一、运算符重载
运算符重载概念:对已有的运算符重新进行定义,赋予其另一种功能,以适应不同的数据类型
1.1 加号运算符重载
作用:实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算
cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
// 1. 成员函数重载+号
/*Person operator+(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = this->m_a + p.m_a;
temp.m_b = this->m_b + p.m_b;
return temp;
}*/
int m_a;
int m_b;
};
// 2. 全局函数重载+号
Person operator+(Person& p1, Person& p2)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = p1.m_a + p2.m_a;
temp.m_b = p1.m_b + p2.m_b;
return temp;
}
// 运算符重载也可以发生函数重载
Person operator+(Person& p1, int num)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = p1.m_a + num;
temp.m_b = p1.m_b + num;
return temp;
}
void test()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_a = 10;
p1.m_b = 20;
Person p2;
p2.m_a = 5;
p2.m_b = 1;
// 成员函数重载
Person p3;
// p3 = p1.operater+(p2);
p3 = p1 + p2;
cout << "p3.m_a = " << p3.m_a << endl;
cout << "p3.m_b = " << p3.m_b << endl;
// 全局函数重载
Person p4;
// p3 = operator+(p1,p2);
p4 = p1 + p2;
cout << "p4.m_a = " << p4.m_a << endl;
cout << "p4.m_b = " << p4.m_b << endl;
// 运算符重载也可以发生函数重载
Person p5;
p5 = p1 + 100;
cout << "p5.m_a = " << p5.m_a << endl;
cout << "p5.m_b = " << p5.m_b << endl;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test();
return 0;
}
总结1:对于内置的数据类型的表达式的运算符是不可能改变的
总结2:不要滥用运算符重载
1.2 左移运算符重载
作用:可以输出自定义数据类型
cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, Person& p);
// 利用成员函数重载左移运算符 p.operator<<(p1) === p << p1
// p.operator<<(cout) === p << cout
// 综上所述一般不会利用成员函数重载<<运算符,因为无法实现cout在左侧
public:
void setA(int a)
{
m_a = a;
}
void setB(int b)
{
m_b = b;
}
private:
int m_a;
int m_b;
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, Person& p)
{
cout << "m_a = " << p.m_a << endl;
cout << "m_b = " << p.m_b;
return cout;
}
int main(int argc,char* argv[])
{
Person p;
p.setA(10);
p.setB(13);
cout << p << endl;
return 0;
}
总结:重载左移运算符配合友元可以实现输出自定义数据类型
1.3 递增运算符重载
作用:通过重载递增运算符,实现自己的整型数据
cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyInteger
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, MyInteger myint);
public:
MyInteger()
{
m_num = 0;
}
// 重置前置++运算符 返回应用是为了一直对一个数据进行递增操作
MyInteger& operator++()
{
// 先++
m_num++;
// 再返回
return *this;
}
// 重置后置++运算符 int代表占位参数,可以用于区分前置和后置递增
MyInteger operator++(int)
{
// 先返回数据,再递增
// 如果先return返回后续递增不执行
// 转变成先记录数据,再递增,最后返回记录的数据
MyInteger temp = *this;
m_num++;
return temp;
}
private:
int m_num;
};
// 重载 << 运算符
ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, MyInteger myint)
{
cout << myint.m_num;
return cout;
}
void test01()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << ++(++myint) << endl;
cout << myint << endl;
}
void test02()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << (myint++)++ << endl;
cout << myint << endl;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
总结:前置递增返回的是引用,后置递增返回的是值
1.4 赋值运算符重载
C++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数
-
默认构造函数(无参,函数体为空)
-
默认析构函数(无参,函数体为空)
-
默认拷贝构造函数,对属性进行值拷贝
-
赋值运算符 operator=,对属性进行值拷贝
如果类中有属性指向堆区,做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题
cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
Person(int age)
{
m_age = new int(age);
}
int* m_age;
~Person()
{
if (m_age != NULL)
{
delete m_age;
m_age = NULL;
}
}
// 利用深拷贝解决浅拷贝带来的问题
Person& operator=(Person& p)
{
// 编译器提供的是浅拷贝
// m_age = p.m_age;
// 应该先判断是否有属性在堆区,如果有先释放干净,然后再深拷贝
if (m_age != NULL)
{
delete m_age;
m_age = NULL;
}
// 深拷贝
m_age = new int(*p.m_age);
return *this;
}
};
void test01()
{
Person p1(18);
cout << "p1的年龄为:" << *p1.m_age << endl;
Person p2(23);
cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_age << endl;
Person p3(30);
cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_age << endl;
// 浅拷贝会导致堆区内存重复释放
// 赋值运算符重载
p3 = p2 = p1;
cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_age << endl;
cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_age << endl;
cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_age << endl;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test01();
return 0;
}
1.5 关系运算符重载
作用:重载关系运算符,可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作
cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
m_Name = name;
m_Age = age;
}
bool operator==(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Age = p.m_Age && this->m_Name == p.m_Name)
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1("张三", 18);
Person p2("李四", 23);
Person p3("李四", 23);
if (p1 == p2)
{
cout << "p1等于p2" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1不等于p2" << endl;
}
if (p2 == p3)
{
cout << "p2等于p3" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p2不等于p3" << endl;
}
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test01();
return 0;
}
1.6 函数调用运算符重载
函数调用运算符 () 也可以重载
由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用,因此称为仿函数
仿函数没有固定写法,非常灵活
cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class MyPrint01
{
public:
// 重载函数调用运算符
void operator()(string text)
{
cout << text << endl;
}
};
void MyPrint02(string text)
{
cout << text << endl;
}
class MyAdd01
{
public:
// 重载函数调用运算符
double operator()(double a, double b)
{
return a + b;
}
};
double MyAdd02(double a, double b)
{
return a + b;
}
void test01()
{
MyPrint01 MyPrint01;
MyPrint01("hello world");
MyPrint02("hello world");
MyAdd01 myAdd01;
double result01 = myAdd01(10, 20);
double result02 = MyAdd02(10, 20);
cout << "myAdd01仿函数计算的结果为:" << result01 << endl;
cout << "MyAdd02函数计算的结果为:" << result02 << endl;
// 匿名函数对象 类名+()为匿名对象,后面的重载的运算符
cout << "匿名函数对象的计算结果为:" << MyAdd01()(10, 20) << endl;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
test01();
return 0;
}