 命令定义了该测试实例使用的测试机制为 ICMP
3.destination-addresss 定义的是测试对象的 IP 地址
4.frequency 定义的是每一轮测试的时间间隔（单位为秒）
5.probe-count 2 定义了每一轮的探查次数
6.interval seconds 定义了每一轮测试中每个探测报文的发送间隔。
7.timeout 定义每次探测的超时时间。
8.start now 命令是测试实例开始执行3.将R4 的静态路由与该 NQA 实例进行联动
ip route-static 10.0.12.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.34.3 track nqa admin naqtest4.完成上述配置后查看一下 NQA 实例的探测结果
[R4]dis nqa results
NQA entry(admin, nqatest) :testflag is active ,testtype is icmp
1 . Test 55 result The test is finished
Send operation times: 2 Receive response times: 2
Completion:success RTD OverThresholds number: 0
Attempts number:1 Drop operation number:0
Disconnect operation number:0 Operation timeout number:0
System busy operation number:0 Connection fail number:0
Operation sequence errors number:0 RTT Status errors number:0
Destination ip address:10.0.34.3
Min/Max/Average Completion Time: 40/40/40
Sum/Square-Sum Completion Time: 80/3200
Last Good Probe Time: 2025-12-12 09:55:36.0
Lost packet ratio: 0 %
2 . Test 56 result The test is finished
Send operation times: 2 Receive response times: 2
Completion:success RTD OverThresholds number: 0
Attempts number:1 Drop operation number:0
Disconnect operation number:0 Operation timeout number:0
System busy operation number:0 Connection fail number:0
Operation sequence errors number:0 RTT Status errors number:0
Destination ip address:10.0.34.3
Min/Max/Average Completion Time: 50/50/50
Sum/Square-Sum Completion Time: 100/5000
Last Good Probe Time: 2025-12-12 09:55:42.0
Lost packet ratio: 0 %
3 . Test 57 result The test is finished
Send operation times: 2 Receive response times: 2
Completion:success RTD OverThresholds number: 0
Attempts number:1 Drop operation number:0
Disconnect operation number:0 Operation timeout number:0
System busy operation number:0 Connection fail number:0
Operation sequence errors number:0 RTT Status errors number:0
Destination ip address:10.0.34.3
Min/Max/Average Completion Time: 30/50/40
Sum/Square-Sum Completion Time: 80/3400
Last Good Probe Time: 2025-12-12 09:55:47.9
Lost packet ratio: 0 %
4 . Test 58 result The test is finished
Send operation times: 2 Receive response times: 2
Completion:success RTD OverThresholds number: 0
Attempts number:1 Drop operation number:0
Disconnect operation number:0 Operation timeout number:0
System busy operation number:0 Connection fail number:0
Operation sequence errors number:0 RTT Status errors number:0
Destination ip address:10.0.34.3
Min/Max/Average Completion Time: 40/70/55
Sum/Square-Sum Completion Time: 110/6500
Last Good Probe Time: 2025-12-12 09:55:54.0
Lost packet ratio: 0 %
5 . Test 59 result The test is finished
Send operation times: 2 Receive response times: 2
Completion:success RTD OverThresholds number: 0
Attempts number:1 Drop operation number:0
Disconnect operation number:0 Operation timeout number:0
System busy operation number:0 Connection fail number:0
Operation sequence errors number:0 RTT Status errors number:0
Destination ip address:10.0.34.3
Min/Max/Average Completion Time: 40/50/45
Sum/Square-Sum Completion Time: 90/4100
Last Good Probe Time: 2025-12-12 09:56:00.0
Lost packet ratio: 0 % 5.从上述输出可以看到 R4 已经完成了 5 轮测试，每次结果都是成功的，使用 dis nqa history 命令可以查看每次的探测结果
[R4]dis nqa history
NQA entry(admin, nqatest) history:
Index T/H/P Response Status Address Time
1 37/1/2 50ms success 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:53:48.018
2 38/1/1 30ms success 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:53:52.038
3 38/1/2 30ms success 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:53:54.028
4 39/1/1 40ms success 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:53:58.048
5 39/1/2 30ms success 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:54:00.038 2.2关闭R3 和 L2 的接口， 模拟故障
###进入R3配置
[R3]int g0/0/0
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]shutdown
Dec 12 2025 09:34:19-08:00 R3 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEthern
et0/0/0 has turned into DOWN state.
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Dec 12 2025 09:34:19-08:00 R3 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the DOWN state.
###回到 R4 NQA 报文回复失败
[R4]dis nqa history
47 81/1/2 2000ms timeout 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:58:14.018
48 82/1/1 2000ms timeout 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:58:18.038
49 82/1/2 2000ms timeout 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:58:20.038
50 83/1/1 2000ms timeout 10.0.34.3 2025-12-12 09:58:23.958 2.3 浮动路由生效
++10.0.12.0/24 Static 80 0 RD 10.0.24.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0++
###浮动路由应该生效
[R4]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 36 Routes : 12
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.12.0/24 Static 80 0 RD 10.0.24.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.13.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.34.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
10.0.24.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.24.4 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.24.4/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.24.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.34.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.34.4 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
10.0.34.4/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
10.0.34.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1