| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moon | n. 月亮;月球 | full moon (满月), new moon (新月), walk on the moon | 同义: satellite (卫星) 反义: --- |
| likely | adj. 可能的,有希望的 | be likely to do (很可能做), a likely outcome (可能的结果) | 同义: probable, possible 反义: unlikely, improbable |
| become | v. 成为,变成 | become + n./adj. (成为...), become aware of (意识到) | 同义: turn into, grow into 反义: remain, stay |
| industrial | adj. 工业的,产业的 | industrial revolution (工业革命), industrial area (工业区) | 同义: manufacturing, factory 反义: agricultural (农业的), domestic (家用的) |
| hub | n. 中心,枢纽 | a hub of activity (活动中心), transport hub (交通枢纽) | 同义: center, core, focal point 反义: periphery (外围) |
| Solar System | n. (专有名词)太阳系 | in the Solar System, the outer Solar System | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| supply (此处为supplying) | v. (现在分词) 提供,供给 | supply sth to sb (提供某物给某人), supply sb with sth (供应某人某物) | 同义: provide, furnish 反义: withhold (扣留), deprive (剥夺) |
| rocket fuels | n. 火箭燃料 | liquid rocket fuel (液体火箭燃料), solid rocket fuel (固体燃料) | 同义: propellant (推进剂) 反义: --- |
| obtainable | adj. 可获得的,能得到的 | easily obtainable , obtainable from (从...获得) | 同义: available, accessible 反义: unobtainable, unattainable |
| lunar rocks | n. 月球岩石 | samples of lunar rocks, collect lunar rocks | 同义: moon stones 反义: --- |
| in the form of | prep. 以...的形式 | energy in the form of heat (以热量形式的能量), help in the form of money (金钱形式的帮助) | 同义: in the shape of, as 反义: --- |
| liquid oxygen | n. 液氧(缩写LOX) | liquid oxygen tank, produce liquid oxygen | 同义: LOX 反义: gaseous oxygen (气态氧) |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| is likely to become | 固定句型短语;很可能成为 | 表示对未来的可能性判断 |
| the industrial hub of the Solar System | 名词短语;太阳系的工业中心 | 作表语,说明月球可能成为什么 |
| supplying the rocket fuels for its ships | 现在分词短语;为其飞船提供火箭燃料 | 作伴随/补充说明,解释月球作为工业中心的作用 |
| easily obtainable from the lunar rocks | 形容词短语;从月球岩石中容易获得 | 修饰前面的 rocket fuels |
| in the form of liquid oxygen | 固定介词短语;以液态氧的形式 | 说明燃料存在或获取的形式 |
| 成分 | 内容 | 语法作用 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | The Moon | 句子主干主语 |
| 谓语部分 | is likely to become | 表示"很可能成为" |
| 表语 | the industrial hub of the Solar System | 说明主语成为什么 |
| 伴随/补充说明 | supplying the rocket fuels for its ships | 现在分词短语,补充说明月球作为工业中心的功能 |
| 后置定语 | easily obtainable from the lunar rocks | 修饰 the rocket fuels,说明燃料容易从月球岩石中获得 |
| 方式/形式状语 | in the form of liquid oxygen | 说明燃料以"液态氧"的形式存在或获取 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| reason | n. 原因,理由 | the reason for (...的原因), the reason why (...的理由) | 同义: cause, motive 反义: result, consequence |
| lie in | v. phrase 在于,存在于 | the problem lies in (问题在于), success lies in (成功在于) | 同义: consist in, reside in 反义: --- |
| gravity | n. 重力,引力 | centre of gravity (重心), specific gravity (比重) | 同义: gravitation, pull 反义: --- |
| because | conj. 因为 | because of (由于,后接名词) | 同义: since, as, for 反义: --- |
| mass | n. 质量(物理);大量 | mass production (大规模生产), body mass (体重) | 同义: bulk, weight 反义: --- |
| eightieth | n./adj. 八十分之一(的) | an eightieth of (...的八十分之一) | 同义: 1/80 反义: --- |
| require | v. 需要,要求 | require sth (需要某物), require doing/to be done (需要被做) | 同义: need, demand, call for 反义: --- |
| per cent | adv./n. 百分之... | 97 per cent (97%), per cent of (...的百分比) | 同义: percent 反义: --- |
| energy | n. 能量;精力 | energy consumption (能耗), kinetic energy (动能) | 同义: power, vitality 反义: --- |
| travel | v. 旅行,行进(此处指"完成行程") | travel from A to B (从A到B), light travels (光传播) | 同义: journey, move, traverse 反义: stay, remain |
| quarter | n. 四分之一;一刻钟 | a quarter of (...的四分之一), three quarters (四分之三) | 同义: fourth 反义: --- |
| million | num./n. 百万 | millions of (数百万的), a million miles | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| mile | n. 英里 | miles away (数英里外), per mile (每英里) | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| orbit | n./v. 轨道;绕...运行 | Earth orbit (地球轨道), in orbit (在轨道上), orbit around (环绕) | 同义: trajectory, circle 反义: --- |
| surface | n. 表面,地面 | on the surface (表面上), surface area (表面积) | 同义: exterior, top 反义: interior, bottom |
| journey | n. 行程,旅程 | a journey from...to..., a long journey | 同义: trip, voyage, trek 反义: --- |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| The reason lies in its gravity | 主谓宾结构;原因在于它的引力 | 承上启下,解释上一句月球能成为工业中心的原因 |
| an eightieth of the Earth's mass | 分数表达短语;地球质量的八十分之一 | 用分数表示比例,强调月球质量之小 |
| require...less energy to do...than... | 比较级句型;做某事比做另一件事需要更少的能量 | 核心比较结构,突出月球发射的节能优势 |
| 97 per cent less energy | 数量+比较级短语;少97%的能量 | 用具体百分比量化差异 |
| the quarter of a million miles | 数量表达短语;25万英里 | quarter of a million = 250,000 |
| from the Moon to Earth-orbit | 介词短语;从月球到地球轨道 | 表示行程的起点和终点 |
| the 200 mile-journey from Earth's surface into orbit | 名词短语;从地球表面进入轨道的200英里旅程 | 与月球出发形成对比 |
易考点 / 易错点
-
lie in 的用法
- lie in 意为"在于",是不及物动词短语,不能加宾语从句。
- 正确:The reason lies in its gravity.
- 错误:The reason lies on its gravity.(介词错误)
-
分数表达:an eightieth
- 分子为1时,分母用序数词单数:an eighth (1/8)、an eightieth(1/80)。
- 分子大于1时,分母用复数:two thirds(2/3)。
- 易错:an eightieth 不是"八分之一",而是"八十分之一"。
-
less...than 比较结构
- 97 per cent less energy...than... 是核心比较句型。
- 注意:less 修饰不可数名词(energy),如果是可数名词要用 fewer。
- 易错:97 per cent fewer energy(energy 不可数,不能用 fewer)。
-
it 作形式主语
- 句中 it requires...to travel... 的 it 是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式 to travel...。
- 类似结构:It takes much less energy to accelerate...
-
the quarter of a million miles
- a quarter of a million = 250,000(25万)。
- 易错:不能理解为"四分之一英里",而是"一百万的四分之一"。
-
mass 与 weight 的区别
- mass 是"质量"(物理概念,不随位置变化)。
- weight 是"重量"(受引力影响,会变化)。
- 原文用 mass 是因为在讨论天体的物理属性。
-
than 后省略
- than the 200 mile-journey from Earth's surface into orbit 中,than 后面省略了 it requires...to travel,完整理解为:
- than it requires to travel the 200 mile-journey from Earth's surface into orbit.
| 类别 | 具体说明 |
|---|---|
| 🔢 分数与百分数 | ① an eightieth 中不定冠词用 an(因为 eightieth 以元音音素开头);② 97 per cent 通常写作 97%,但注意 per cent 不加 s;③ the quarter of a million miles = 250,000 miles,注意 quarter 前有 the 特指那一百万英里的四分之一。 |
| ⚖️ 比较级结构 | less ... than ... 修饰不可数名词 energy。要特别注意比较对象的一致性:前后都是在比较"行程所消耗的能量 ",但后半句省略了 to travel,补全为 than to travel the 200 mile-journey...。 |
| 📌 形式主语 | it requires ... to travel ... 中 it 是形式主语,真正主语是不定式短语。考试中常考查 it 是否指代明确,以及不定式是否遗漏。 |
| 🔗 介词搭配 | ① from the Moon to Earth-orbit(from...to...);② from Earth's surface into orbit(from...into...,强调"进入"轨道);③ an eightieth of(分数 + of)。 |
| ✍️ 连字符用法 | the 200 mile-journey 中 200 mile 作定语修饰 journey,常用连字符 200-mile-journey(但原文未用连字符,读作"200 mile journey"也可,但考试中常要求加连字符作复合形容词)。 |
| 🎯 数词与单位 | quarter of a million 表示25万,注意 million 前有 a;另外 Earth-orbit 可视为复合名词,但常见写法是 Earth orbit 或 Earth's orbit。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| This | pron. 这个(指代上文内容) | this is..., this means that... | 同义: it, that 反义: that(指代更远) |
| may | modal v. 可能,也许 | may + 动词原形(表推测) | 同义: might, could 反义: must(确定性更强) |
| sound | v.(系动词) 听起来 | sound + adj. (听起来...), sound like + n. (听起来像) | 同义: seem, appear, look (作系动词时) 反义: --- |
| fantastic | adj. 极好的;难以置信的;奇异的 | sound fantastic, a fantastic idea, fantastic view | 同义: incredible, amazing, marvelous 反义: terrible, ordinary, plausible(指"难以置信"的反面) |
| but | conj. 但是,然而 | not only...but also..., but for (要不是) | 同义: however, yet, whereas 反义: so, therefore |
| easily | adv. 容易地,轻松地 | be easily done (容易被做), easily accessible (易接近的) | 同义: readily, smoothly, with ease 反义: hardly, with difficulty |
| calculated | v. 过去分词 / adj. 计算过的;算出的 | calculate sth (计算), be calculated to do (旨在/打算做) | 同义: reckoned, figured, computed 反义: guessed, estimated(估算,不精确) |
| escape | v. 逃离,逃脱 | escape from (从...逃离), escape doing (避免被...), fire escape (消防梯) | 同义: flee, get away, break free 反义: enter, remain, stay |
| rocket | n. 火箭 | launch a rocket (发射火箭), rocket engine (火箭发动机) | 同义: missile (导弹), spacecraft (航天器) 反义: --- |
| one | pron. 一个人(泛指任何人) | one must..., one should..., one another (互相) | 同义: you, we(泛指) 反义: --- |
| must | modal v. 必须 | must do (必须做), must be done (必须被做) | 同义: have to, need to 反义: needn't, don't have to |
| travel | v. 行进,旅行,移动 | travel at + 速度 (以...速度行进), travel from...to... | 同义: move, journey, go, proceed 反义: stay, remain |
| at seven miles per second | prep. phrase 以每秒7英里的速度 | at the speed of (以...速度), at the rate of (以...比率) | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| comparable | adj. 可比较的;类似的,相当的 | comparable to/with (可与...相比), comparable speed (相当的速度) | 同义: similar, equivalent, parallel 反义: incomparable(无可比拟的;不相同的) |
| speed | n. 速度 | at a speed of (以...速度), speed up (加速), speed limit (限速) | 同义: velocity, pace, rate 反义: --- |
| per | prep. 每,每一(通常用于单位) | per day (每天), per person (每人), per second (每秒) | 同义: each, every 反义: --- |
| mile | n. 英里 | square mile (平方英里), miles away (数英里外) | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性 + 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 / 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| fantastic | adjective; 极好的;难以置信的 | a fantastic idea, sound fantastic, fantastic opportunity | amazing, incredible, wonderful / ordinary, dull, boring |
| easily | adverb; 容易地 | easily calculated, easily understood, easily achieved | readily, simply / hardly, with difficulty |
| calculate | verb; 计算 | easily calculated, calculate the cost, calculate the speed | compute, work out / estimate, guess |
| escape | verb; 逃离,逃脱 | escape from the Earth, escape from prison, escape danger | flee, get away from / stay, remain |
| rocket | noun; 火箭 | launch a rocket, travel in a rocket, rocket fuel | spacecraft, shuttle / --- |
| travel | verb; 行进,旅行 | travel at a speed of, travel from...to, travel through space | move, journey / stay |
| miles per second | noun phrase; 英里每秒 | seven miles per second, travel at...miles per second | km/s(公制单位)/ --- |
| comparable | adjective; 可比较的;相应的 | comparable speed, comparable size, comparable cost | similar, equivalent, corresponding / incomparable, different |
| speed | noun; 速度 | escape speed, top speed, at a speed of | velocity, pace / slowness |
| only | adverb; 仅仅,只有 | only 1.5 miles per second, only a few, only just | merely, just / as much as, plenty |
| 类别 | 具体说明 |
|---|---|
| 👂 系动词 sound | sound 是感官系动词 ,后接形容词 作表语(如 fantastic),不接副词(不可说 sound fantastically)。类似的词还有 look, feel, taste, smell。 |
| 🔊 主动表被动(不定式) | 在 To escape... 中,不定式逻辑主语是 one,表示主动关系,因此用主动形式。但要注意,在 The speed is easy to calculate 中,不定式常用主动表被动(这是另一个常见考点)。 |
| ⚡ 速度介词 | 表示"以...速度"只能用介词 at (如 at the speed of, at 100 km/h),不可用 with 或 in。这是固定搭配。 |
| 🚀 情态动词推测 | may 表推测(可能性),否定式为 may not。若要表达"不可能"用 cannot。注意 may 也可表"允许",需根据语境判断。 |
| 📊 comparable vs. comparative | ① comparable = 可比较的、类似的(常用于 comparable to/with,强调事物之间的相似性);② comparative = 比较的、相对的(如 comparative study 比较研究,comparative advantage 比较优势)。 |
| 🎯 per 的用法 | per 常与数字和单位搭配,不加冠词 (如 per second,不可说 per a second)。且 per 本身无复数形式。 |
| 📖 被动语态 | it is calculated 是被动语态,强调"被计算"这一动作,而非谁计算。有时考试会要求变为主动语态(we can easily calculate it),需注意主语和语序变化。 |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| This may sound fantastic | 情态动词+系动词+形容词;这听起来可能很不可思议 | 让步语气,先承认观点听起来夸张 |
| but it is easily calculated | 转折句;但它很容易计算得出 | 用 but 转折,强调数据可验证 |
| To escape from the Earth in a rocket | 不定式目的状语;要用火箭逃离地球 | 表示目的,说明条件 |
| one must travel at seven miles per second | 主谓结构;速度必须达到每秒7英里 | must 表示必要条件 |
| The comparable speed from the Moon | 名词短语;从月球出发的相应速度 | comparable 强调与地球数据的对比 |
| is only 1.5 miles per second | 系表结构;仅为每秒1.5英里 | only 强调差距之大 |
one 作泛指主语
- one 在这里不是数字"一",而是泛指代词,意为"人们/任何人"。
- 类似:One must be careful.(人必须小心。)
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| because | conj. 因为 | because of (由于,后接名词),just because (仅仅因为) | 同义: since, as, for 反义: --- |
| gravity | n. 重力,引力 | centre of gravity (重心),specific gravity (比重) | 同义: gravitation, pull 反义: --- |
| surface | n. 表面,表层 | on the surface (表面上),surface area (表面积) | 同义: exterior, top 反义: interior, bottom |
| sixth | n./adj. 六分之一(的) | a sixth of (...的六分之一),one sixth | 同义: 1/6 反义: --- |
| Earth's | 所有格 地球的(此处省略了gravity) | Earth's atmosphere (地球大气层),Earth's crust (地壳) | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| remember | v. 记得,记住 | remember to do (记得去做),remember doing (记得做过) | 同义: recall, bear in mind 反义: forget, overlook |
| Apollo astronauts | n.短语 阿波罗号宇航员 | Apollo missions (阿波罗任务),astronaut training (宇航员训练) | 同义: spacemen 反义: --- |
| bounded along | v.短语 蹦跳着前行 | bound along (沿着蹦跳),bound across (跳过),bound up (跳起) | 同义: leaped, jumped, sprang 反义: crept (爬行),walked slowly |
| takes (主句中) | v. 需要,花费(时间/精力) | It takes + 时间/精力 + to do (花费...做某事) | 同义: requires, needs, demands 反义: --- |
| energy | n. 能量,精力 | energy consumption (能耗),kinetic energy (动能) | 同义: power, vitality 反义: --- |
| accelerate | v. 加速,加快 | accelerate to + 速度 (加速到...),accelerate from...to... (从...加速到...) | 同义: speed up, hasten 反义: decelerate, slow down |
| that (指代词) | pron. 那个(指代前文提到的1.5英里/秒的速度) | that + 名词(特指),that of (指代同类事物) | 同义: the aforementioned, the said 反义: this(指代更近的) |
| per second | 介词短语 每秒 | per day (每天),per hour (每小时),per capita (人均) | 同义: each second, every second 反义: --- |
| than | conj. 比(引导比较状语从句) | more...than (比...多),less...than (比...少),rather than (而不是) | 同义: compared to, in comparison with 反义: --- |
| does (替代词) | v. (助动词) 替代前面的实义动词(此处替代 takes energy) |
so do I (我也是),do it (做吧) | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| the gravity on the Moon's surface | 名词短语;月球表面的引力 | 明确引力的具体位置 |
| only a sixth of Earth's | 分数比较短语;仅为地球的六分之一 | Earth's 后省略了 gravity,避免重复 |
| remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along | 祈使句 + 宾语从句;还记得宇航员轻松跳跃的样子吗 | 括号内插入,用生活化例子帮助读者直观理解 |
| it takes much less energy to accelerate to... | 固定句型;加速到......所需能量少得多 | it 为形式主语,真正主语是后面的不定式 |
| than it does on Earth | 比较从句;比在地球上(所需能量) | does 代替 takes,避免重复 |
易考点 / 易错点
-
Earth's 的所有格省略
- a sixth of Earth's 中,Earth's 后面省略了 gravity。
- 完整形式:a sixth of Earth's gravity
- 这种省略在英语中很常见,避免重复。
- 易错:不能写成 a sixth of Earth(意思变成"地球的六分之一",而非"地球引力的六分之一")。
-
how easily 引导的宾语从句
- remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along
- how easily 是疑问副词短语,引导宾语从句,意为"多么轻松地"。
- 易错:不能写成 remember how easy the astronauts bounded(easy 是形容词,不能修饰动词 bounded)。
-
bound 的用法
- bound 在这里是动词,意为"跳跃、弹跳",不是"边界"或"束缚"。
- 过去式:bounded
- 易错:不要把 bounded along 理解成"沿着边界走"。
-
it takes...to do 句型
- it takes much less energy to accelerate...
- it 是形式主语,真正主语是 to accelerate...。
- 类似:It takes two hours to get there.
-
than it does on Earth 中的 does
- does 代替前面的 takes,避免重复。
- 完整理解:than it takes much less energy on Earth.
- 易错:不能省略 does,否则句子不完整。
-
much less 与 many less
- energy 是不可数名词,用 much less 修饰。
- 易错:many less energy(many 修饰可数名词复数)。
-
accelerate to + 速度
- 表示"加速到某个速度",介词用 to。
- 正确:accelerate to 1.5 miles per second
- 易错:accelerate at 1.5 miles per second
it takes much less energy to accelerate to that 1.5 miles per second than it does on Earth.中的that怎么理解
这里的 that 是指示代词 ,起**回指(anaphoric reference)**作用,指代前文已经提到过的"1.5 miles per second"这个速度。
| 例句 | that 的作用 |
|---|---|
| He mentioned a plan. That plan sounds risky. | that 回指前文提到的 plan |
| The temperature reached 40°C. That temperature is dangerous. | that 回指前文的 40°C |
| She gave me a reason. I don't accept that reason. | that 回指前文的 reason |
that 1.5 miles per second = "(前面提到的)那个每秒1.5英里的速度"
that 在这里就是一个普通的指示代词,相当于中文的"那个",用来回指前文已提及的内容,起到衔接和强调的作用。
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moon-dwellers | n. (复合词) 月球居民(定居月球的人) | dwellers on/in + 地点 (...的居民), city dwellers (城市居民) | 同义: lunar inhabitants, moon settlers 反义: --- |
| will be able to | modal phrase 将能够,会(表将来能力) | be able to do (能做某事), be capable of doing (有能力做) | 同义: can, be capable of 反义: be unable to, cannot |
| fly | v. 飞行,飞翔 | fly in (在...中飞), fly to (飞往), fly at + 速度 (以...速度飞行) | 同义: travel, soar, glide 反义: walk, crawl |
| in space | prep. phrase 在太空中 | in outer space (在外太空), space travel (太空旅行) | 同义: in the cosmos, in orbit 反义: on Earth, on the ground |
| at (表示价格/成本) | prep. 以...(价格、速率、成本) | at the cost/price/rate of (以...成本/价格/速率) | 同义: for (交换价格) 反义: --- |
| three per cent | num./n. 百分之三 | per cent of (...的百分比), 3% | 同义: 3% 反义: --- |
| cost | n. 成本,费用 | at the cost of (以...为代价/成本),cost of living (生活成本) | 同义: expense, price, charge 反义: profit, gain |
| similar | adj. 类似的,相似的 | similar to (与...相似),similar journeys (类似的旅程) | 同义: alike, comparable, parallel 反义: different, dissimilar, unlike |
| journeys | n. 旅程,行程(复数) | journey from...to... (从...到...的旅程), go on a journey (去旅行) | 同义: trips, voyages, travels 反义: --- |
| by (表示施动者/来源) | prep. 由...(发出/完成) | a book by (由...写的书),journeys by (由...完成的旅程) | 同义: made by, undertaken by 反义: --- |
| terrestrial | adj. 地球的;陆地的;地球上的 | terrestrial life (地球生命),terrestrial planets (类地行星) | 同义: earthbound, earthly, global 反义: extraterrestrial, outer-space, lunar |
| cousins | n. 表亲;此处引申为"同类/对应物" | distant cousins (远房表亲),terrestrial cousins(地球上的同类,即地球人) | 同义: counterparts, equivalents 反义: --- |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Moon-dwellers | 复合名词;月球居民 | 与 terrestrial cousins 形成对比 |
| will be able to | 情态短语;将能够 | 表示将来的能力 |
| at only three per cent of the cost | 介词短语;仅以3%的费用 | only 强调费用之低 |
| similar journeys | 形容词+名词;类似的旅程 | 指与月球出发相对应的地球出发旅程 |
| their terrestrial cousins | 所有格+形容词+名词;他们的地球同胞 | cousins 是比喻用法,指"地球上的同类人" |
易考点 / 易错点
-
at the cost of 的用法
- 表示"以......的费用/代价",介词用 at。
- 正确:at three per cent of the cost
- 易错:in three per cent of the cost(介词错误)
-
terrestrial 的含义
- 意为"地球的、陆地的",与 extraterrestrial(外星的)相对。
- 这里 terrestrial cousins 是比喻,指"地球上的同类人",不是真正的亲戚。
-
cousins 的比喻用法
- cousins 字面意思是"表亲、堂亲",这里用来比喻月球居民和地球人之间的"亲缘关系"------都是人类,只是住在不同地方。
- 类似用法:our Martian cousins(我们的火星"同胞")
-
by their terrestrial cousins 的修饰关系
- by 表示"由......完成的",修饰 journeys。
- 即:由地球同胞完成的类似旅程。
- 易错:不要理解为修饰 cost 或 fly。
-
three per cent of the cost
- 表示"费用的3%",即费用仅为地球出发的 3%。
- 换句话说,月球出发比地球出发便宜约97%,与前文"少97%能量"呼应
|------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 复合名词的构词法 | Moon-dwellers 是 名词 + 动词-er派生词 构成的复合词(类似 city-dwellers 城市居民)。注意拼写:dweller 由 dwell(居住)+ -er(人)构成,双写 l 加 er。 |
| 🆚 be able to 与 can 的区别 | ① be able to 可用于各种时态 (将来、过去、完成时),而 can 只有现在和过去(could)两种形式;② be able to 强调通过努力获得的能力 ,can 强调本身固有的能力 。此处用将来时 will be able to 是正确的。 |
| 💰 at 表示"价格/成本" | 表示"以...价格/成本"时,必须用介词 at (如 at a low price, at the cost of),不能用 with 或 in。这是高频考点。 |
| 📊 百分数的谓语动词 | three per cent 后接 of + 不可数名词(cost)时,谓语动词用单数 (但本句中是 of the cost 作定语,主句谓语是 will be able to,与百分数本身无关)。若说 Three per cent of the cost is...,则用单数。 |
| 🌍 terrestrial 与 earthly | terrestrial 是正式/科学术语 ,意为"地球的/陆地的",反义词是 extraterrestrial(外星球的);earthly 更口语化,常与 heavenly(天堂的)相对。此处用 terrestrial 贴合科技文章风格。 |
| 🧬 cousins 的比喻用法 | 此处 cousins 并非直系亲属,而是比喻 (表示"有共同来源的对应物")。类似用法:our primate cousins(我们的灵长类近亲)。翻译时需意译为"表亲/同类"。 |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthur C. Clark | 专有名词 亚瑟·C·克拉克(英国科幻作家) | --- | --- |
| once | adv. 曾经,有一次 | once upon a time (从前),once a week (每周一次) | 同义: formerly, previously 反义: never |
| suggested | v. (过去式) 提出;暗示;建议 | suggest that (提出/暗示...),suggest doing (建议做) | 同义: proposed, implied, indicated 反义: --- |
| revolutionary | adj. 革命性的,颠覆性的 | revolutionary idea (革命性想法),revolutionary change (革命性变革) | 同义: groundbreaking, innovative, radical 反义: conservative, traditional |
| idea | n. 想法,观念,主意 | have an idea (有个想法),idea of (...的想法) | 同义: notion, concept, thought 反义: --- |
| passes through | v. phrase 经历,通过 | pass through a stage (经历某个阶段),pass through a city (穿过城市) | 同义: undergo, experience, go through 反义: avoid, bypass |
| phase | n. 阶段,时期 | phase in (逐步引入),three phases (三个阶段),transitional phase (过渡阶段) | 同义: stage, period, step 反义: --- |
| impossible | adj. 不可能的 | It is impossible to do (做...是不可能的),mission impossible (不可能的任务) | 同义: unattainable, unfeasible 反义: possible, feasible |
| waste | v. 浪费(时间、金钱等) | waste time/money on (浪费...在...上),waste away (消瘦) | 同义: squander, misuse 反义: save, conserve |
| possible | adj. 可能的 | as soon as possible (尽快),if possible (如果可能) | 同义: probable, viable 反义: impossible |
| worth | adj. (表语) 值得的 | be worth doing (值得做),be worth + 钱 (值...钱) | 同义: deserving, worthwhile 反义: worthless |
| all along | adv. phrase 始终,一直 | knew it all along (一直都知道),had been there all along (一直都在那里) | 同义: from the beginning, throughout 反义: --- |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| a revolutionary idea | 形容词+名词;一个革命性的想法 | 强调想法的颠覆性 |
| passes through three phases | 动词短语;经历三个阶段 | pass through 表示"经过、经历" |
| don't waste my time | 祈使句;别浪费我的时间 | 口语化表达,体现第一阶段的傲慢态度 |
| not worth doing | 形容词短语;不值得做 | worth + doing 是固定搭配 |
| I said it was a good idea all along | 宾语从句 + 时间状语;我一直就说这是好主意 | all along 强调"从头到尾",带有讽刺意味 |
这段话出自英国著名科幻作家阿瑟·C.克拉克(Arthur C. Clarke,1917--2008),他是《2001太空漫游》的作者,也是人造卫星概念的早期倡导者之一。
这条"三阶段定律"常被引用来说明社会对颠覆性创新的典型反应模式:
| 阶段 | 态度 | 潜台词 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一阶段 | 否定 | 这太荒谬了,根本不可能 |
| 第二阶段 | 轻视 | 就算能做到,也没什么意义 |
| 第三阶段 | 抢占功劳 | 我早就知道了(其实当初并不支持) |
-
suggest 后接宾语从句
- suggest 后面可以接 that 从句(that 常省略)。
- 注意:当 suggest 表示"建议"时,从句用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形);但当 suggest 表示"提出(观点)"时,从句用陈述语气。
- 这里是"提出观点",所以用 passes (陈述语气),不用 pass。
-
pass through 的用法
- pass through 意为"经历、经过",强调过程。
- 类似:pass through a difficult period(经历一段困难时期)
-
worth + doing
- not worth doing 是固定搭配,worth 后面接动名词。
- 正确:not worth doing
- 易错:not worth to do(不能用不定式)
-
all along 的含义
- all along 意为"一直、始终",强调从始至终。
- 易错:不要和 along(沿着)混淆。
- 类似:I knew it all along.(我早就知道了。)
-
第三阶段的讽刺意味
- "I said it was a good idea all along." 带有明显的讽刺和幽默------这些人当初明明是反对者,等想法成功后却声称自己一直支持。
- 这是克拉克故意设计的幽默效果。
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| idea | n. 想法,观念,计划 | the idea of (...的想法),have an idea (有个想法) | 同义: notion, concept, plan 反义: --- |
| colonising | v. (动名词) 殖民,开拓(星球) | colonise + 地点 (殖民某地),colonise Mars (殖民火星) | 同义: settling, inhabiting, populating 反义: abandoning, evacuating |
| Mars | 专有名词 火星 | colonise Mars, life on Mars | 同义: the Red Planet 反义: --- |
| world | n. 世界;星球;天体(此处指火星) | a world of (一个...的世界),in the world (在世界上) | 同义: planet, sphere, globe 反义: --- |
| times | n. (复数) 倍数 | times + 比较级 + than (比...大几倍),times + as...as (是...的几倍) | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| distant | adj. 遥远的;距离远的 | be distant from (离...远),distant past/future (遥远的过去/未来) | 同义: faraway, remote, far-off 反义: near, close, adjacent |
| than | conj./prep. 比(比较级标志) | more...than (比...更),less...than (比...更少) | 同义: compared to 反义: --- |
| move decisively | v. + adv. 决定性地/果断地转变 | move from...to... (从...转变为...),decisively (决定性地) | 同义: shift, transition 反义: remain, stagnate |
| from ... to ... | prep. 从...到... | from the second to the third, from beginning to end | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| phase | n. 阶段,时期 | phase in (逐步引入),first/second/third phase | 同义: stage, period, step 反义: --- |
| significant | adj. 相当数量的;重要的,有意义的 | a significant number of (大量的),significant change (重大变化) | 同义: considerable, substantial, meaningful 反义: insignificant, trivial, negligible |
| number of | 短语 + 可数名词复数 | a number of (许多),the number of (...的数量) | 同义: a lot of, a large quantity of 反义: --- |
| permanently | adv. 永久地,长期地 | live permanently (永久居住),permanently close (永久关闭) | 同义: forever, indefinitely, constantly 反义: temporarily, briefly |
| in space | prep. phrase 在太空中 | live in space , travel in space | 同义: in outer space 反义: on Earth |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| The idea of colonising Mars | 名词短语;殖民火星的想法 | 句子主语,点明讨论对象 |
| a world 160 times more distant than the Moon | 同位语;一个比月球远160倍的世界 | 破折号引出,补充说明火星的距离 |
| move decisively from the second phase to the third | 动词短语;果断地从第二阶段迈入第三阶段 | 呼应克拉克三阶段定律 |
| a significant number of people | 名词短语;大量人口 | significant 强调数量足够多、有分量 |
| living permanently in space | 现在分词短语;永久居住在太空中 | 作后置定语,修饰 people |
| 固定短语(整体表达) | 结构拆解 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| The idea of colonising Mars | 名词 + 介词of + 动名词短语(作后置定语) | 殖民火星的想法 |
| a world 160 times more distant than the Moon | 同位语 + 倍数比较结构(修饰Mars) | 一个比月球远160倍的天体(即火星) |
| move decisively from the second phase to the third | 动词 + 副词 + 介词from...to...(表转变路径) | 果断地从第二阶段进入第三阶段 |
| the third | 序数词 + 省略(phase) | 第三(阶段) |
| a significant number of | 限定词 + 形容词 + 名词短语 | 大量的,相当多的 |
| people living permanently in space | 名词 + 现在分词短语(作后置定语) | 永久生活在太空中的人们 |
| when + 时间状语从句 | 关系副词引导定语从句/状语从句 | 当...的时候 |
考点 / 易错点
-
破折号引出同位语
- 两个破折号之间的内容是对 Mars 的补充说明。
- 去掉后句子仍然完整:The idea of colonising Mars will move decisively...
- 类似:My brother --- a talented musician --- lives in London.
-
160 times more distant than the Moon
- 倍数比较结构:倍数 + 比较级 + than。
- 意为"比月球远160倍"。
- 易错:不能写成 160 times distant than(缺少比较级 more)。
-
move from...to... 的用法
- 表示"从......转入......",常用于阶段、状态的转变。
- 类似:move from theory to practice(从理论到实践)
-
when 引导时间状语从句
- 这里的 when 不是疑问词,而是"当......的时候 / 届时"。
- 从句用现在进行时 are living,表示一种持续的状态。
-
decisively 的语气
- decisively 意为"果断地、决定性地",暗示这种转变不是犹豫的、渐进的,而是不可逆转的。
- 这个词的选择体现了作者对太空殖民前景的乐观态度。
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性 + 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 / 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| extraordinary | adjective; 非凡的,特别的 | extraordinary beauty, extraordinary talent | remarkable, exceptional / ordinary, mundane |
| fascination | noun; 吸引力,魅力 | have a fascination for, hold a fascination | allure, charm, attraction / repulsion, boredom |
| would-be | adjective; 想要成为......的,未来的 | would-be writers, would-be astronauts | aspiring, prospective / actual, established |
| voyager | noun; 旅行者,航海者 | space voyager, brave voyager | traveler, explorer / settler, resident |
易考点 / 易错点
-
fascination for 的介词搭配
- fascination 后面接 for,表示"对......的吸引力"。
- 正确:fascination for someone
- 易错:fascination to someone(介词错误)
- 类似:Music has a fascination for children.(音乐对孩子有吸引力。)
-
would-be 的含义与用法
- would-be 是复合形容词,意为"想要成为......的、未来的、有抱负的"。
- 它暗示这些人还没有真正成为某类人,但有这个愿望。
- 常见搭配:would-be writers( aspiring writers)、would-be heroes、would-be colonists
- 易错:不要理解成"过去式",would-be 不是过去时,而是一个固定形容词。
-
voyager 与 traveler 的区别
- voyager 比 traveler 更有文学色彩,通常指长途、冒险性的旅行,尤其是太空或海上旅行。
- 用 voyager 而非 traveler,暗示火星之旅是史诗级的远征,而非普通旅行。
-
extraordinary 的语气
- extraordinary 比普通的 interesting 或 attractive 语气强得多,表示"超出寻常的、令人惊叹的"。
- 作者用这个词,暗示火星的吸引力不是普通的兴趣,而是一种近乎执念的向往。
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| America | 专有名词 美国(美洲) | in America, North/South America | 同义: the USA(美国), the States 反义: --- |
| Russia | 专有名词 俄罗斯 | in Russia, Russian (俄语/俄罗斯的) | 同义: the Russian Federation 反义: --- |
| Europe | 专有名词 欧洲 | in Europe, European (欧洲人/欧洲的) | 同义: the EU(欧盟,但地理范围不同) 反义: --- |
| filled with | v. phrase (过去分词作表语) 充满,填满 | be filled with (充满...),fill A with B (用B装满A) | 同义: packed with, crowded with, teeming with 反义: empty of, devoid of |
| enthusiasts | n. (复数) 热衷者,爱好者 | an enthusiast for/of (...的爱好者), sports enthusiast (体育爱好者) | 同义: fan, devotee, lover, advocate 反义: critic, detractor, opponent |
| many of them | pron. phrase 他们中的许多人 | many of + 复数代词/名词 (...中的许多) | 同义: a large portion of them 反义: few of them |
| serious | adj. 认真的;严肃的;认真的(指对待科学的态度) | serious about (对...认真),serious scientist (严谨的科学家) | 同义: earnest, solemn, dedicated 反义: frivolous, casual, unserious |
| senior | adj. 资深的;高级的 | senior scientist (资深科学家),senior to (比...年长/资深) | 同义: advanced, superior, high-ranking 反义: junior, entry-level |
| scientists | n. (复数) 科学家 | research scientist (研究科学家),social scientist (社会科学家) | 同义: researcher, scholar 反义: --- |
| who | 关系代词 那个人/人们(引导定语从句) | who + 动词(作主语),指代人 | 同义: that(指人时可互换) 反义: --- |
| dream of | v. phrase 梦想,向往,渴望 | dream of doing (梦想做某事),dream about (梦见) | 同义: aspire to, long for, yearn for 反义: --- |
| sending | v. (动名词) 发送,派遣,送 | send + 人 + to + 地点 (送某人去某地),send sb sth (寄给某人某物) | 同义: dispatching, transporting, launching 反义: receiving, recalling |
| people | n. (复数) 人们,人类 | send people to..., ordinary people (普通人) | 同义: humans, individuals, persons 反义: --- |
| to it | prep. + 代词 到它那里(此处 it 指代上一句中的 Mars 火星) | go to it , fly to it | 同义: toward it 反义: from it |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| be filled with | 动词短语;充满了...... | 比 be full of 更正式,强调数量之多 |
| many of them serious and senior scientists | 独立主格结构(absolute construction) | 破折号引出,补充说明 enthusiasts 的身份 |
| dream of sending people to it | 动词短语 + 动名词;梦想将人类送往它(火星) | it 回指上一句的 Mars |
易考点 / 易错点
-
many of them serious and senior scientists 是独立主格结构
- 这不是一个完整的句子,而是一个独立主格(absolute construction)。
- 结构为:many of them + 名词短语(省略了 being)。
- 完整形式可以理解为:many of them being serious and senior scientists。
- 独立主格在英语写作中非常常见,用于补充说明,比从句更简洁。
-
who 引导的定语从句修饰的是 enthusiasts
- 虽然 who 紧跟在 scientists 后面,但它修饰的是enthusiasts,不是 scientists。
- 因为破折号之间的内容是插入语,去掉后句子仍然完整: America, Russia and Europe are filled with enthusiasts who dream of sending people to it.
-
it 的回指
- it 指代上一句提到的 Mars。
- 作者用 it 而非重复 Mars,避免冗余,同时让读者自然联想到前文。
-
dream of + doing
- dream of 后面接动名词(doing),不接不定式(to do)。
- 正确:dream of sending
- 易错:dream of to send(错误)
-
serious 和 senior 的区别
- serious 强调态度认真、不是闹着玩的。
- senior 强调资历深、级别高。
- 两个词并列使用,说明这些科学家既有专业地位,又真心投入。
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性 + 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 / 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| aim | noun; 目标,目的 | Their aim is..., achieve an aim | goal, objective, purpose / --- |
| understandable | adjective; 可以理解的 | perfectly understandable, quite understandable | comprehensible, reasonable / incomprehensible, unreasonable |
| the one world | noun phrase; 唯一的一颗星球 | the one place, the one person | --- |
| most like | adjective phrase; 最像......的 | most like the Earth, most like home | similar to, resembling / different from |
| Solar System | noun; 太阳系 | in the Solar System, the planets of the Solar System | --- |
| 单词 / 短语 | 词性 + 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词 / 反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| desert | noun; 荒漠,沙漠 | sandy desert, vast desert | wasteland, wilderness / oasis, forest |
| hence | adverb; 因此,所以 | hence its name, hence the term | therefore, thus / --- |
| cloudless | adjective; 万里无云的 | cloudless sky, cloudless day | clear, unclouded / cloudy, overcast |
| savage | adjective; 猛烈的,狂暴的 | savage sandstorm, savage wind | fierce, violent / gentle, mild |
| sandstorm | noun; 沙尘暴 | severe sandstorm, a sandstorm hits | dust storm / --- |
| chasm | noun; 峡谷,深谷 | a deep chasm, a wide chasm | canyon, gorge / ridge, peak |
| settlement | noun; 定居,定居点 | ideal for settlement, a permanent settlement | habitation, colony / evacuation |
| 单词/短语 | 词性(标准缩写)& 中文含义 | 常见搭配 | 同义词与反义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| world | n. 世界;星球;天体(此处指火星) | a world of (一个...的世界),the New World (新大陆) | 同义: planet, sphere, globe 反义: --- |
| red sandy deserts | n.短语 红色沙质沙漠 | red desert (红色沙漠),sandy soil (沙质土壤) | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| hence | adv. 因此,所以(正式用语) | hence the name (因此得名),hence + 名词短语 | 同义: therefore, thus, consequently 反义: --- |
| name | n. 名字,名称 | the name of (...的名字),given name (名字) | 同义: title, designation 反义: --- |
| the Red Planet | 专有名词 红色星球(火星的别称) | known as the Red Planet | 同义: Mars 反义: --- |
| cloudless | adj. 无云的,晴朗的 | cloudless sky (万里无云的天空),cloudless day (晴天) | 同义: clear, bright, sunny 反义: cloudy, overcast |
| skies | n. (常用复数) 天空,天气(文学化用法) | clear skies (晴空),open skies (开放天空) | 同义: heavens, firmament 反义: --- |
| savage | adj. 凶猛的,猛烈的,残酷的 | savage storm (猛烈的风暴),savage criticism (严厉的批评) | 同义: fierce, violent, harsh 反义: mild, gentle, calm |
| sandstorms | n. (复数) 沙尘暴 | dust storm (尘暴),sandstorm warning (沙尘暴预警) | 同义: dust storm, haboob 反义: --- |
| chasms | n. (复数) 峡谷;深渊;裂口 | deep chasms (深谷),chasms wider than (比...更宽的峡谷) | 同义: canyons, gorges, abysses 反义: --- |
| wider | adj. (比较级) 更宽的,更广阔的 | wider than (比...更宽),grow wider (变得更宽) | 同义: broader, larger 反义: narrower, thinner |
| Grand Canyon | 专有名词 大峡谷(美国科罗拉多大峡谷) | the Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park | 同义: --- 反义: --- |
| at least | adv. phrase 至少 | at least once (至少一次),at least two hours (至少两小时) | 同义: no less than, a minimum of 反义: at most, no more than |
| mountain | n. 山,山脉 | climb a mountain (爬山),mountain range (山脉) | 同义: peak, mount, hill 反义: --- |
| more than | adv. phrase 超过,多于 | more than enough (绰绰有余),more than twice (超过两倍) | 同义: over, above 反义: less than, under |
| twice | adv. 两倍地 | twice as...as (是...的两倍),twice a week (每周两次) | 同义: double, twofold 反义: half |
| tall | adj. 高的(通常指人、树、建筑物等的高度) | as tall as (和...一样高),be tall enough (足够高) | 同义: high (常指物体离地面高度) 反义: short, low |
| Everest | 专有名词 珠穆朗玛峰(即 Mount Everest) | Mount Everest, the summit of Everest | 同义: Qomolangma 反义: --- |
| seems | v. (感官系动词) 似乎,好像 | seem + adj. (似乎...),seem to do (似乎做) | 同义: appear, look, sound 反义: --- |
| ideal | adj. 理想的,完美的 | ideal for (对...来说是理想的),an ideal place (理想之地) | 同义: perfect, optimal, suitable 反义: unsuitable, imperfect |
| settlement | n. 定居;定居点;解决 | settlement of (...的定居),reach a settlement (达成和解) | 同义: colonisation, inhabitation 反义: abandonment, evacuation |
| 短语 | 类型 + 含义 | 作用 / 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| a world of red sandy deserts | 名词短语;一个红色沙质荒漠的世界 | of 引出世界的特征,画面感极强 |
| hence its name -- the Red Planet | 副词+名词短语;因此得名------红色星球 | hence 引出因果关系,破折号补充别名 |
| chasms wider than the Grand Canyon | 名词+比较级+than;比大峡谷更宽的峡谷 | 用读者熟悉的地标做比较,增强直观感 |
| more than twice as tall as Everest | 倍数比较结构;超过珠穆朗玛峰两倍高 | more than twice as...as 表示"超过两倍" |
| ideal for settlement | 形容词+介词短语;非常适合定居 | ideal for 是固定搭配,表示"对......而言是理想的" |
易考点 / 易错点
-
hence 的用法
- hence 是副词,意为"因此、所以",比 therefore 更正式、更简洁。
- 常见结构:hence + 名词短语(不需要完整句子)。
- 正确:hence its name(因此得名)
- 易错:hence it is named(过于冗长,不符合 hence 的简洁风格)
-
savage 的词义选择
- savage 本义是"野蛮的",但在这里修饰 sandstorms,意为**"猛烈的、狂暴的"**。
- 作者用 savage 而非 strong 或 severe,赋予了沙尘暴一种原始、危险的力量感,暗示火星环境虽然壮观,但并不温和。
-
倍数比较结构
- more than twice as tall as Everest = 超过珠穆朗玛峰两倍高。
- 结构:more than + 倍数 + as + 形容词 + as + 比较对象。
- 易错:more than twice taller than Everest(错误,as...as 和 -er...than 不能混用)。
-
chasms wider than the Grand Canyon 的后置定语
- wider than the Grand Canyon 是形容词比较级短语作后置定语,修饰 chasms。
- 类似:a river longer than the Nile(一条比尼罗河更长的河流)。
-
seems 与 is 的语气区别
- 前一句用 is(It is a world of...),表达确定的事实。
- 这一句用 seems (It seems ideal...),表达主观判断,留有余地。
- 作者用 seems 而非 is,暗示火星"看起来"适合定居,但实际上未必------这与全文"先月球后火星"的论点一致。
修辞手法
-
并列铺排 :五个并列的名词短语(deserts, skies, sandstorms, chasms, mountain)像电影镜头一样依次展开,营造出一种史诗般的视觉冲击力。
-
用熟悉事物做比较:Grand Canyon(大峡谷)和 Everest(珠穆朗玛峰)都是读者熟悉的地标,通过对比让读者直观感受到火星地貌的壮观。
-
括号补充 :(hence its name -- the Red Planet) 用括号插入,像是一个旁白式的补充说明,轻松自然,增加了文章的亲切感。
-
seems 的克制 :最后一句用 seems 而非 is,保持了科普文章应有的客观和克制,同时暗示"看起来适合"不等于"真正适合"。