这道题源自23版李林880的矩阵章节,题目如下:
设矩阵 A = [ 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 1 ] A=\left[ \begin{matrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & 1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & 1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & -1 & 1 \end{matrix} \right] A= 1−1−1−1−11−1−1−1−11−1−1−1−11 ,则 A n ( n ≥ 1 ) = ? A^n(n \geq 1)=? An(n≥1)=?
个人解法如下:
先将矩阵 A A A 拆分成一个秩为 1 的矩阵和数量矩阵之和,即:
A = [ − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 ] + 2 [ 1 1 1 1 ] = B + 2 E A = \left[ \begin{matrix} -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\ -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \end{matrix} \right] + 2 \left[ \begin{matrix} 1 & & & \\ & 1 & & \\ & & 1 & \\ & & & 1 \end{matrix} \right] = B + 2E A= −1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1−1 +2 1111 =B+2E
秩为 1 的矩阵 B B B 有性质: B k = [ t r ( B ) ] k − 1 B = ( − 4 ) k − 1 B B^k = [tr(B)]^{k-1} B = (-4)^{k-1} B Bk=[tr(B)]k−1B=(−4)k−1B,需要特别注意 k ≥ 1 k \geq 1 k≥1
因此有:
A n = ( B + 2 E ) n = ∑ k = 0 n C n k ( 2 E ) n − k B k (将 k = 0 的项提出去) = C n 0 ( 2 E ) n B 0 + ∑ k = 1 n C n k ( 2 E ) n − k B k (运用秩一矩阵的性质) = 2 n E + ∑ k = 1 n C n k 2 n − k ( − 4 ) k − 1 B = 2 n E − 1 4 B [ ∑ k = 1 n C n k 2 n − k ( − 4 ) k ] (凑二项式展开公式) = 2 n E − 1 4 B [ ∑ k = 0 n C n k 2 n − k ( − 4 ) k − C n 0 2 n ( − 4 ) 0 ] (逆用二项式展开公式) = 2 n E − 1 4 B [ ( 2 − 4 ) n − 2 n ] = 2 n E − 1 4 B [ ( − 2 ) n − 2 n ] = 2 n E + 2 n − ( − 2 ) n 4 B \begin{aligned} A^n &= (B+2E)^n \\ &= \sum_{k=0}^{n} C_{n}^{k} (2E)^{n-k} B^{k} \\ (将k=0的项提出去)&= C_{n}^{0} (2E)^{n} B^{0} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} C_{n}^{k} (2E)^{n-k} B^{k} \\ (运用秩一矩阵的性质)&= 2^{n}E + \sum_{k=1}^{n} C_{n}^{k} 2^{n-k} (-4)^{k-1} B \\ &= 2^{n}E - \frac{1}{4} B \left[ \sum_{k=1}^{n} C_{n}^{k} 2^{n-k} (-4)^{k} \right] \\ (凑二项式展开公式)&= 2^{n}E - \frac{1}{4} B \left[ \sum_{k=0}^{n} C_{n}^{k} 2^{n-k} (-4)^{k} - C_{n}^{0} 2^{n} (-4)^{0} \right] \\ (逆用二项式展开公式)&= 2^{n}E - \frac{1}{4} B \left[ (2-4)^{n} - 2^{n} \right] \\ &= 2^{n}E - \frac{1}{4} B \left[ (-2)^{n} - 2^{n} \right] \\ &= 2^{n}E + \frac{2^{n} - (-2)^{n}}{4} B \\ \end{aligned} An(将k=0的项提出去)(运用秩一矩阵的性质)(凑二项式展开公式)(逆用二项式展开公式)=(B+2E)n=k=0∑nCnk(2E)n−kBk=Cn0(2E)nB0+k=1∑nCnk(2E)n−kBk=2nE+k=1∑nCnk2n−k(−4)k−1B=2nE−41B[k=1∑nCnk2n−k(−4)k]=2nE−41B[k=0∑nCnk2n−k(−4)k−Cn02n(−4)0]=2nE−41B[(2−4)n−2n]=2nE−41B[(−2)n−2n]=2nE+42n−(−2)nB
李林880给出的解法是找规律,参考答案为:
A n = { 4 k − 1 A , n = 2 k − 1 4 k E , n = 2 k ( k = 1 , 2 , . . . ) A^n= \begin{cases} 4^{k-1} A, & n=2k-1 \\ 4^{k} E, & n=2k \\ \end{cases} (k=1,2,...) An={4k−1A,4kE,n=2k−1n=2k(k=1,2,...)
可以证明,个人答案与参考答案是一致的。
(1)当 n n n 是奇数,则:
A n = 2 n E + 2 n − ( − 2 ) n 4 B = 2 n E + 2 n + 2 n 4 B = 2 n E + 2 n − 1 B = 2 n − 1 ( 2 E + B ) = 2 n − 1 A (令 n = 2 k − 1 ) = 2 2 ( k − 1 ) A = 4 k − 1 A \begin{aligned} A^n &= 2^{n}E + \frac{2^{n} - (-2)^{n}}{4} B \\ &= 2^{n}E + \frac{2^{n} + 2^{n}}{4} B \\ &= 2^{n}E + 2^{n-1} B \\ &= 2^{n-1} (2E+B) \\ &= 2^{n-1} A \\ (令n=2k-1)&= 2^{2(k-1)} A \\ &= 4^{k-1} A \\ \end{aligned} An(令n=2k−1)=2nE+42n−(−2)nB=2nE+42n+2nB=2nE+2n−1B=2n−1(2E+B)=2n−1A=22(k−1)A=4k−1A
(2)当 n n n 是偶数,则:
A n = 2 n E + 2 n − ( − 2 ) n 4 B = 2 n E + 2 n − 2 n 4 B = 2 n E (令 n = 2 k ) = 2 2 k E = 4 k E \begin{aligned} A^n &= 2^{n}E + \frac{2^{n} - (-2)^{n}}{4} B \\ &= 2^{n}E + \frac{2^{n} - 2^{n}}{4} B \\ &= 2^{n}E \\ (令n=2k)&= 2^{2k} E \\ &= 4^{k} E \\ \end{aligned} An(令n=2k)=2nE+42n−(−2)nB=2nE+42n−2nB=2nE=22kE=4kE