openGauss数据库集群初始化时，会创建数据目录，一般通过环境变量 $PGDATA 进行引用。数据库初始化完成后，该目录下会生成各类子目录与配置文件。下面展示了openGauss的物理存储结构：
使用
gs_ctl启动实例时，如果不使用-l参数指定服务器日志文件，报错信息会直接打印到前台终端。
-l参数用于指定服务器日志输出文件，日志中记录数据库实例启动、运行、关闭全流程关键信息。
| 视频讲解如下 |
|---|
| 【赵渝强老师】高斯数据库（openGauss）的服务器日志文件 |
操作步骤
1. 启动 openGauss（指定日志文件）
bash
# 启动openGauss，-D 指定数据目录，-l 指定服务器日志输出文件
[postgres@openGauss gaussdb]$ bin/gs_ctl -D data/single_node/ -l logfile start2. 查看完整服务器日志
# 读取日志文件完整内容
[postgres@openGauss gaussdb]$ cat logfile 
日志输出样例
0 LOG: [Alarm Module]can not read GAUSS_WARNING_TYPE env.
0 LOG: [Alarm Module]Host Name: openGauss
0 LOG: [Alarm Module]Host IP: openGauss. Copy hostname directly in case of taking 10s to use 'gethostbyname' when /etc/hosts does not contain <HOST IP>
0 LOG: [Alarm Module]Cluster Name: dbCluster
0 LOG: [Alarm Module]Invalid data in AlarmItem file! Read alarm English name failed! line: 57
0 WARNING: failed to open feature control file, please check whether it exists: FileName=gaussdb.version, Errno=2, Errmessage=No such file or directory.
0 WARNING: failed to parse feature control file: gaussdb.version.
0 WARNING: Failed to load the product control file, so gaussdb cannot distinguish product version.
The core dump path is an invalid directory
2026-10-20 10:35:16.008 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: when starting as multi_standby mode, we couldn't support data replicaton.
2026-10-20 10:35:16.008 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: base_page_saved_interval is 400, ori is 400.
2026-10-20 10:35:16.059 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: [Alarm Module]can not read GAUSS_WARNING_TYPE env.
2026-10-20 10:35:16.059 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: [Alarm Module]Host Name: openGauss
2026-10-20 10:35:16.059 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: [Alarm Module]Host IP: openGauss. Copy hostname directly in case of taking 10s to use 'gethostbyname' when /etc/hosts does not contain <HOST IP>
2026-10-20 10:35:16.059 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: [Alarm Module]Cluster Name: dbCluster
2026-10-20 10:35:16.059 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: [Alarm Module]Invalid data in AlarmItem file! Read alarm English name failed! line: 57
2026-10-20 10:35:16.068 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: loaded library "security_plugin"
2026-10-20 10:35:16.072 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] WARNING: could not create any HA TCP/IP sockets
2026-10-20 10:35:16.072 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] WARNING: could not create any HA TCP/IP sockets
2026-10-20 10:35:16.074 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: InitNuma numaNodeNum: 1 numa_distribute_mode: none inheritThreadPool: 0.
2026-10-20 10:35:16.077 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: reserved memory for backend threads is: 220 MB
2026-10-20 10:35:16.077 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: reserved memory for WAL buffers is: 128 MB
2026-10-20 10:35:16.077 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: Set max backend reserve memory is: 348 MB, max dynamic memory is: 8121 MB
2026-10-20 10:35:16.077 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: shared memory 3306 Mbytes, memory context 8469 Mbytes, max process memory 12288 Mbytes
2026-10-20 10:35:17.215 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [CACHE] LOG: set data cache size(402653184)
2026-10-20 10:35:18.078 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [SEGMENT_PAGE] LOG: Segment-page constants: DF_MAP_SIZE: 8156, DF_MAP_BIT_CNT: 65248, DF_MAP_GROUP_EXTENTS: 4175872, IPBLOCK_SIZE: 8168, EXTENTS_PER_IPBLOCK: 1021, IPBLOCK_GROUP_SIZE: 4090, BMT_HEADER_LEVEL0_TOTAL_PAGES: 8323072, BktMapEntryNumberPerBlock: 2038, BktMapBlockNumber: 25, BktBitMaxMapCnt: 512
2026-10-20 10:35:18.903 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: gaussdb: fsync file "/home/postgres/training/gaussdb/data/single_node/gaussdb.state.temp" success
2026-10-20 10:35:18.903 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: create gaussdb state file success: db state(STARTING_STATE), server mode(Normal), connection index(1)
2026-10-20 10:35:18.932 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: max_safe_fds = 976, usable_fds = 1000, already_open = 14
The core dump path is an invalid directory
2026-10-20 10:35:18.951 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: the configure file /home/postgres/training/gaussdb/etc/gscgroup_postgres.cfg doesn't exist or the size of configure file has changed. Please create it by root user!
2026-10-20 10:35:18.952 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [BACKEND] LOG: Failed to parse cgroup config file.
2026-10-20 10:35:19.400 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] WARNING: Failed to obtain environment value $GAUSSLOG!
2026-10-20 10:35:19.400 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] DETAIL: N/A
2026-10-20 10:35:19.400 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] CAUSE: Incorrect environment value.
2026-10-20 10:35:19.400 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] ACTION: Please refer to backend log for more details.
2026-10-20 10:35:19.411 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] WARNING: Failed to obtain environment value $GAUSSLOG!
2026-10-20 10:35:19.411 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] DETAIL: N/A
2026-10-20 10:35:19.411 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] CAUSE: Incorrect environment value.
2026-10-20 10:35:19.411 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] ACTION: Please refer to backend log for more details.
2026-10-20 10:35:19.412 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] WARNING: Failed to obtain environment value $GAUSSLOG!
2026-10-20 10:35:19.412 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] DETAIL: N/A
2026-10-20 10:35:19.412 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] CAUSE: Incorrect environment value.
2026-10-20 10:35:19.412 [unknown] [unknown] localhost 140094202825152 0[0:0#0] 0 [EXECUTOR] ACTION: Please refer to backend log for more details.