异步调用
在Dubbo中发起异步调用机制,从而提高对应的服务的调用的吞吐能力和调用机制
特性说明
技术背景
从2.7.0开始,Dubbo 的所有异步编程接口开始以CompletableFuture为基础,基于NIO的非阻塞实现并行调用,客户端不需要启动多线程即可完成并行调用多个远程服务,相对多线程开销较小。
使用场景
使用CompletableFuture修饰的接口
-
首先需要服务提供者事先定义CompletableFuture签名的服务,接口定义指南如下:
-
Provider端异步执行将阻塞的业务从Dubbo内部线程池切换到业务自定义线程,避免Dubbo线程池的过度占用,有助于避免不同服务间的互相影响,异步执行无异于节省资源或提升RPC响应性能,因为如果业务执行需要阻塞,则始终还是要有线程来负责执行。
-
Provider端异步执行和Consumer端异步调用是相互独立的,任意正交组合两端配置
- Consumer同步 - Provider同步
- Consumer异步 - Provider同步
- Consumer同步 - Provider异步
- Consumer异步 - Provider异步
Maven依赖配置
xml
<properties>
<source.level>1.8</source.level>
<target.level>1.8</target.level>
<dubbo.version>3.0.2.1</dubbo.version>
<spring.version>4.3.16.RELEASE</spring.version>
<junit.version>4.12</junit.version>
<maven-compiler-plugin.version>3.7.0</maven-compiler-plugin.version>
</properties>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-framework-bom</artifactId>
<version>${spring.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId>
<artifactId>dubbo-bom</artifactId>
<version>${dubbo.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId>
<artifactId>dubbo-dependencies-zookeeper</artifactId>
<version>${dubbo.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>${junit.version}</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId>
<artifactId>dubbo</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.dubbo</groupId>
<artifactId>dubbo-dependencies-zookeeper</artifactId>
<type>pom</type>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<profiles>
<!-- For jdk 11 above JavaEE annotation -->
<profile>
<id>javax.annotation</id>
<activation>
<jdk>[1.11,)</jdk>
</activation>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.annotation</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.annotation-api</artifactId>
<version>1.3.2</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</profile>
</profiles>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>${maven-compiler-plugin.version}</version>
<configuration>
<source>${source.level}</source>
<target>${target.level}</target>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
方案1:定义CompletableFuture修饰的接口
服务接口定义
java
public interface AsyncService {
CompletableFuture<String> execute(String name);
}
服务接口实现(服务提供者)
java
public class AsyncServiceImpl implements AsyncService {
@Override
public CompletableFuture<String> execute(String name) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
//TODO 功能实现机制
try {
Thread.sleep(5000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "async response from provider.";
});
}
}
服务接口返回
通过return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync() ,业务执行已从Dubbo线程切换到业务线程,避免了对 Dubbo 线程池的阻塞。
方案2:使用AsyncContext
Dubbo提供了一个类似 Servlet 3.0 的异步接口AsyncContext,在没有 CompletableFuture修饰接口的情况下,也可以实现 Provider端的异步执行。
服务接口定义
java
public interface AsyncService {
String execute(String name);
}
服务暴露,和普通服务完全一致
xml
<bean id="asyncService" class="org.apache.dubbo.samples.governance.impl.AsyncServiceImpl"/>
<dubbo:service interface="org.apache.dubbo.samples.governance.api.AsyncService" ref="asyncService"/>
服务实现(服务提供者)
java
public class AsyncServiceImpl implements AsyncService {
public String execute(String name) {
final AsyncContext asyncContext = RpcContext.startAsync();
new Thread(() -> {
// 如果要使用上下文,则必须要放在第一句执行
asyncContext.signalContextSwitch();
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// 写回响应
asyncContext.write("Hello " + name + ", response from provider.");
}).start();
return null;
}
}
注意接口的返回类型是 CompletableFuture。
XML引用服务(服务消费者者)
xml
<dubbo:reference id="asyncService" timeout="10000" interface="com.alibaba.dubbo.samples.async.api.AsyncService"/>
调用远程服务(服务消费者)
xml
// 调用直接返回CompletableFuture
// 获取到对应的asyncService服务实现类对象
CompletableFuture<String> future = asyncService.execute("async call request");
// 增加回调
future.whenComplete((v, t) -> {
if (t != null) {
t.printStackTrace();
} else {
System.out.println("Response: " + v);
}
});
// 早于结果输出
System.out.println("Executed before response return.");
方案3:使用RpcContext
在 consumer.xml 中配置
xml
<dubbo:reference id="asyncService" interface="org.apache.dubbo.samples.governance.api.AsyncService">
<dubbo:method name="execute" async="true" />
</dubbo:reference>
调用代码
java
// 此调用会立即返回null
asyncService.execute("world");
// 拿到调用的Future引用,当结果返回后,会被通知和设置到此Future
CompletableFuture<String> helloFuture = RpcContext.getServiceContext().getCompletableFuture();
// 为Future添加回调
helloFuture.whenComplete((retValue, exception) -> {
if (exception == null) {
System.out.println(retValue);
} else {
exception.printStackTrace();
}
});
或者,也可以这样做异步调用
java
CompletableFuture<String> future = RpcContext.getServiceContext().asyncCall(
() -> {
asyncService.sayHello("oneway call request1");
}
);
future.get();
异步总是不等待返回,你也可以设置是否等待消息发出
xml
<dubbo:method name="findFoo" async="true" sent="true" />
- sent="true" 等待消息发出,消息发送失败将抛出异常。
如果你只是想异步,完全忽略返回值,可以配置 return="false",以减少 Future 对象的创建和管理成本
xml
<dubbo:method name="findFoo" async="true" return="false" />
- sent="false" 不等待消息发出,将消息放入 IO 队列,即刻返回。