1.面向对象中期望的行为
(1)根据实际的对象类型判断如何调用重写函数
(2)父类指针或引用指向父类对象,则调用父类中定义的函数,指向子类对象则调用子类中定义的重写函数
2.多态概念:
(1)根据实际的对象类型决定函数调用的具体目标
(2)同样的调用语句在实际运行时有多种不同的表现形态
3.C++与C语言的区别是,C++支持多态,而C语言不支持
(1)通过使用virtual关键字对多态进行支持
(2)被virtual声明的函数被重写后具有多态特性
(3)被virtual声明的函数叫做虚函数
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Parent {
public:
virtual void print() {
cout << "I'm Parent" << endl;
}
};
class Child :public Parent {
public:
void print() {
cout << "I'm Child" << endl;
}
};
void how_to_print(Parent* p) {
p->print();
}
int main() {
Child c;
Parent p;
c.print(); // I'm Child
p.print(); //I'm Parent
how_to_print(&p); //I'm Parent
how_to_print(&c); //I'm Child
return 0;
}
多态的意义:
(1)在程序运行过程中展现出动态的特性
(2)函数重写必须多态实现,否则没有意义
(3)多态是面向对象组件化程序设计的基础特性
静态联编:在程序的编译期间就能确定具体的函数调用,如函数重载
动态联编:在程序实际运行后才能确定具体的函数调用,如函数重写
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Parent {
public:
virtual void func() {
cout << "void func()" << endl;
}
virtual void func(int i) {
cout << "void func(int i)" << i << endl;
}
virtual void func(int i, int j) {
cout << "void func(int i, int j):" << "(" << i << "," << j << ")" << endl;
}
};
class Child :public Parent {
public:
void func(int i , int j) {
cout << "void func(int i, int j):" << i + j << endl;
}
void func(int i, int j, int k) {
cout << "void func(int i, int j, int k):" << i + j + k << endl;
}
};
void run(Parent* p) {
p->func(1, 2); // 展现多态的特性 动态联编
}
int main() {
Parent p;
p.func(); //静态联编
p.func(1); //静态联编
p.func(1, 2); //静态联编
cout << endl;
Child c;
c.func(1, 2); //静态联编
cout << endl;
run(&p);
run(&c);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
void func()
void func(int i)1
void func(int i, int j):(1,2)
void func(int i, int j):3
void func(int i, int j):(1,2)
void func(int i, int j):3
示例:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Boss {
public:
int fight() {
int ret = 10;
cout << "Boss::fight():" << ret << endl;
return ret;
}
};
class Master {
public:
virtual int eightSwordkill() {
int ret = 8;
cout << "Master::eightSwordkill():" << ret << endl;
return ret;
}
};
class NewMaster:public Master {
public:
int eightSwordkill() {
int ret = Master::eightSwordkill()*2;
cout << "NewMaster::eightSwordkill():" << ret << endl;
return ret;
}
};
void field_pk(Master* master, Boss* boss) {
int k = master->eightSwordkill();
int b = boss->fight();
if (k < b) {
cout << "Master is killed" << endl;
}
else {
cout << "Boss is killed" << endl;
}
}
int main() {
Master master;
Boss boss;
cout << "Master vs Boss" << endl;
field_pk(&master, &boss);
cout << "NewMaster vs Boss" << endl;
NewMaster newMaster;
field_pk(&newMaster, &boss);
return 0;
}