题图来自 Rust vs Go in 2023
221. Remove all non-digits characters
Create string t from string s, keeping only digit characters 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
删除所有非数字字符
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"regexp"
)
func main() {
s := `height="168px"`
re := regexp.MustCompile("[^\\d]")
t := re.ReplaceAllLiteralString(s, "")
fmt.Println(t)
}168
rust
fn main() {
let t: String = "Today is the 14th of July"
.chars()
.filter(|c| c.is_digit(10))
.collect();
dbg!(t);
}[src/main.rs:7] t = "14"
222. Find first index of an element in list
Set i to the first index in list items at which the element x can be found, or -1 if items does not contain x.
在列表中查找元素的第一个索引
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
items := []string{"huey", "dewey", "louie"}
x := "dewey"
i := -1
for j, e := range items {
if e == x {
i = j
break
}
}
fmt.Printf("Found %q at position %d in %q", x, i, items)
}Found "dewey" at position 1 in ["huey" "dewey" "louie"]
rust
fn main() {
let items = ['A', '🎂', '㍗'];
let x = '💩';
match items.iter().position(|y| *y == x) {
Some(i) => println!("Found {} at position {}.", x, i),
None => println!("There is no {} in the list.", x),
}
}There is no 💩 in the list.
or
rust
fn main() {
let items = [42, -3, 12];
{
let x = 12;
let i = items.iter().position(|y| *y == x).map_or(-1, |n| n as i32);
println!("{} => {}", x, i)
}
{
let x = 13;
let i = items.iter().position(|y| *y == x).map_or(-1, |n| n as i32);
println!("{} => {}", x, i)
}
}
rust
12 => 2
13 => -1223. for else loop
Loop through list items checking a condition. Do something else if no matches are found.
A typical use case is looping through a series of containers looking for one that matches a condition. If found, an item is inserted; otherwise, a new container is created.
These are mostly used as an inner nested loop, and in a location where refactoring inner logic into a separate function reduces clarity.
for else循环
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
items := []string{"foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"}
for _, item := range items {
if item == "baz" {
fmt.Println("found it")
goto forelse
}
}
{
fmt.Println("never found it")
}
forelse:
}found it
rust
fn main() {
let items: &[&str] = &["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"];
let mut found = false;
for item in items {
if item == &"baz" {
println!("found it");
found = true;
break;
}
}
if !found {
println!("never found it");
}
}found it
or
rust
fn main() {
let items: &[&str] = &["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"];
if let None = items.iter().find(|&&item| item == "rockstar programmer") {
println!("NotFound");
};
}NotFound
or
rust
fn main() {
let items: &[&str] = &["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"];
items
.iter()
.find(|&&item| item == "rockstar programmer")
.or_else(|| {
println!("NotFound");
Some(&"rockstar programmer")
});
}NotFound
224. Add element to the beginning of the list
Insert element x at the beginning of list items.
将元素添加到列表的开头
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type T int
func main() {
items := []T{42, 1337}
var x T = 7
items = append([]T{x}, items...)
fmt.Println(items)
}[7 42 1337]
or
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type T int
func main() {
items := []T{42, 1337}
var x T = 7
items = append(items, x)
copy(items[1:], items)
items[0] = x
fmt.Println(items)
}[7 42 1337]
rust
use std::collections::VecDeque;
fn main() {
let mut items = VecDeque::new();
items.push_back(22);
items.push_back(33);
let x = 11;
items.push_front(x);
println!("{:?}", items);
}[11, 22, 33]
225. Declare and use an optional argument
Declare an optional integer argument x to procedure f, printing out "Present" and its value if it is present, "Not present" otherwise
声明并使用可选参数
go
package main
func f(x ...int) {
if len(x) > 0 {
println("Present", x[0])
} else {
println("Not present")
}
}
func main() {
f()
f(1)
}Go does not have optional arguments, but to some extend, they can be mimicked with a variadic parameter. x is a variadic parameter, which must be the last parameter for the function f. Strictly speaking, x is a list of integers, which might have more than one element. These additional elements are ignored.
go
Not present
Present 1
rust
fn f(x: Option<()>) {
match x {
Some(x) => println!("Present {}", x),
None => println!("Not present"),
}
}226. Delete last element from list
Remove the last element from list items.
从列表中删除最后一个元素
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
items := []string{"banana", "apple", "kiwi"}
fmt.Println(items)
items = items[:len(items)-1]
fmt.Println(items)
}
go
[banana apple kiwi]
[banana apple]
rust
fn main() {
let mut items = vec![11, 22, 33];
items.pop();
println!("{:?}", items);
}[11, 22]
227. Copy list
Create new list y containing the same elements as list x.
Subsequent modifications of y must not affect x (except for the contents referenced by the elements themselves if they contain pointers).
复制列表
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
type T string
x := []T{"Never", "gonna", "shower"}
y := make([]T, len(x))
copy(y, x)
y[2] = "give"
y = append(y, "you", "up")
fmt.Println(x)
fmt.Println(y)
}
go
[Never gonna shower]
[Never gonna give you up]
rust
fn main() {
let mut x = vec![4, 3, 2];
let y = x.clone();
x[0] = 99;
println!("x is {:?}", x);
println!("y is {:?}", y);
}
rust
x is [99, 3, 2]
y is [4, 3, 2]228. Copy a file
Copy the file at path src to dst.
复制文件
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"os"
)
func main() {
src, dst := "/tmp/file1", "/tmp/file2"
err := copy(dst, src)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
stat, err := os.Stat(dst)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
fmt.Println(dst, "exists, it has size", stat.Size(), "and mode", stat.Mode())
}
func copy(dst, src string) error {
data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(src)
if err != nil {
return err
}
stat, err := os.Stat(src)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return ioutil.WriteFile(dst, data, stat.Mode())
}
func init() {
data := []byte("Hello")
err := ioutil.WriteFile("/tmp/file1", data, 0644)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
}/tmp/file2 exists, it has size 5 and mode -rw-r--r--
or
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"os"
)
func main() {
src, dst := "/tmp/file1", "/tmp/file2"
err := copy(dst, src)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
stat, err := os.Stat(dst)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
fmt.Println(dst, "exists, it has size", stat.Size(), "and mode", stat.Mode())
}
func copy(dst, src string) error {
data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(src)
if err != nil {
return err
}
stat, err := os.Stat(src)
if err != nil {
return err
}
err = ioutil.WriteFile(dst, data, stat.Mode())
if err != nil {
return err
}
return os.Chmod(dst, stat.Mode())
}
func init() {
data := []byte("Hello")
err := ioutil.WriteFile("/tmp/file1", data, 0777)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
err = os.Chmod("/tmp/file1", 0777)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
}/tmp/file2 exists, it has size 5 and mode -rwxrwxrwx
or
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"os"
)
func main() {
src, dst := "/tmp/file1", "/tmp/file2"
err := copy(dst, src)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
stat, err := os.Stat(dst)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
fmt.Println(dst, "exists, it has size", stat.Size(), "and mode", stat.Mode())
}
func copy(dst, src string) error {
f, err := os.Open(src)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer f.Close()
stat, err := f.Stat()
if err != nil {
return err
}
g, err := os.OpenFile(dst, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, stat.Mode())
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer g.Close()
_, err = io.Copy(g, f)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return os.Chmod(dst, stat.Mode())
}
func init() {
data := []byte("Hello")
err := ioutil.WriteFile("/tmp/file1", data, 0777)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
err = os.Chmod("/tmp/file1", 0777)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
}/tmp/file2 exists, it has size 5 and mode -rwxrwxrwx
rust
use std::fs;
fn main() {
let src = "/etc/fstabZ";
let dst = "fstab.bck";
let r = fs::copy(src, dst);
match r {
Ok(v) => println!("Copied {:?} bytes", v),
Err(e) => println!("error copying {:?} to {:?}: {:?}", src, dst, e),
}
}error copying "/etc/fstabZ" to "fstab.bck": Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" }
231. Test if bytes are a valid UTF-8 string
Set b to true if the byte sequence s consists entirely of valid UTF-8 character code points, false otherwise.
测试字节是否是有效的UTF-8字符串
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"unicode/utf8"
)
func main() {
{
s := []byte("Hello, 世界")
b := utf8.Valid(s)
fmt.Println(b)
}
{
s := []byte{0xff, 0xfe, 0xfd}
b := utf8.Valid(s)
fmt.Println(b)
}
}
go
true
false
rust
fn main() {
{
let bytes = [0xc3, 0x81, 0x72, 0x76, 0xc3, 0xad, 0x7a];
let b = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).is_ok();
println!("{}", b);
}
{
let bytes = [0xc3, 0x81, 0x81, 0x76, 0xc3, 0xad, 0x7a];
let b = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).is_ok();
println!("{}", b);
}
}
rust
true
false234. Encode bytes to base64
Assign to string s the standard base64 encoding of the byte array data, as specified by RFC 4648.
将字节编码为base64
go
package main
import (
"encoding/base64"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
data := []byte("Hello world")
s := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
fmt.Println(s)
}SGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=
rust
//use base64;
fn main() {
let d = "Hello, World!";
let b64txt = base64::encode(d);
println!("{}", b64txt);
}SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==
235. Decode base64
Assign to byte array data the bytes represented by the base64 string s, as specified by RFC 4648.
解码base64
go
package main
import (
"encoding/base64"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
str := "SGVsbG8gd29ybGQ="
data, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(str)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("error:", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("%q\n", data)
}"Hello world"
rust
//use base64;
fn main() {
let d = "SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==";
let bytes = base64::decode(d).unwrap();
println!("Hex: {:x?}", bytes);
println!("Txt: {}", std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).unwrap());
}
rust
Hex: [48, 65, 6c, 6c, 6f, 2c, 20, 57, 6f, 72, 6c, 64, 21]
Txt: Hello, World!237. Xor integers
Assign to c the result of (a xor b)
异或运算
异或整数
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
a, b := 230, 42
c := a ^ b
fmt.Printf("a is %12b\n", a)
fmt.Printf("b is %12b\n", b)
fmt.Printf("c is %12b\n", c)
fmt.Println("c ==", c)
}
go
a is 11100110
b is 101010
c is 11001100
c == 204or
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/big"
)
func main() {
a, b := big.NewInt(230), big.NewInt(42)
c := new(big.Int)
c.Xor(a, b)
fmt.Printf("a is %12b\n", a)
fmt.Printf("b is %12b\n", b)
fmt.Printf("c is %12b\n", c)
fmt.Println("c ==", c)
}
go
a is 11100110
b is 101010
c is 11001100
c == 204
rust
fn main() {
let a = 230;
let b = 42;
let c = a ^ b;
println!("{}", c);
}204
238. Xor byte arrays
Write in a new byte array c the xor result of byte arrays a and b.
a and b have the same size.
异或字节数组
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
a, b := []byte("Hello"), []byte("world")
c := make([]byte, len(a))
for i := range a {
c[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
}
fmt.Printf("a is %08b\n", a)
fmt.Printf("b is %08b\n", b)
fmt.Printf("c is %08b\n", c)
fmt.Println("c ==", c)
fmt.Printf("c as string would be %q\n", string(c))
}
go
a is [01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111]
b is [01110111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100]
c is [00111111 00001010 00011110 00000000 00001011]
c == [63 10 30 0 11]
c as string would be "?\n\x1e\x00\v"or
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type T [5]byte
func main() {
var a, b T
copy(a[:], "Hello")
copy(b[:], "world")
var c T
for i := range a {
c[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
}
fmt.Printf("a is %08b\n", a)
fmt.Printf("b is %08b\n", b)
fmt.Printf("c is %08b\n", c)
fmt.Println("c ==", c)
fmt.Printf("c as string would be %q\n", string(c[:]))
}
go
a is [01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111]
b is [01110111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100]
c is [00111111 00001010 00011110 00000000 00001011]
c == [63 10 30 0 11]
c as string would be "?\n\x1e\x00\v"
rust
fn main() {
let a: &[u8] = "Hello".as_bytes();
let b: &[u8] = "world".as_bytes();
let c: Vec<_> = a.iter().zip(b).map(|(x, y)| x ^ y).collect();
println!("{:?}", c);
}[63, 10, 30, 0, 11]
239. Find first regular expression match
Assign to string x the first word of string s consisting of exactly 3 digits, or the empty string if no such match exists.
A word containing more digits, or 3 digits as a substring fragment, must not match.
查找第一个正则表达式匹配项
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"regexp"
)
func main() {
re := regexp.MustCompile(`\b\d\d\d\b`)
for _, s := range []string{
"",
"12",
"123",
"1234",
"I have 12 goats, 3988 otters, 224 shrimps and 456 giraffes",
"See p.456, for word boundaries",
} {
x := re.FindString(s)
fmt.Printf("%q -> %q\n", s, x)
}
}
go
"" -> ""
"12" -> ""
"123" -> "123"
"1234" -> ""
"I have 12 goats, 3988 otters, 224 shrimps and 456 giraffes" -> "224"
"See p.456, for word boundaries" -> "456"
rust
use regex::Regex;
fn main() {
let sentences = vec![
"",
"12",
"123",
"1234",
"I have 12 goats, 3988 otters, 224 shrimps and 456 giraffes",
"See p.456, for word boundaries",
];
for s in sentences {
let re = Regex::new(r"\b\d\d\d\b").expect("failed to compile regex");
let x = re.find(s).map(|x| x.as_str()).unwrap_or("");
println!("[{}] -> [{}]", &s, &x);
}
}
rust
[] -> []
[12] -> []
[123] -> [123]
[1234] -> []
[I have 12 goats, 3988 otters, 224 shrimps and 456 giraffes] -> [224]
[See p.456, for word boundaries] -> [456]240. Sort 2 lists together
Lists a and b have the same length. Apply the same permutation to a and b to have them sorted based on the values of a.
将两个列表排序在一起.列表a和b的长度相同。对a和b应用相同的排列，根据a的值对它们进行排序。
go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sort"
)
type K int
type T string
type sorter struct {
k []K
t []T
}
func (s *sorter) Len() int {
return len(s.k)
}
func (s *sorter) Swap(i, j int) {
// Swap affects 2 slices at once.
s.k[i], s.k[j] = s.k[j], s.k[i]
s.t[i], s.t[j] = s.t[j], s.t[i]
}
func (s *sorter) Less(i, j int) bool {
return s.k[i] < s.k[j]
}
func main() {
a := []K{9, 3, 4, 8}
b := []T{"nine", "three", "four", "eight"}
sort.Sort(&sorter{
k: a,
t: b,
})
fmt.Println(a)
fmt.Println(b)
}
go
[3 4 8 9]
[three four eight nine]
rust
fn main() {
let a = vec![30, 20, 40, 10];
let b = vec![101, 102, 103, 104];
let mut tmp: Vec<_> = a.iter().zip(b).collect();
tmp.as_mut_slice().sort_by_key(|(&x, _y)| x);
let (aa, bb): (Vec<i32>, Vec<i32>) = tmp.into_iter().unzip();
println!("{:?}, {:?}", aa, bb);
}[10, 20, 30, 40], [104, 102, 101, 103]