第7章 网络管理
7.1 ip 命令
使用 ip 命令可以配置临时网络的连接信息，相关命令如下：
ip link：显示网络设备运行状态 ip -s link：显示更详细的设备信息 ip link show [网络设备名]：仅显示指定的网络设备名的信息 ip link show up ：仅显示当前处于激活状态的设备信息 ip link set [网络设备名] down：将指定的网络设备下线 ip [-s] addr|a show [网络设备名]：查看指定网络设备（网卡名称）的配置信息，如果加了 -s 选项，则会添加相关的统计信息，如果接收到的或传送的数据包等 ip [-4] addr|a add IP地址[/掩码] dev [网络设备名]：添加一个临时的 IPv4 的地址（重启后失效） ip -6 addr|a add IP地址[/掩码] dev [网络设备名]：添加一个临时的 IPv6 的地址 ip [-4] addr|a del IP地址[/掩码] dev [网络设备名]：删除网卡的临时IPv4地址
使用示例：
[root@bogon system-connections]# ip link 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp3s0 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip -s link 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 RX: bytes packets errors dropped missed mcast 2149 19 0 0 0 0 TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns 2149 19 0 0 0 0 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff RX: bytes packets errors dropped missed mcast 62860 738 0 0 0 12 TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns 69299 698 0 0 0 0 altname enp3s0 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip link show ens160 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp3s0 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip -s link show ens160 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff RX: bytes packets errors dropped missed mcast 70456 831 0 0 0 12 TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns 75925 759 0 0 0 0 altname enp3s0 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp3s0 inet 192.168.72.128/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160 valid_lft 1562sec preferred_lft 1562sec inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe08:daba/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever [root@bogon system-connections]# ip -s a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever RX: bytes packets errors dropped missed mcast 2149 19 0 0 0 0 TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns 2149 19 0 0 0 0 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp3s0 inet 192.168.72.128/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160 valid_lft 1544sec preferred_lft 1544sec inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe08:daba/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever RX: bytes packets errors dropped missed mcast 73136 865 0 0 0 12 TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns 79535 784 0 0 0 0 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip -s a show ens160 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp3s0 inet 192.168.72.128/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160 valid_lft 1484sec preferred_lft 1484sec inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe08:daba/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever RX: bytes packets errors dropped missed mcast 77056 915 0 0 0 12 TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns 83451 814 0 0 0 0 # 添加一个临时的 ip 地址 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip -4 a add 192.168.72.120/24 dev ens160 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip a show ens160 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp3s0 inet 192.168.72.128/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160 valid_lft 1339sec preferred_lft 1339sec inet 192.168.72.120/24 scope global secondary ens160 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe08:daba/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever # 删除一个临时的 IP 地址 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip -4 a del 192.168.72.120/24 dev ens160 [root@bogon system-connections]# ip a show ens160 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:08:da:ba brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff altname enp3s0 inet 192.168.72.128/24 brd 192.168.72.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160 valid_lft 1212sec preferred_lft 1212sec inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe08:daba/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
7.2 修改配置文件
在 redhat 9 中，已经不推荐修改配置文件了，而推荐使用命令的方式来进行配置。
要修改配置文件，我们需要编辑 /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections 目录下的 ens160.nmconnection 文件中。
注意：不同的电脑，这个文件的名称可能不同。
[root@bogon system-connections]# cat ens160.nmconnection [connection] # 网络连接配置 id=ens160 # 网卡标识，这个名称可以和网卡名称不一致，只要唯一即可 uuid=1f212fa6-bb52-3c62-ab97-66818fb871a1 # 网络的标识 type=ethernet # 网络类型，默认情况下是以太网 autoconnect-priority=-999 # 自动连接策略 interface-name=ens160 # 指定网卡名称 timestamp=1697397259 [ethernet] [ipv4] # ipv4的配置 method=auto [ipv6] # ipv6的配置 addr-gen-mode=eui64 method=auto [proxy]
下面我们把这个文件编辑一下，把我们固定 IP 写到这个文件中，并指定 dns 和 网关。
[root@bogon system-connections]# cd /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ [root@bogon system-connections]# ll total 4 -rw-------. 1 root root 229 Oct 15 19:43 ens160.nmconnection [root@bogon system-connections]# vim ens160.nmconnection
编辑这个文件的内容如下：
#省略 [ipv4] address=192.168.72.121/24,192.168.72.2 dns=8.8.8.8;192.168.72.2 method=manual # 省略
7.3 nmcli 命令*
7.3.1 查看网卡设备
语法：nmcli device 或者简写为 nmcli d
[root@localhost system-connections]# nmcli device DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION ens160 ethernet connected ens160 lo loopback connected (externally) lo [root@localhost system-connections]# nmcli d DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION ens160 ethernet connected ens160 lo loopback connected (externally) lo # 查看网关 [root@localhost system-connections]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.72.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens160 192.168.72.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens160 # 查看详细信息 [root@localhost system-connections]# nmcli d show GENERAL.DEVICE: ens160 GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:0C:29:08:DA:BA GENERAL.MTU: 1500 GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected) GENERAL.CONNECTION: ens160 GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4 WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: on IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 192.168.72.121/24 IP4.GATEWAY: 192.168.72.2 IP4.ROUTE[1]: dst = 192.168.72.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt = 100 IP4.ROUTE[2]: dst = 0.0.0.0/0, nh = 192.168.72.2, mt = 100 IP4.DNS[1]: 8.8.8.8 IP4.DNS[2]: 192.168.72.2 IP6.ADDRESS[1]: fe80::20c:29ff:fe08:daba/64 IP6.GATEWAY: -- IP6.ROUTE[1]: dst = fe80::/64, nh = ::, mt = 1024 GENERAL.DEVICE: lo GENERAL.TYPE: loopback GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00 GENERAL.MTU: 65536 GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected (externally)) GENERAL.CONNECTION: lo GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/3 IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 127.0.0.1/8 IP4.GATEWAY: -- IP6.ADDRESS[1]: ::1/128 IP6.GATEWAY: -- # 显示指定设备的详细信息 [root@localhost system-connections]# nmcli d show ens160 GENERAL.DEVICE: ens160 GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:0C:29:08:DA:BA GENERAL.MTU: 1500 GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected) GENERAL.CONNECTION: ens160 GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4 WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: on IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 192.168.72.121/24 IP4.GATEWAY: 192.168.72.2 IP4.ROUTE[1]: dst = 192.168.72.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt = 100 IP4.ROUTE[2]: dst = 0.0.0.0/0, nh = 192.168.72.2, mt = 100 IP4.DNS[1]: 8.8.8.8 IP4.DNS[2]: 192.168.72.2 IP6.ADDRESS[1]: fe80::20c:29ff:fe08:daba/64 IP6.GATEWAY: -- IP6.ROUTE[1]: dst = fe80::/64, nh = ::, mt = 1024 # 查看当前连接设备信息 [root@localhost system-connections]# nmcli d connect ens160 Device 'ens160' successfully activated with '1f212fa6-bb52-3c62-ab97-66818fb871a1'. # 断开网络，也就是把网卡禁用了 [root@localhost system-connections]# nmcli d disconnect ens160 # 执行完上面的命令后，xshell 会断掉，要想重新连接上，我们需要在 虚拟机中执行 # nmcli d connet ens160
7.3.2 查看网卡配置
语法：nmcli connectioin 或简写为 nmcli c
# 查看网卡信息 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE ens160 1f212fa6-bb52-3c62-ab97-66818fb871a1 ethernet ens160 lo 5a6a3e72-0ca9-46a8-82b3-8b6696d14cff loopback lo [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE ens160 1f212fa6-bb52-3c62-ab97-66818fb871a1 ethernet ens160 lo 5a6a3e72-0ca9-46a8-82b3-8b6696d14cff loopback lo # 查看自动获取的网关地址 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c show ens160 | grep -i gateway connection.gateway-ping-timeout: 0 ipv4.gateway: 192.168.72.2 ipv6.gateway: -- IP4.GATEWAY: 192.168.72.2 IP6.GATEWAY: -- # 查看当前网卡的dns配置 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c show ens160 | grep -i dns connection.mdns: -1 (default) connection.dns-over-tls: -1 (default) ipv4.dns: 8.8.8.8,192.168.72.2 ipv4.dns-search: -- ipv4.dns-options: -- ipv4.dns-priority: 0 ipv4.ignore-auto-dns: no ipv6.dns: -- ipv6.dns-search: -- ipv6.dns-options: -- ipv6.dns-priority: 0 ipv6.ignore-auto-dns: no IP4.DNS[1]: 8.8.8.8 IP4.DNS[2]: 192.168.72.2
7.3.3 配置网卡IP
1）非交互式*
需求：修改 ens160 的 ip 地址为 192.168.72.128，并且是 ipv4，自动连接，dns为 114.114.114.114，网关为 192.168.72.2，子网掩码为 255.255.255.0，然后再添加一个 ip 地址：192.168.72.125
# 配置网卡 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c modify ens160 ipv4.method manual autoconnect yes ipv4.addresses 192.168.72.128/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.72.2 ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114 +ipv4.addresses 192.168.72.125/24 # 查看配置的结果 [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ens160.nmconnection [connection] id=ens160 uuid=1f212fa6-bb52-3c62-ab97-66818fb871a1 type=ethernet autoconnect-priority=-999 interface-name=ens160 timestamp=1702817105 [ethernet] [ipv4] address1=192.168.72.128/24,192.168.72.2 address2=192.168.72.125/24 dns=114.114.114.114; method=manual [ipv6] addr-gen-mode=eui64 method=auto [proxy]
命令说明：
nmcli c modify ens160：表示要修改的网卡
ipv4.method manual：表示网络连接方式为手动配置
autoconnect yes：表示自动连接，即系统一启动网络就可以用
ipv4.addresses 192.168.72.128/24：配置 ipv4 格式的 IP 地址和子网掩码
ipv4.gateway 192.168.72.2：配置网关信息
ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114：配置dns服务
+ipv4.addresses 192.168.72.125/24：表示再添加一个 IP 地址
2）交互式
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli c edit ens160 ===| nmcli interactive connection editor |=== Editing existing '802-3-ethernet' connection: 'ens160' Type 'help' or '?' for available commands. Type 'print' to show all the connection properties. Type 'describe [<setting>.<prop>]' for detailed property description. You may edit the following settings: connection, 802-3-ethernet (ethernet), 802-1x, dcb, sriov, ethtool, match, ipv4, ipv6, hostname, tc, proxy nmcli> goto ipv4 You may edit the following properties: method, dns, dns-search, dns-options, dns-priority, addresses, gateway, routes, route-metric, route-table, routing-rules, replace-local-rule, ignore-auto-routes, ignore-auto-dns, dhcp-client-id, dhcp-iaid, dhcp-timeout, dhcp-send-hostname, dhcp-hostname, dhcp-fqdn, dhcp-hostname-flags, never-default, may-fail, required-timeout, dad-timeout, dhcp-vendor-class-identifier, link-local, dhcp-reject-servers, auto-route-ext-gw nmcli ipv4> set dns 192.168.72.2 nmcli ipv4> activate Error: connection is not saved. Type 'save' first. nmcli ipv4> save Connection 'ens160' (1f212fa6-bb52-3c62-ab97-66818fb871a1) successfully updated. nmcli ipv4> activate Monitoring connection activation (press any key to continue) nmcli ipv4> quit [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c show ens160 | grep -i dns connection.mdns: -1 (default) connection.dns-over-tls: -1 (default) ipv4.dns: 114.114.114.114,192.168.72.2 ipv4.dns-search: -- ipv4.dns-options: -- ipv4.dns-priority: 0 ipv4.ignore-auto-dns: no ipv6.dns: -- ipv6.dns-search: -- ipv6.dns-options: -- ipv6.dns-priority: 0 ipv6.ignore-auto-dns: no IP4.DNS[1]: 114.114.114.114 IP4.DNS[2]: 192.168.72.2
7.3.4 ping命令
这个命令是用于测试网络是否申通。
语法：ping [options] <destination>
# 测试本机的网卡是否可用，按 ctrl + c 退出 [root@localhost ~]# ping 192.168.72.121 PING 192.168.72.121 (192.168.72.121) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.033 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.076 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.115 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.083 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.091 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=8 ttl=64 time=0.067 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.72.121: icmp_seq=9 ttl=64 time=0.085 ms ^C --- 192.168.72.121 ping statistics --- 9 packets transmitted, 9 received, 0% packet loss, time 8211ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.033/0.075/0.115/0.021 ms # 测试网络是否申通 [root@localhost ~]# ping www.baidu.com PING www.a.shifen.com (220.181.38.150) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 220.181.38.150 (220.181.38.150): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=68.3 ms 64 bytes from 220.181.38.150 (220.181.38.150): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=57.4 ms 64 bytes from 220.181.38.150 (220.181.38.150): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=67.2 ms # 指定发送包的次数，通过 -c选项来指定，后面跟上发包的次数 [root@localhost ~]# ping -c2 www.baidu.com PING www.a.shifen.com (220.181.38.150) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 220.181.38.150 (220.181.38.150): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=60.3 ms 64 bytes from 220.181.38.150 (220.181.38.150): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=59.8 ms --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1002ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 59.762/60.038/60.314/0.276 ms
7.3.5 连接、断开和删除设备
# 连接网络，即让网卡可用 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c up ens160 Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/8) # 断开网络 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c down ens160 # 删除网络，注意这个命令不要执行 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli c delete ens160
7.4 nmtui 命令
这个命令是用于可视化的方式来进行配置，要想实现这个功能，我们需要先执行如下的操作。
# 启用 cockpit 服务 [root@localhost ~]# systemctl start cockpit
打开浏览器，然后访问：https://192.168.72.128:9090/，并用普通用户登录。
7.5 从网站上下载文件
7.5.1 wget
下面以 QQ 安装文件为例：
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://dldir1.qq.com/qqfile/qq/QQNT/06d558c3/linuxqq_3.2.3-19189_x86_64.rpm --2023-12-17 21:24:57-- https://dldir1.qq.com/qqfile/qq/QQNT/06d558c3/linuxqq_3.2.3-19189_x86_64.rpm Resolving dldir1.qq.com (dldir1.qq.com)... 175.153.171.177 Connecting to dldir1.qq.com (dldir1.qq.com)|175.153.171.177|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 129160016 (123M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘linuxqq_3.2.3-19189_x86_64.rpm’ linuxqq_3.2.3-19189_x86 100%[============================>] 123.18M 4.71MB/s in 26s 2023-12-17 21:25:24 (4.68 MB/s) - ‘linuxqq_3.2.3-19189_x86_64.rpm’ saved [129160016/129160016]
7.5.2 curl
这个命令是一个网络工具，其主要是通过 http、https、ftp 等方式下载或上传文件
[root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com -o index.html % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 2381 100 2381 0 0 11787 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 11787 [root@localhost ~]# cat index.html <!DOCTYPE html> <!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号 <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>