C++跨平台开发的核心挑战
跨平台开发面临的首要问题是不同操作系统（Windows、macOS、Linux等）的API差异。系统调用、文件路径、线程管理等基础功能在不同平台上有不同的实现方式。
编译器兼容性是另一个关键点。不同编译器（GCC、Clang、MSVC）对C++标准的支持程度不同，可能导致代码行为不一致。预处理指令和编译器特定扩展需要谨慎处理。
处理平台特定代码的方法
#ifdef和#ifndef预处理指令是最直接的平台检测方法。结合_WIN32、APPLE、__linux__等预定义宏，可以隔离平台相关代码。
抽象层设计能有效减少平台耦合。将系统相关功能封装为统一接口，在不同平台下提供不同实现。工厂模式或策略模式常被用于这类场景。
构建系统和依赖管理
CMake是目前主流的跨平台构建工具。通过编写CMakeLists.txt文件，可以生成适用于各种IDE和编译器的项目文件。需要注意不同平台的库链接方式和路径规范。
依赖管理方面，vcpkg和Conan等跨平台包管理器能简化第三方库的获取和集成。它们自动处理库的编译选项和依赖关系，减少手动配置的工作量。
用户界面开发的解决方案
Qt框架提供了完整的跨平台UI解决方案。其信号槽机制和丰富的控件库能在不同平台上保持一致的视觉效果和行为。
对于轻量级需求，可以考虑Dear ImGui等即时模式GUI库。它们不依赖原生控件，通过OpenGL/DirectX渲染界面，适合工具类应用程序。
调试和测试策略
单元测试框架如Google Test需要配置不同的运行环境。持续集成系统（如GitHub Actions）可自动在多平台上执行测试套件。
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日志系统需要统一不同平台的输出机制。异步日志和日志分级能帮助定位跨平台特有的时序问题。远程调试工具在某些场景下比本地调试更高效。