英语翻译
The French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard, in designing an automatic loom, used thin, perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. During the 1880s the American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of using perforated cards, similar to Jacquard's boards, for processing data. Employing a system that passed punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census.
法国发明家Joseph-Marie Jacquard在设计自动织布机时，使用了带有孔洞的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。19世纪80年代，美国统计学家Herman Hollerith想出了使用打孔卡片的想法，与Jacquard的木板相似。他让穿孔卡片穿过电接触点的系统，能够为1890年美国人口普查汇编统计的信息。
loom /lu ːm/n. 织机
perforated / ˈp əːf əreitid/a. 穿孔的
statistician / ˌst æti ˈsti ʃən/n. 统计学家；统计员
conceive /k ən ˈsi ːv/v. (构) 想出
punched card 穿孔卡片
electrical contact 电触点
compile /k əm ˈpail/v. 汇编；编译
census / ˈsens əs/n. 人口普查
- The Analytical Engine分析机
Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage worked out the principles of the modern digital computer. He conceived a number of machines, such as the Difference Engine, that were designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his associate, the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer. One of Babbage's designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern computer. It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a "store" for saving data, a "mill" for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record. Babbage failed to put this idea into practice, though it may well have been technically possible at that date.
同样在19世纪，英国数学家兼发明家Charles Babbage提出了现代数字计算机的基本原理。他构想出多种机器，例如被设计用来解决复杂的数学问题的差分机。许多历史学家认为Babbage及其合作者数学家Augusta Ada Byron是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。Babbage的设计之一，分析机，已具备现代计算机的许多特征。它拥有以打孔卡片组形式的输入装置、用于存储数据的"存储器"，用于算术运算的"运算单元"，以及可生成永久记录的打印机。尽管Babbage在把这一想法投入实践失败了，但这也许在那个年代已经很好地在技术上提供了可能。
analytic (al) / ˌ æn əˈlitik ( əl)/a. 分析的
Analytical Engine 分析机，解析机
Difference Engine 差分机
input stream 输入（信息）流
deck /dek/n. 卡片叠，卡片组
- Early Computers 早期计算机
Analogue computers began to be built in the late 19th century. Early models calculated by means of rotating shafts and gears. Numerical approximations of equations too difficult to solve in any other way were evaluated with such machines. Lord Kelvin built a mechanical tide predictor that was a specialized analogue computer. During World Wars I and II, mechanical and, later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo course predictors in submarines and as bombsight controllers in aircraft. Another system was designed to predict spring floods in the Mississippi River basin.
模拟计算机始于19世纪末开始被制造。早期的机型通过旋转轴和齿轮进行计算。用其他方式很难解决的方程数值近似计算被用这种机器计算。Lord Kelvin曾建造了一台机械式潮汐预测仪，那是一种专用的模拟计算机。在第一次和第二次世界大战期间，机械式、后来发展为电气式的模拟计算系统被用于潜艇中作为鱼雷航向预测器，以及飞机上的轰炸瞄准控制器。另有一套系统被设计用来预测密西西比河流域的春季洪水。
analog (ue) / ˈ æn əl ɔ ɡ/a. 模拟的
shaft / ʃ ɑ ːft/n. 轴
approximation / əˌpr ɔksi ˈmei ʃən/n. 近似（值）
torpedo /t ɔːˈpi ːd əu/n. 鱼雷
submarine / ˌs ʌbm əˈri ːn/n. 潜艇
bombsight / ˈb ɔmsait/n. 轰炸瞄准器
单词打卡
