一、接口自动化测试的流程
1、需求分析
1、1请求（url,方法、数据）
2、挑选需要做自动化测试的接口
3、设计自动化测试用例
4、搭建自动化测试环境
5、设计自动化执行框架（报告、参数化、 用例执行框架）
6、编写代码
7、执行用例（unittest、pytest)
8、生成测试报告（htmltextrunner\allure)
二、用例设计
2、1单接口
模板：id，模块，接口名称，请求url,用例名称，请求方法，请求参数类型，请求参数，预期结果，实际结果，备注
注意：单接口颗粒度放的比较小（以测试数据为颗粒度）
2、2多接口
模板：id，模块，接口名称，请求url,用例名称，请求方法，请求参数类型，请求参数，预期结果，实际结果，备注
注意：多个接口颗粒度为每个接口为基础，每个接口内所设计的数据可以通过参数化来解决。
三、自动化目录结构
1、配置层（common)
|-------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | import os def filePath(fileDir``=``'``',fileName='``'): ``''' ``:param fileDir: 目录 ``:param fileName: 文件的名称 ``:return: ``''' ``return os.path.join( ``os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), fileDir, fileName) |
2、用例执行业务层（testcase)
import pytest,json,allure
from util.apiutil import Request
from util.yamlutil import OperationYaml
from util.excelutil import OperationExcel,ExcelVarles
obj = Request()
objYaml = OperationYaml()
objExcel = OperationExcel()
data_key = ExcelVarles
class TestExcel:
# request封装
def run_api(self, url, method, params=None, headers=None, cookies=None):
if str(method).lower() == "get":
res = obj.get(url, params=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies)
elif str(method).lower() == "post":
res = obj.post(url, json=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies)
return res
# 运行前置用例
def run_pre(self, pre_case):
url = objYaml.readbaseyaml()["test_url"] + pre_case[data_key.url]
method = pre_case[data_key.method]
params = eval(pre_case[data_key.params])
headers = pre_case[data_key.headers]
header = self.json_parse(headers)
cookies = pre_case[data_key.cookies]
res = self.run_api(url, method, params, header)
print("前置用例执行：%s" % res)
return res
@pytest.mark.parametrize('datas',objExcel.runs())
# 运行测试用例
def test_login(self,datas):
url = objYaml.readbaseyaml()["test_url"] + datas[data_key.url]
print(url)
case_id = datas[data_key.case_id]
case_model = datas[data_key.case_model]
case_name = datas[data_key.case_name]
pre_exec = datas[data_key.pre_exec]
method = datas[data_key.method]
params = eval(datas[data_key.params])
expect_result = datas[data_key.expect_result]
headers = datas[data_key.headers]
cookies = datas[data_key.cookies]
code = datas[data_key.code]
db_verify = datas[data_key.db_verify]
if pre_exec:
pass
pre_case = objExcel.case_prev(pre_exec)
print("前置条件信息为：%s" % pre_case)
pre_res = self.run_pre(pre_case)
headers = self.get_correlation(headers,pre_res)
header = self.json_parse(headers)
res = self.run_api(url, method, params, header, cookies)
print("测试用例执行：%s" % res)
assert expect_result in str(res["body"]["message"])
assert code == int(res["code"])
# 对allure报告进行配置
# allure
# sheet名称 feature 一级标签
# allure.dynamic.feature(sheet_name)
# 模块 story 二级标签
allure.dynamic.story(case_model)
# 用例ID+接口名称 title
allure.dynamic.title(case_id + case_name)
# 请求URL 请求类型 期望结果 实际结果描述
desc = "<font color='red'>请求URL: </font> {}<Br/>" \
"<font color='red'>请求类型: </font>{}<Br/>" \
"<font color='red'>期望结果: </font>{}<Br/>" \
"<font color='red'>实际结果: </font>{}".format(url, method, expect_result, res)
allure.dynamic.description(desc)
def json_parse(self,data): # 格式化字符，转换json
# if headers:
# header = json.loads(headers)
# else:
# header = headers
return json.loads(data) if data else data
# token参数关联替换
def get_correlation(self,header,pre_res):
# 验证是否有关联
headers_para = objExcel.params_find(header)
if len(headers_para):
# 有关联，执行前置用例，获取结果
headers_data = pre_res["body"]["data"]["token"][headers_para[0]]
# 结果替换
headers = objExcel.res_sub(header, headers_data)
return headers
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(["-s", "-v", "test_single_api.py"])
3、数据驱动（data)
存放excel，yaml文件
4、测试报告（report)
5、工具层（第三方工具包）apiutil.py
import requests
class Request():
def requests_api(self,url, json=None, headers=None, cookies=None, params=None, data=None,method="get"):
if method == "get":
r = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,cookies=cookies,params=params,data=data)
elif method == "post":
r = requests.post(url=url,json=json,headers=headers,cookies=cookies)
elif method == "put":
r = requests.put(url=url,headers=headers,cookies=cookies,params=params)
elif method == "delete":
r =requests.delete(url=url,headers=headers,cookies=cookies,params=params)
code = r.status_code
try:
body = r.json()
except Exception as e:
body = r.text
res = dict()
res["code"] = code
res["body"] = body
return res
def get(self,url,**kwargs):
return self.requests_api(url, method="get", **kwargs)
def post(self,url,**kwargs):
return self.requests_api(url, method="post", **kwargs)
def put(self,url,**kwargs):
return self.requests_api(url, method="put", **kwargs)
def delete(self,url,**kwargs):
return self.requests_api(url, method="delete", **kwargs)
import xlrd
from common.basepath import *
import json
import re
p_data = '\${(.*)}\$'
class ExcelVarles:
case_id = "用例ID"
case_model = "模块"
case_name = "接口名称"
url = "请求URL"
pre_exec = "前置条件"
method = "请求类型"
params_type = "请求参数类型"
params = "请求参数"
expect_result = "预期结果"
actual_result = "实际结果"
beizhu = "备注"
is_run = "是否运行"
headers = "headers"
cookies = "cookies"
code = "status_code"
db_verify = "数据库验证"
class OperationExcel:
@property
def getExcelDatas(self):
datas = list()
book = xlrd.open_workbook(filePath('data', 'api.xlsx'))
getsheet = book.sheet_by_index(0)
title = getsheet.row_values(0)
for row in range(1,getsheet.nrows):
row_values=getsheet.row_values(row)
datas.append(dict(zip(title,row_values)))
return datas
def runs(self):
# 获取到可执行的测试用例
run_list=[]
for item in self.getExcelDatas:
isRun=item[ExcelVarles.is_run]
if isRun == 'y':
run_list.append(item)
else:
pass
return run_list
def params(self):
'''对请求参数为空做处理'''
params_list=[]
for item in self.runs():
params=item[ExcelVarles.params]
if len(str(params).strip())==0:
pass
elif len(str(params).strip())>=0:
params=json.loads(params)
def case_prev(self,casePrev):
# 据前置测试条件找到关联的前置测试用例
for item in self.getExcelDatas:
if casePrev in item.values():
return item
return None
def res_find(self,data, pattern_data=p_data): # 查询
# pattern = re.compile('\${(.*)}\$')
pattern = re.compile(pattern_data)
re_res = pattern.findall(data)
return re_res
def res_sub(self,data, replace, pattern_data=p_data): # 替换
pattern = re.compile(pattern_data)
re_res = pattern.findall(data)
if re_res:
return re.sub(pattern_data, replace, data)
return re_res
def params_find(self,headers): # 验证请求中是否有${}$需要结果关联
if "${" in headers:
headers = self.res_find(headers)
return headers
import yaml
from common.basepath import filePath
class OperationYaml:
def readYaml(self,fileDir='data',fileName='login.yaml'): ### 获取login测试用例
with open(filePath(fileDir=fileDir, fileName=fileName),'r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
return list(yaml.safe_load_all(f))
def readbaseyaml(self,fileDir='data',fileName='base.yaml'):
with open(filePath(fileDir=fileDir, fileName=fileName), 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
return yaml.safe_load(f)
def readgoodsyaml(self,fileDir='data',fileName='goods.yaml'): ### 获取商品测试用例
with open(filePath(fileDir=fileDir, fileName=fileName), 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
return list(yaml.safe_load_all(f))
6、运行入口层（运行测试用例，并生成报告）
2023超详细的Python接口自动化测试进阶教程合集，真实模拟企业项目实战