HTTP协议

HTTP协议的常用方法

|---------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 方法 | 描述 |
| GET | 请求指定的页面信息，并返回实体主体。 |
| POST | 向指定资源提交数据进行处理请求（例如提交表单或者上传文件）。数据被包含在请求体中。POST请求可能会导致新的资源的建立和/或已有资源的修改。 |
| HEAD | 类似于GET请求，只不过返回的响应中没有具体的内容，用于获取报头 |
| PUT | 从客户端向服务器传送的数据取代指定的文档的内容。 |
| DELETE | 请求服务器删除指定的页面。 |
| OPTIONS | 允许客户端查看服务器的性能。 |

HTTP状态码含义

|-------|------------------------|
| 代码 | 含义 |
| 1** | 信息，请求收到，继续处理 |
| 2** | 成功，行为被成功地接受、理解和采纳 |
| 3** | 重定向，为了完成请求，必须进一步执行的动作 |
| 4** | 客户端错误，请求包含语法错误或者请求无法实现 |
| 5** | 服务器错误，服务器不能实现一种明显无效的请求 |

前端基础

主要前端语言：Html、Css、JavaScript

html

Html：超文本标记语言，所以它不是一种编程语言而是一种标记语言，浏览器可以读取html文档并以网页的形式进行展示

标记语言：是一套标记标签，html标签是由尖括号包围的关键词通常由两个组成，第一个为开始标签第二个为结束标签

例如：<html> </html>

<div> </div> #作为一个盒子标签，将里面的内容作为盒子内的内容

实例：

结果显示：网页中打开

CSS简介

CSS：是Cascading Style Sheets (层叠样式表)的缩写。CSS是一种标记语言，用于为HTML文档定义布局。例如css涉及字体、颜色、边距、高度、宽度、背景色等等

可以有三种方式添加css样式

直接在标签后面添加

示例：

2.可以把所有的css样式写在head标签里并设置一个类，然后调用类

示例

创建一个css文件，然后载入css文件后调用文件中设置的类名

示例：

css文件：

引入css文件并调用：

三种使用css方式的优先级

三种方式可以同时混用

优先级：从内而外由高到底，所以以上三种第一种最高第三种最低

bootstrap

bootstrap：是其中一个非常优秀的前端框架

中文网地址：Bootstrap中文网

示例：

javaScript

注意：javaScript与java毫无关系

JavaScript：是一种可以嵌入在HTML代码中由客户端浏览器运行的脚本语言。在网页中使用JavaScript代码，不仅可以实现网页特效，还可以响应用户请求实现动态交互的功能。

示例：点击按钮弹出事件

静态服务器

实例：实现一个静态服务器并根据客户端访问路径访问不同网页

实现流程

本地创建一个Views目录，目录下存放两个网页

contact.html

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="UTF-8">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>明日科技</title>
<!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<!-- Documentation extras -->
<style>
body {
    position: relative; /* For scrollspy */
}

/* Keep code small in tables on account of limited space */
.table code {
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: normal;
}

/* Inline code within headings retain the heading's background-color */
h2 code,
h3 code,
h4 code {
  background-color: inherit;
}

/* Outline button for use within the docs */
.btn-outline {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}
.btn-outline:hover,
.btn-outline:focus,
.btn-outline:active {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}

/* Inverted outline button (white on dark) */
.btn-outline-inverse {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #cdbfe3;
}
.btn-outline-inverse:hover,
.btn-outline-inverse:focus,
.btn-outline-inverse:active {
  color: #563d7c;
  text-shadow: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #fff;
}

/* Bootstrap "B" icon */
.bs-docs-booticon {
  display: block;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  cursor: default;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-radius: 15%;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-sm {
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 28px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-lg {
  width: 144px;
  height: 144px;
  font-size: 90px;
  line-height: 140px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-inverse {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-outline {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 1px solid #cdbfe3;
}

/*
 * Main navigation
 *
 * Turn the `.navbar` at the top of the docs purple.
 */

.bs-docs-nav {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.bs-home-nav .bs-nav-b {
  display: none;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-brand,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a {
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover {
  color: #463265;
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  background-color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle {
  border-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:focus {
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
  border-color: #f9f9f9;
}

/*
 * Homepage
 *
 * Tweaks to the custom homepage and the masthead (main jumbotron).
 */

/* Share masthead with page headers */
.bs-docs-masthead,
.bs-docs-header {
  position: relative;
  padding: 30px 0;
  color: #cdbfe3;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);
  background-color: #6f5499;
  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#563d7c), to(#6f5499));
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:      -o-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:         linear-gradient(to bottom, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#563d7c', endColorstr='#6F5499', GradientType=0);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

/* Masthead (headings and download button) */
.bs-docs-masthead .bs-docs-booticon {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
}
.bs-docs-masthead h1 {
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .lead {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .version {
  margin-top: -15px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  color: #9783b9;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .btn {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 15px 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
}

@media (min-width: 480px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead .btn {
    width: auto;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead {
    padding: 80px 0;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead h1 {
    font-size: 60px;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead .lead {
    font-size: 24px;
  }
}
</style>

<!-- Analytics
================================================== -->
</head>
  <body class="bs-docs-home">
    <a id="skippy" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="https://v3.bootcss.com/#content"><div class="container"><span class="skiplink-text">Skip to main content</span></div></a>

    <!-- Docs master nav -->
  <header class="navbar navbar-static-top bs-docs-nav" id="top">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="navbar-header">
      <a href="/" class="navbar-brand">明日学院</a>
    </div>
    <nav id="bs-navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
      <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
        <li>
          <a href="/course.html" >课程</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/book.html">读书</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/bbs.html">社区</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/servicecenter.html">服务</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/contact.html">联系我们</a>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>
  </div>
</header>
    <!-- Page content of course! -->
<div class="bs-docs-header" id="content" tabindex="-1">
    <div class="container">
      <h1> 联系我们 </h1>
        <div class="lead">
         <address>
             电子邮件：<strong>mingrisoft@mingrisoft.com</strong>
             <br>地址：吉林省长春市宽城区北湖科技园
             <br>邮政编码：<strong>130000</strong>
             <br><abbr title="Phone">联系电话:</abbr> 0431-84978981
         </address>
       </div>
      </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

index.html

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="UTF-8">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>
    明日科技
</title>
<!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" 
<!-- Documentation extras -->
<style>
body {
    position: relative; /* For scrollspy */
}

/* Keep code small in tables on account of limited space */
.table code {
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: normal;
}

/* Inline code within headings retain the heading's background-color */
h2 code,
h3 code,
h4 code {
  background-color: inherit;
}

/* Outline button for use within the docs */
.btn-outline {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}
.btn-outline:hover,
.btn-outline:focus,
.btn-outline:active {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}

/* Inverted outline button (white on dark) */
.btn-outline-inverse {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #cdbfe3;
}
.btn-outline-inverse:hover,
.btn-outline-inverse:focus,
.btn-outline-inverse:active {
  color: #563d7c;
  text-shadow: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #fff;
}

/* Bootstrap "B" icon */
.bs-docs-booticon {
  display: block;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  cursor: default;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-radius: 15%;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-sm {
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 28px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-lg {
  width: 144px;
  height: 144px;
  font-size: 90px;
  line-height: 140px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-inverse {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-outline {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 1px solid #cdbfe3;
}

/*
 * Main navigation
 *
 * Turn the `.navbar` at the top of the docs purple.
 */

.bs-docs-nav {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.bs-home-nav .bs-nav-b {
  display: none;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-brand,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a {
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover {
  color: #463265;
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  background-color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle {
  border-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:focus {
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
  border-color: #f9f9f9;
}

/*
 * Homepage
 *
 * Tweaks to the custom homepage and the masthead (main jumbotron).
 */

/* Share masthead with page headers */
.bs-docs-masthead,
.bs-docs-header {
  position: relative;
  padding: 30px 0;
  color: #cdbfe3;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);
  background-color: #6f5499;
  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#563d7c), to(#6f5499));
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:      -o-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:         linear-gradient(to bottom, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#563d7c', endColorstr='#6F5499', GradientType=0);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

/* Masthead (headings and download button) */
.bs-docs-masthead .bs-docs-booticon {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
}
.bs-docs-masthead h1 {
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .lead {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .version {
  margin-top: -15px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  color: #9783b9;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .btn {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 15px 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
}

@media (min-width: 480px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead .btn {
    width: auto;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead {
    padding: 80px 0;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead h1 {
    font-size: 60px;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead .lead {
    font-size: 24px;
  }
}
</style>

<!-- Analytics
================================================== -->
</head>
  <body class="bs-docs-home">
    <!-- Docs master nav -->
  <header class="navbar navbar-static-top bs-docs-nav" id="top">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="navbar-header">
      <a href="/" class="navbar-brand">明日学院</a>
    </div>
    <nav id="bs-navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
      <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/selfCourse.html" >课程</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/book.html">读书</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/bbs.html">社区</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/servicecenter.html">服务</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/contact.html">联系我们</a>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>
  </div>
</header>
    <!-- Page content of course! -->
    <main class="bs-docs-masthead" id="content" tabindex="-1">
  <div class="container">
    <span class="bs-docs-booticon bs-docs-booticon-lg bs-docs-booticon-outline">MR</span>
    <p class="lead">明日学院，是吉林省明日科技有限公司倾力打造的在线实用技能学习平台，该平台于2016年正式上线，主要为学习者提供海量、优质的课程，课程结构严谨，用户可以根据自身的学习程度，自主安排学习进度。我们的宗旨是，为编程学习者提供一站式服务，培养用户的编程思维。</p>
    <p class="lead">
      <a href="/contact.html" class="btn btn-outline-inverse btn-lg">联系我们</a>
    </p>
  </div>
</main>
</body>
</html>

服务器python代码

python 复制代码

# coding:utf-8

import socket  # 导入Socket模块
import re       # 导入re正则模块
from multiprocessing import Process  # 导入Process多线程模块

HTML_ROOT_DIR = "./Views"   # 设置静态文件根目录

class HTTPServer(object):
    def __init__(self):
        """初始化方法"""
        self.server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) # 创建Socket对象
    def start(self):
        """开始方法"""
        self.server_socket.listen(128) #设置最多连接数
        print ('服务器等待客户端连接...')
        # 执行死循环
        while True:
            client_socket, client_address = self.server_socket.accept() #建立客户端连接
            print("[%s, %s]用户连接上了" % client_address)
            handle_client_process = Process(target=self.handle_client, args=(client_socket,)) #实例化线程类
            handle_client_process.start() # 开启线程
            client_socket.close()           # 关闭客户端Socket

    def handle_client(self, client_socket):
        """处理客户端请求"""
        # 获取客户端请求数据
        request_data = client_socket.recv(1024) #获取客户端请求数据
        print("request data:", request_data)
        request_lines = request_data.splitlines() # 按照行('\r', '\r\n', \n')分隔
        # 输出每行新型
        for line in request_lines:
            print(line)
        request_start_line = request_lines[0]  # 解析请求报文
        print("*" * 10)
        print(request_start_line.decode("utf-8"))
        # 使用正则表达式，提取用户请求的文件名
        file_name = re.match(r"\w+ +(/[^ ]*) ", request_start_line.decode("utf-8")).group(1)
        # 如果文件名是根目录，设置文件名为file_name
        if "/" == file_name:
            file_name = "/index.html"
        # 打开文件，读取内容
        try:
            file = open(HTML_ROOT_DIR + file_name, "rb")
        except IOError:
            # 如果异常，返回404
            response_start_line = "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
            response_headers = "Server: My server\r\n"
            response_body = "The file is not found!"
        else:
            # 读取文件内容
            file_data = file.read()
            file.close()
            # 构造响应数据
            response_start_line = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
            response_headers = "Server: My server\r\n"
            response_body = file_data.decode("utf-8")

        response = response_start_line + response_headers + "\r\n" + response_body # 拼接返回数据
        print("response data:", response)
        client_socket.send(bytes(response, "utf-8")) # 向客户端返回响应数据
        client_socket.close()   # 关闭客户端连接

    def bind(self, port):
        """绑定端口"""
        self.server_socket.bind(("", port))

def main():
    """主函数"""
    http_server = HTTPServer()  # 实例化HTTPServer()类
    http_server.bind(8000)      # 绑定端口
    http_server.start()         # 调用start()方法

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()                    # 执行main()函数

验证：运行python然后浏览器访问127.0.0.1:8000

CGI、FastCGI

CGI

CGI (Common Gateway Interface):即通用网关接口，它是一段程序，运行在服务器上。

CGI工作原理：

客户端登陆一个系统通过post方式将数据提交给web服务器，web服务器自身不做处理，它会调用CGI应用程序进行处理并返回结果，web服务器最后把结果返回给客户端最终生成动态的html页面

CGI 局限性：

当一个用户登陆网站时就需要创建一个CGI请求，用完以后就抛弃，如果用户很多就会创建很多进程导致服务器崩溃

解决办法：FastCGI

FastCGI

FastCGI：

CGI的加强版。他是用进程线程池处理一连串的请求，这些进程线程由FastCGI服务器自己管理而不是由web服务器自己管理，所以FastCGI能是服务器同时处理更多的请求

缺陷：编写程序时不方便

解决办法：WSGI

WSGI

WSGI （服务器网关接口）：

是为Python语言定义的web服务器和web应用程序或者是框架之间的一种简单而通用的接口,它是基于FastCGI设计的。

WSGI工作原理

客户端向web服务器发起一个请求，WSGI的底层是通过FastCGI进行沟通，当server服务器接受到请求以后可以通过socket套接字把环境变量和一个callback函数传递给后端的Application，之后在应用程序中完成页面组装，然后通过回调函数返回给服务器，最后服务器再将响应

补充：

callback函数：回调函数是一个函数，将会在另一个函数完成执行后立即执行。回调函数是一个作为参数传给另一个函数的函数，这个回调函数会在传给的函数内部执行。

定义WSGI接口

语法：

（此函数的两个参数都需要从服务器获取，所以这本函数必须由WSGI服务器来调用。）

def application(environ,start_response):

start_response(status,response_headers)

return [response_body]

#application：自定义函数名

#environ：这是一个包含所有HTTP请求信息的dict对象

start_response：一个发送http响应的函数

示例：

python 复制代码

def application(environ,start_response):
    start_response('200 OK',[('Content-Type,'text/html')])
    return [b'<h1>Hello,World!</h1>']

实例：通过wsgiref模块实现一个简单的hello，word

目前apache、nginx等web服务器都符合WSGI接口的规范，在python中也内置了一个WSGI服务器：wsgiref模块

python 复制代码

from wsgiref.simple_server  import make_server

#回调函数
def sayHi(environ,start_response):
                                #以元组的方式添加响应头
    start_response("200 OK", [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')])
    #body部分
    return [b'Hello World']
if __name__=='__main__':
    #三个参数：IP地址默认为127.0.0.1，端口号，回调函数
    ser = make_server('',8000,sayHi)
    #启动程序
    ser.serve_forever()

验证：终端运行此程序，然后浏览器访问127.0.0.1

运行WSGI服务

实例：创建网站课程页面，根据访问地址访问不同html页面

三个网页：

contact.html

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="UTF-8">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>
    明日科技
</title>
<!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<!-- Documentation extras -->
<style>
body {
    position: relative; /* For scrollspy */
}

/* Keep code small in tables on account of limited space */
.table code {
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: normal;
}

/* Inline code within headings retain the heading's background-color */
h2 code,
h3 code,
h4 code {
  background-color: inherit;
}

/* Outline button for use within the docs */
.btn-outline {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}
.btn-outline:hover,
.btn-outline:focus,
.btn-outline:active {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}

/* Inverted outline button (white on dark) */
.btn-outline-inverse {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #cdbfe3;
}
.btn-outline-inverse:hover,
.btn-outline-inverse:focus,
.btn-outline-inverse:active {
  color: #563d7c;
  text-shadow: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #fff;
}

/* Bootstrap "B" icon */
.bs-docs-booticon {
  display: block;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  cursor: default;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-radius: 15%;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-sm {
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 28px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-lg {
  width: 144px;
  height: 144px;
  font-size: 90px;
  line-height: 140px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-inverse {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-outline {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 1px solid #cdbfe3;
}

/*
 * Main navigation
 *
 * Turn the `.navbar` at the top of the docs purple.
 */

.bs-docs-nav {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.bs-home-nav .bs-nav-b {
  display: none;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-brand,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a {
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover {
  color: #463265;
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  background-color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle {
  border-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:focus {
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
  border-color: #f9f9f9;
}

/*
 * Homepage
 *
 * Tweaks to the custom homepage and the masthead (main jumbotron).
 */

/* Share masthead with page headers */
.bs-docs-masthead,
.bs-docs-header {
  position: relative;
  padding: 30px 0;
  color: #cdbfe3;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);
  background-color: #6f5499;
  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#563d7c), to(#6f5499));
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:      -o-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:         linear-gradient(to bottom, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#563d7c', endColorstr='#6F5499', GradientType=0);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

/* Masthead (headings and download button) */
.bs-docs-masthead .bs-docs-booticon {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
}
.bs-docs-masthead h1 {
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .lead {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .version {
  margin-top: -15px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  color: #9783b9;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .btn {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 15px 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
}

@media (min-width: 480px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead .btn {
    width: auto;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead {
    padding: 80px 0;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead h1 {
    font-size: 60px;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead .lead {
    font-size: 24px;
  }
}
</style>

<!-- Analytics
================================================== -->
</head>
  <body class="bs-docs-home">
    <a id="skippy" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="https://v3.bootcss.com/#content"><div class="container"><span class="skiplink-text">Skip to main content</span></div></a>

    <!-- Docs master nav -->
  <header class="navbar navbar-static-top bs-docs-nav" id="top">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="navbar-header">
      <a href="/" class="navbar-brand">明日学院</a>
    </div>
    <nav id="bs-navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
      <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
        <li>
          <a href="/course.html" >课程</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/book.html">读书</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/bbs.html">社区</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/servicecenter.html">服务</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/contact.html">联系我们</a>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>
  </div>
</header>
    <!-- Page content of course! -->
<div class="bs-docs-header" id="content" tabindex="-1">
    <div class="container">
      <h1> 联系我们 </h1>
        <div class="lead">
         <address>
             电子邮件：<strong>mingrisoft@mingrisoft.com</strong>
             <br>地址：吉林省长春市南关区财富领域
             <br>邮政编码：<strong>131200</strong>
             <br><abbr title="Phone">联系电话:</abbr> 0431-84978981
         </address>
       </div>
      </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

course.html

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="UTF-8">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>
    明日科技
</title>
<!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" 
<!-- Documentation extras -->
<style>
body {
    position: relative; /* For scrollspy */
}

/* Keep code small in tables on account of limited space */
.table code {
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: normal;
}

/* Inline code within headings retain the heading's background-color */
h2 code,
h3 code,
h4 code {
  background-color: inherit;
}

/* Outline button for use within the docs */
.btn-outline {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}
.btn-outline:hover,
.btn-outline:focus,
.btn-outline:active {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}

/* Inverted outline button (white on dark) */
.btn-outline-inverse {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #cdbfe3;
}
.btn-outline-inverse:hover,
.btn-outline-inverse:focus,
.btn-outline-inverse:active {
  color: #563d7c;
  text-shadow: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #fff;
}

/* Bootstrap "B" icon */
.bs-docs-booticon {
  display: block;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  cursor: default;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-radius: 15%;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-sm {
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 28px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-lg {
  width: 144px;
  height: 144px;
  font-size: 90px;
  line-height: 140px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-inverse {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-outline {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 1px solid #cdbfe3;
}

/*
 * Main navigation
 *
 * Turn the `.navbar` at the top of the docs purple.
 */

.bs-docs-nav {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.bs-home-nav .bs-nav-b {
  display: none;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-brand,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a {
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover {
  color: #463265;
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  background-color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle {
  border-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:focus {
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
  border-color: #f9f9f9;
}

/*
 * Homepage
 *
 * Tweaks to the custom homepage and the masthead (main jumbotron).
 */

/* Share masthead with page headers */
.bs-docs-masthead,
.bs-docs-header {
  position: relative;
  padding: 30px 0;
  color: #cdbfe3;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);
  background-color: #6f5499;
  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#563d7c), to(#6f5499));
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:      -o-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:         linear-gradient(to bottom, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#563d7c', endColorstr='#6F5499', GradientType=0);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

/* Masthead (headings and download button) */
.bs-docs-masthead .bs-docs-booticon {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
}
.bs-docs-masthead h1 {
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .lead {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .version {
  margin-top: -15px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  color: #9783b9;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .btn {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 15px 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
}

@media (min-width: 480px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead .btn {
    width: auto;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead {
    padding: 80px 0;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead h1 {
    font-size: 60px;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead .lead {
    font-size: 24px;
  }
}
</style>

<!-- Analytics
================================================== -->
</head>
  <body class="bs-docs-home">
    <!-- Docs master nav -->
  <header class="navbar navbar-static-top bs-docs-nav" id="top">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="navbar-header">
      <a href="/" class="navbar-brand">明日学院</a>
    </div>
    <nav id="bs-navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
      <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
        <li>
          <a href="/course.html" >课程</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/book.html">读书</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/bbs.html">社区</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/servicecenter.html">服务</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/contact.html">联系我们</a>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>
  </div>
</header>
      <!-- Page content of course! -->
      <main class="bs-docs-masthead" id="content" tabindex="-1">
    <div class="container">
      <div class="jumbotron">
        <h1 style="color: #573e7d">明日课程</h1>
        <p style="color: #573e7d">海量课程，随时随地，想学就学。有多名专业讲师精心打造精品课程，让学习创造属于你的生活</p>
        <p><a class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/selfCourse.html" role="button">开始学习</a></p>
      </div>
    </div>
</main>
</body>
</html>

index.html

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="UTF-8">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>
    明日科技
</title>
<!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" 
<!-- Documentation extras -->
<style>
body {
    position: relative; /* For scrollspy */
}

/* Keep code small in tables on account of limited space */
.table code {
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: normal;
}

/* Inline code within headings retain the heading's background-color */
h2 code,
h3 code,
h4 code {
  background-color: inherit;
}

/* Outline button for use within the docs */
.btn-outline {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}
.btn-outline:hover,
.btn-outline:focus,
.btn-outline:active {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-color: #563d7c;
}

/* Inverted outline button (white on dark) */
.btn-outline-inverse {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-color: #cdbfe3;
}
.btn-outline-inverse:hover,
.btn-outline-inverse:focus,
.btn-outline-inverse:active {
  color: #563d7c;
  text-shadow: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #fff;
}

/* Bootstrap "B" icon */
.bs-docs-booticon {
  display: block;
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  cursor: default;
  background-color: #563d7c;
  border-radius: 15%;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-sm {
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 28px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-lg {
  width: 144px;
  height: 144px;
  font-size: 90px;
  line-height: 140px;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-inverse {
  color: #563d7c;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-booticon-outline {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 1px solid #cdbfe3;
}

/*
 * Main navigation
 *
 * Turn the `.navbar` at the top of the docs purple.
 */

.bs-docs-nav {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.bs-home-nav .bs-nav-b {
  display: none;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-brand,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a {
  font-weight: 500;
  color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover {
  color: #463265;
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  background-color: #563d7c;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle {
  border-color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:hover,
.bs-docs-nav .navbar-header .navbar-toggle:focus {
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
  border-color: #f9f9f9;
}

/*
 * Homepage
 *
 * Tweaks to the custom homepage and the masthead (main jumbotron).
 */

/* Share masthead with page headers */
.bs-docs-masthead,
.bs-docs-header {
  position: relative;
  padding: 30px 0;
  color: #cdbfe3;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);
  background-color: #6f5499;
  background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#563d7c), to(#6f5499));
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:      -o-linear-gradient(top, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  background-image:         linear-gradient(to bottom, #563d7c 0%, #6f5499 100%);
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#563d7c', endColorstr='#6F5499', GradientType=0);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

/* Masthead (headings and download button) */
.bs-docs-masthead .bs-docs-booticon {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
}
.bs-docs-masthead h1 {
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .lead {
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
  color: #fff;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .version {
  margin-top: -15px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  color: #9783b9;
}
.bs-docs-masthead .btn {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 15px 30px;
  font-size: 20px;
}

@media (min-width: 480px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead .btn {
    width: auto;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .bs-docs-masthead {
    padding: 80px 0;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead h1 {
    font-size: 60px;
  }
  .bs-docs-masthead .lead {
    font-size: 24px;
  }
}
</style>

<!-- Analytics
================================================== -->
</head>
  <body class="bs-docs-home">
    <!-- Docs master nav -->
  <header class="navbar navbar-static-top bs-docs-nav" id="top">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="navbar-header">
      <a href="/" class="navbar-brand">明日学院</a>
    </div>
    <nav id="bs-navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse">
      <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
        <li>
          <a href="/course.html" >课程</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/book.html">读书</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/bbs.html">社区</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="http://www.mingrisoft.com/servicecenter.html">服务</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a href="/contact.html">联系我们</a>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>
  </div>
</header>
      <!-- Page content of course! -->
      <main class="bs-docs-masthead" id="content" tabindex="-1">
    <div class="container">
      <span class="bs-docs-booticon bs-docs-booticon-lg bs-docs-booticon-outline">MR</span>
      <p class="lead">明日学院，是吉林省明日科技有限公司倾力打造的在线实用技能学习平台，该平台于2016年正式上线，主要为学习者提供海量、优质的课程，课程结构严谨，用户可以根据自身的学习程度，自主安排学习进度。我们的宗旨是，为编程学习者提供一站式服务，培养用户的编程思维。</p>
      <p class="lead">
        <a href="/contact.html" class="btn btn-outline-inverse btn-lg">联系我们</a>
      </p>
    </div>
</main>
</body>
</html>

python代码：

python 复制代码

# 从wsgiref模块导入:
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
# 导入我们自己编写的application函数:
def app(environ, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])     # 响应信息
    #environ['PATH_INFO']：通过环境变量加一个键值就能获取到请求URL后缀的文件名
    file_name = environ['PATH_INFO'][1:] or 'index.html'        # 获取url参数
    HTML_ROOT_DIR = './Views/'  # 设置HTML文件目录
    try:
        file = open(HTML_ROOT_DIR + file_name, "rb")  # 以二进制方式打开文件
    except IOError:
        response = "The file is not found!"     # 如果异常，返回404
    else:
        file_data = file.read() # 读取文件内容
        file.close()            # 关闭文件
        response = file_data.decode("utf-8") # 构造响应数据

    return [response.encode('utf-8')] # 返回数据

# 创建一个服务器，IP地址为空，端口是8000，处理函数是application:
httpd = make_server('', 8000, app)
print('Serving HTTP on port 8000...')
# 开始监听HTTP请求:
httpd.serve_forever()

验证：运行python代码，然后浏览器访问

web框架

web框架：是实现一些基础功能的一堆代码，可以理解为一个通用的半成品。通过使用web框架开发人员可以把更多的精力精力集中在实现具体业务上。web框架可以使用任何语言来编写。这些框架通常能提供一些常用的功能。只要遵循WSGI规范也能编写我们自己的web框架，因为WSGI接口就是服务器与框架之间简单而通用的接口

web框架的常用功能：

管理路由

访问数据库

管理会话和Cookies

创建模板来显示Html

促进代码的重用

常用的python web框架

Flask框架：轻量级的web框架，他是基于Werkzeug实现的WSGI和Jinja2模板引擎。它的设计哲学是只保留核心，其他的通过扩展机制来增强它的功能

django框架：它提供了非常齐备的官方文档和一站式解决方案，包括缓存、orm管理后台、验证、表单处理等等。由于具备了这些功能使开发复杂的数据库驱动的网站变得更加简单。但是会导致系统耦合度过高，如果我们要替换掉django内部的一些功能就会非常麻烦

Bottle框架：轻量级的web框架。它只有一个文件，代码只使用了python的标准库却自带了路由映射、模板、简单的数据访问等web框架组件，而不需要依赖额外第三方库，所以它才是真正的微框架。它的语法简单部署也非常方便

Tornado框架：是一个非阻塞的web服务器所以速度非常快，每秒中可以处理数以千计的链接，这就意味着对于常轮询、web套接字等服务来说Tornado是一个理想的web框架

19. python从入门到精通——Web编程

HTTP协议

HTTP协议的常用方法

HTTP状态码含义

前端基础

html

CSS简介

可以有三种方式添加css样式

三种使用css方式的优先级

bootstrap

javaScript

CGI、FastCGI

CGI

FastCGI

WSGI

WSGI工作原理

定义WSGI接口

语法：

start_response：一个发送http响应的函数

运行WSGI服务

web框架