Hibernate（29）什么是Hibernate的连接池？

爬山算法2026-01-09 13:12

Hibernate的连接池

在数据库应用程序中，连接池（Connection Pool）是指一组预先建立的数据库连接，以供应用程序重复使用。连接池可以显著提高应用程序的性能，因为创建和关闭数据库连接是非常耗时的操作。通过使用连接池，可以减少连接的创建和关闭次数，从而提高效率。

Hibernate可以与多种连接池实现集成，包括C3P0、Apache DBCP、HikariCP等。每种连接池都有其特定的配置参数。

使用Hibernate配置连接池

下面将详细介绍如何在Hibernate中配置C3P0连接池。

示例代码

配置文件 hibernate.cfg.xml
xml 复制代码 
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
        "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
    <session-factory>
        <!-- 数据库连接配置 -->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.username">your_username</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.password">your_password</property>

        <!-- Hibernate 属性配置 -->
        <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
        <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
        <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property>
        <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>

        <!-- C3P0 连接池配置 -->
        <property name="hibernate.c3p0.min_size">5</property>
        <property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_size">20</property>
        <property name="hibernate.c3p0.timeout">300</property>
        <property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_statements">50</property>
        <property name="hibernate.c3p0.idle_test_period">3000</property>

        <!-- 映射类 -->
        <mapping class="com.example.domain.Person"/>
        <mapping class="com.example.domain.Address"/>
    </session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

实体类示例

以Person和Address为例，这些类与之前的示例相同。

Person类
java 复制代码 
package com.example.domain;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

@Entity
@Table(name = "person")
public class Person {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    @Column(name = "name")
    private String name;

    @Column(name = "age")
    private int age;

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "person", fetch = FetchType.LAZY, cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
    private Set<Address> addresses = new HashSet<>();

    public Person() {}

    public Person(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    // Getters 和 Setters

    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Set<Address> getAddresses() {
        return addresses;
    }

    public void setAddresses(Set<Address> addresses) {
        this.addresses = addresses;
    }

    public void addAddress(Address address) {
        addresses.add(address);
        address.setPerson(this);
    }

    public void removeAddress(Address address) {
        addresses.remove(address);
        address.setPerson(null);
    }
}
Address类
java 复制代码 
package com.example.domain;

import javax.persistence.*;

@Entity
@Table(name = "address")
public class Address {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    @Column(name = "street")
    private String street;

    @ManyToOne
    @JoinColumn(name = "person_id", nullable = false)
    private Person person;

    public Address() {}

    public Address(String street, Person person) {
        this.street = street;
        this.person = person;
    }

    // Getters 和 Setters

    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getStreet() {
        return street;
    }

    public void setStreet(String street) {
        this.street = street;
    }

    public Person getPerson() {
        return person;
    }

    public void setPerson(Person person) {
        this.person = person;
    }
}
HibernateUtil类
java 复制代码 
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;

public class HibernateUtil {
    private static final SessionFactory sessionFactory;

    static {
        try {
            // 从配置文件创建SessionFactory
            sessionFactory = new Configuration().configure("hibernate.cfg.xml").buildSessionFactory();
        } catch (Throwable ex) {
            // 记录启动失败的错误
            System.err.println("Initial SessionFactory creation failed." + ex);
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
        }
    }

    public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
        return sessionFactory;
    }
}

使用连接池的示例

插入数据示例
java 复制代码 
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;

public class HibernateConnectionPoolExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 获取SessionFactory
        SessionFactory sessionFactory = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory();

        // 插入数据
        insertSampleData(sessionFactory);

        // 关闭SessionFactory
        sessionFactory.close();
    }

    private static void insertSampleData(SessionFactory sessionFactory) {
        Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
        Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
        try {
            Person person = new Person("John Doe", 30);
            Address address1 = new Address("123 Street", person);
            Address address2 = new Address("456 Avenue", person);

            person.addAddress(address1);
            person.addAddress(address2);

            // 保存Person对象时，级联保存Address对象
            session.save(person);
            transaction.commit();
            System.out.println("Inserted Person with Addresses");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            if (transaction != null) {
                transaction.rollback();
            }
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (session != null) {
                session.close();
            }
        }
    }
}

连接池配置详细解释

  1. 配置文件 hibernate.cfg.xml：定义数据库连接信息、Hibernate属性配置以及实体类映射配置。

    xml 复制代码 
    <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.username">your_username</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.password">your_password</property>
<property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
<property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>

<!-- C3P0 连接池配置 -->
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.min_size">5</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_size">20</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.timeout">300</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_statements">50</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.idle_test_period">3000</property>

  2. 实体类 Person 和 Address：定义实体类及其属性。

    java 复制代码 
    @Entity
@Table(name = "person")
public class Person {
    // 属性和方法
}

@Entity
@Table(name = "address")
public class Address {
    // 属性和方法
}

  3. HibernateUtil类：创建并管理SessionFactory。

    java 复制代码 
    public class HibernateUtil {
    private static final SessionFactory sessionFactory;

    static {
        try {
            // 从配置文件创建SessionFactory
            sessionFactory = new Configuration().configure("hibernate.cfg.xml").buildSessionFactory();
        } catch (Throwable ex) {
            // 记录启动失败的错误
            System.err.println("Initial SessionFactory creation failed." + ex);
            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
        }
    }

    public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
        return sessionFactory;
    }
}

  4. 使用连接池示例：演示如何使用配置的连接池插入数据。

    java 复制代码 
    public class HibernateConnectionPoolExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 获取SessionFactory
        SessionFactory sessionFactory = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory();

        // 插入数据
        insertSampleData(sessionFactory);

        // 关闭SessionFactory
        sessionFactory.close();
    }

    private static void insertSampleData(SessionFactory sessionFactory) {
        Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
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