【Spring】Spring 对 Ioc 的实现

一、Ioc 控制反转

  • 控制反转是一种思想

  • 控制反转是为了降低程序耦合度,提高程序扩展力,达到 OCP 原则,达到 DIP 原则

  • 控制反转,反转的是什么?

    • 将对象的创建权利交出去,交给第三方容器负责

    • 将对象和对象之间关系的维护权交出去,交给第三方容器负责

  • 控制反转这种思想如何实现呢?

    • DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入

二、依赖注入

依赖注入实现了控制反转的思想

Spring通过依赖注入的方式来完成Bean管理的

Bean管理说的是:Bean对象的创建,以及Bean对象中属性的赋值(或者叫做Bean对象之间关系的维护)

依赖注入:

  • 依赖指的是对象和对象之间的关联关系

  • 注入指的是一种数据传递行为,通过注入行为来让对象和对象产生关系

依赖注入常见的实现方式包括两种:

  • 第一种:set 注入

  • 第二种:构造注入

三、set 注入

set 注入,基于 set 方法实现的,底层会通过反射机制调用属性对应的set方法然后给属性赋值。这种方式要求属性必须对外提供 set 方法

XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>org.qiu</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-003-dependency-injection</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.23</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.13.2</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!--log4j2的依赖-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
            <version>2.19.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId>
            <version>2.19.0</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.dao;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.dao
 * @date 2022-10-31-17:46
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class UserDao {
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserDao.class);

    public void insert(){
        logger.info("正在保存用户数据......");
    }
}
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.service;

import org.qiu.spring.dao.UserDao;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.service
 * @date 2022-10-31-17:53
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class UserService {
    private UserDao userDao;

    // 使用set方式注入,必须提供set方法。
    // 反射机制要调用这个方法给属性赋值的。
    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }

    public void save(){
        userDao.insert();
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="userDaoBean" class="org.qiu.spring.dao.UserDao"></bean>

    <bean id="userServiceBean" class="org.qiu.spring.service.UserService">
        <!--
            想让 Spring 调用对应的 set 方法,需要配置 property 标签
                name:set方法的方法名,去掉 set,剩下的单词首字母变小写
                ref: references,"引用"。指定要注入的 bean 的 id
                一般情况下 name 位置写属性名就行了
        -->
        <property name="userDao" ref="userDaoBean"></property>
    </bean>

</beans>
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.test;

import org.junit.Test;
import org.qiu.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.test
 * @date 2022-10-31-17:55
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class DITest {
    @Test
    public void testSetDI(){
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
        UserService userService = applicationContext.getBean("userServiceBean", UserService.class);
        userService.save();
    }
}

运行结果:

原理解析:

通过 property 标签获取到属性名:userDao

通过属性名推断出 set 方法名:setUserDao

通过反射机制调用 setUserDao() 方法给属性赋值

property 标签的 name 是属性名。

property 标签的 ref 是要注入的 bean 对象的 id。(通过ref属性来完成 bean 的装配,这是 bean 最简单的一种装配方式。装配指的是:创建系统组件之间关联的动作)

可以把 set 方法注释掉,再测试一下

通过测试得知,底层实际上调用了 setUserDao() 方法。所以需要确保这个方法的存在

另外,对于 property 标签来说,ref 属性也可以采用标签的方式,但使用 ref 属性是多数的:

XML 复制代码
<bean id="userServiceBean" class="com.powernode.spring6.service.UserService">
  <property name="userDao">
    <ref bean="userDaoBean"/>
  </property>
</bean>

总结:set 注入的核心实现原理:通过反射机制调用 set 方法来给属性赋值,让两个对象之间产生关系

四、构造注入

核心原理:通过调用构造方法来给属性赋值

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.service;

import org.qiu.spring.dao.UserDao;
import org.qiu.spring.dao.VipDao;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.service
 * @date 2022-11-01-20:25
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class CustomerService {
    private UserDao userDao;
    private VipDao vipDao;

    public CustomerService(UserDao userDao, VipDao vipDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
        this.vipDao = vipDao;
    }

    public void save(){
        userDao.insert();
        vipDao.insert();
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="userDaoBean" class="org.qiu.spring.dao.UserDao"/>

    <bean id="vipDaoBean" class="org.qiu.spring.dao.VipDao"/>

    <bean id="csBean" class="org.qiu.spring.service.CustomerService">
        <!--
            构造注入
                public CustomerService(UserDao userDao, VipDao vipDao) {
                    this.userDao = userDao;
                    this.vipDao = vipDao;
                }
                指定构造方法的第一个参数,下标是 0
        -->
        <constructor-arg index="0" ref="userDaoBean"/>
        <constructor-arg index="1" ref="vipDaoBean"/>
    </bean>
    
    <!-- 也可以使用 name 注入,若不指定下标,也不指定参数名,Spring自动根据类型匹配注入 -->
    <bean id="csBean2" class="org.qiu.spring.service.CustomerService">
        <constructor-arg name="userDao" ref="userDaoBean"/>
        <constructor-arg name="vipDao" ref="vipDaoBean"/>
    </bean>

</beans>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testConstructDI(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
    CustomerService service = applicationContext.getBean("csBean",CustomerService.class);
    service.save();
}

运行结果:

五、set 注入专题

  • 注入外部 Bean

这种方式比较常用

XML 复制代码
<!-- 声明/定义 bean -->
<bean id="orderDaoBean" class="org.qiu.spring.dao.OrderDao"/>

<bean id="orderServiceBean" class="org.qiu.spring.service.OrderService">
    <!-- 使用 ref 属性来引入,就是注入外部 bean -->
    <property name="orderDao" ref="orderDaoBean"/>
</bean>
  • 注入内部 Bean

这种方式使用较少,了解即可。

XML 复制代码
<bean id="orderServiceBean2" class="org.qiu.spring.service.OrderService">
    <property name="orderDao">
        <!-- 内部 bean -->
        <bean class="org.qiu.spring.dao.OrderDao"/>
    </property>
</bean>
  • 注入简单类型
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-07:14
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class User {
    private String username;
    private String password;
    private int age;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<!-- 注入简单类型 -->
<bean id="userBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.User">
    <property name="username" value="张三"/>
    <property name="password" value="123"/>
    <property name="age" value="20"/>
</bean>
java 复制代码
 @Test
public void testSimpleTypeSet(){
    ApplicationContext application = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("set-di.xml");
    User userBean = application.getBean("userBean", User.class);
    System.out.println(userBean);
}

运行结果:

分析简单类型包括哪些?

Spring 源码:BeanUtils 类

java 复制代码
public class BeanUtils{
    
    //.......
    
    /**
	 * Check if the given type represents a "simple" property: a simple value
	 * type or an array of simple value types.
	 * <p>See {@link #isSimpleValueType(Class)} for the definition of <em>simple
	 * value type</em>.
	 * <p>Used to determine properties to check for a "simple" dependency-check.
	 * @param type the type to check
	 * @return whether the given type represents a "simple" property
	 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.support.RootBeanDefinition#DEPENDENCY_CHECK_SIMPLE
	 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory#checkDependencies
	 * @see #isSimpleValueType(Class)
	 */
	public static boolean isSimpleProperty(Class<?> type) {
		Assert.notNull(type, "'type' must not be null");
		return isSimpleValueType(type) || (type.isArray() && isSimpleValueType(type.getComponentType()));
	}

	/**
	 * Check if the given type represents a "simple" value type: a primitive or
	 * primitive wrapper, an enum, a String or other CharSequence, a Number, a
	 * Date, a Temporal, a URI, a URL, a Locale, or a Class.
	 * <p>{@code Void} and {@code void} are not considered simple value types.
	 * @param type the type to check
	 * @return whether the given type represents a "simple" value type
	 * @see #isSimpleProperty(Class)
	 */
	public static boolean isSimpleValueType(Class<?> type) {
		return (Void.class != type && void.class != type &&
				(ClassUtils.isPrimitiveOrWrapper(type) ||
				Enum.class.isAssignableFrom(type) ||
				CharSequence.class.isAssignableFrom(type) ||
				Number.class.isAssignableFrom(type) ||
				Date.class.isAssignableFrom(type) ||
				Temporal.class.isAssignableFrom(type) ||
				URI.class == type ||
				URL.class == type ||
				Locale.class == type ||
				Class.class == type));
	}
    
    //........
}
  • 简单类型:

    • 基本数据类型

    • 基本数据类型对应的包装类

    • String 或 其他的 CharSequence 子类

    • Number 子类

    • Date 子类

    • URI

    • URL

    • Temporal 子类(Java8 新特性,有关于时间时区的类)

    • Locale

    • Class

    • 另外还包括以上简单值类型对应的数组类型

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URL;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Locale;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-07:37
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class SimpleValueType {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(new Date());
    }
    private byte b;
    private short s;
    private int i;
    private long l;
    private float f;
    private double d;
    private boolean flag;
    private char c;

    private Byte b1;
    private Short s1;
    private Integer i1;
    private Long l1;
    private Float f1;
    private Double d1;
    private Boolean flag1;
    private Character c1;

    private String str;

    private Date date;

    private Season season;

    private URI uri;

    private URL url;

    private LocalDate localDate;

    private Locale locale;

    private Class clazz;

    // 省略 setter 和 toString
}

enum Season {
    SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN, WINTER
}
XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="simpleValueType" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.SimpleValueType">
        <property name="b" value="1"/>
        <property name="s" value="1"/>
        <property name="i" value="1"/>
        <property name="l" value="1"/>
        <property name="f" value="1"/>
        <property name="d" value="1"/>
        <property name="flag" value="false"/>

        <property name="c" value="a"/>
        <property name="b1" value="2"/>
        <property name="s1" value="2"/>
        <property name="i1" value="2"/>
        <property name="l1" value="2"/>
        <property name="f1" value="2"/>
        <property name="d1" value="2"/>
        <property name="flag1" value="true"/>
        <property name="c1" value="a"/>

        <property name="str" value="zhangsan"/>
        <!--注意:value后面的日期字符串格式不能随便写,必须是Date对象toString()方法执行的结果。-->
        <!--如果想使用其他格式的日期字符串,就需要进行特殊处理了-->
        <!--一般不会把 Date 当作简单类型,而是使用 ref 给 Date 类型属性赋值-->
        <property name="date" value="Sun Nov 06 07:50:46 CST 2022"/>
        <property name="season" value="WINTER"/>
        <property name="uri" value="/save.do"/>
        <!--spring6之后,会自动检查url是否有效,如果无效会报错。-->
        <property name="url" value="http://www.baidu.com"/>
        <!--java.util.Locale 主要在软件的本地化时使用。它本身没有什么功能,更多的是作为一个参数辅助其他方法完成输出的本地化。-->
        <property name="locale" value="CHINESE"/>
        <property name="clazz" value="java.lang.String"/>
    </bean>

</beans>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testAllSimpleType(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-all-simple-type.xml");
    SimpleValueType simpleValueType = applicationContext.getBean("simpleValueType", SimpleValueType.class);
    System.out.println(simpleValueType);
}

运行结果:

需要注意的是:

  • 如果把 Date 当做简单类型的话,日期字符串格式不能随便写。格式必须符合 Date 的 toString() 方法格式。显然这就比较鸡肋了。如果我们提供一个这样的日期字符串:2010-10-11,在这里是无法赋值给 Date 类型的属性的。

  • Spring6 之后,当注入的是 URL,那么这个 url 字符串是会进行有效性检测的。如果是一个存在的 url,那就没问题。如果不存在则报错。

  • 级联属性赋值(了解)
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-08:58
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Clazz {
    private String name;

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Clazz{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-09:01
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Student {
    private String name;

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<bean id="studentBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Student">
    <property name="name" value="张三"/>
</bean>

<bean id="clazzBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Clazz">
    <property name="name" value="高三一班"/>
</bean>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testCascade(){
    ApplicationContext application = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("cascade.xml");

    Student studentBean = application.getBean("studentBean", Student.class);
    System.out.println(studentBean);

    Clazz clazzBean = application.getBean("clazzBean", Clazz.class);
    System.out.println(clazzBean);
}

运行结果:

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-09:01
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Student {
    private String name;

    private Clazz clazz;

    public void setClazz(Clazz clazz) {
        this.clazz = clazz;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", clazz=" + clazz +
                '}';
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<bean id="studentBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Student">
    <property name="name" value="张三"/>
    <property name="clazz" ref="clazzBean"/>
</bean>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testCascade(){
    ApplicationContext application = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("cascade.xml");

    Student studentBean = application.getBean("studentBean", Student.class);
    System.out.println(studentBean);

    Clazz clazzBean = application.getBean("clazzBean", Clazz.class);
    System.out.println(clazzBean);
}

运行结果:

XML 复制代码
<!--
    级联属性赋值
    顺序不能颠倒
    使用级联属性赋值,clazz 属性需要提供对应的 getter 方法
-->
<bean id="studentBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Student">
    <property name="name" value="张三"/>
    <property name="clazz" ref="clazzBean"/>
    <property name="clazz.name" value="高三二班"/>
</bean>

<bean id="clazzBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Clazz"/>
java 复制代码
public Clazz getClazz() {
    return clazz;
}

运行结果:

  • 注入数组

数组中的元素是简单类型

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-22:16
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class QianDaYe {
    private String[] aiHaos;

    public void setAiHaos(String[] aiHaos) {
        this.aiHaos = aiHaos;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "QianDaYe{" +
                "aiHaos=" + Arrays.toString(aiHaos) +
                '}';
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<bean id="yuQian" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.QianDaYe">
    <!-- 数组属性的元素是简单类型 -->
    <property name="aiHaos">
        <array>
            <value>抽烟</value>
            <value>喝酒</value>
            <value>烫头</value>
        </array>
    </property>
</bean>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testArray(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-array.xml");
    QianDaYe yuQian = applicationContext.getBean("yuQian", QianDaYe.class);
    System.out.println(yuQian);
}

运行结果:

数组中元素不是简单类型

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-22:16
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class QianDaYe {
    private String[] aiHaos;

    private Woman[] women;

    public void setAiHaos(String[] aiHaos) {
        this.aiHaos = aiHaos;
    }

    public void setWomen(Woman[] women) {
        this.women = women;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "QianDaYe{" +
                "aiHaos=" + Arrays.toString(aiHaos) +
                ", women=" + Arrays.toString(women) +
                '}';
    }
}
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-06-22:24
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Woman {
    private String name;

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Woman{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<!-- 数组属性的元素不是简单类型 -->
<property name="women">
    <array>
        <ref bean="w1" />
        <ref bean="w2" />
        <ref bean="w3" />
        <ref bean="w4" />
    </array>
</property>

运行结果:

  • 注入 List 集合、Set 集合

注入集合,集合中存放简单类型元素就用 <value> 标签,存放的是非简单类型元素就用 <ref> 标签

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-07-07:12
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Person {
    // 注入 List 集合
    private List<String> names;

    // 注入 Set 集合
    private Set<String> addrs;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "names=" + names +
                ", addrs=" + addrs +
                '}';
    }

    public void setNames(List<String> names) {
        this.names = names;
    }

    public void setAddrs(Set<String> addrs) {
        this.addrs = addrs;
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<bean id="personBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Person">
    <property name="names">
        <!-- List 集合有序可重复-->
        <list>
            <value>张三</value>
            <value>张三</value>
            <value>张三</value>
            <value>李四</value>
            <value>李四</value>
            <value>王五</value>
            <value>王五</value>
        </list>
    </property>

    <property name="addrs">
        <!-- Set 集合无序不可重复-->
        <set>
            <value>北京</value>
            <value>广东</value>
            <value>上海</value>
            <value>上海</value>
            <value>上海</value>
        </set>
    </property>
</bean>
java 复制代码
 @Test
public void testCollection(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-collection.xml");
    Person person = applicationContext.getBean("personBean", Person.class);
    System.out.println(person);
}

运行结果:

  • 注入 Map 集合
java 复制代码
// 注入 Map 集合
private Map<Integer,String> phones;

@Override
public String toString() {
    return "Person{" +
        "names=" + names +
        ", addrs=" + addrs +
        ", phones=" + phones +
        '}';
}
XML 复制代码
<property name="phones">
    <map>
        <!-- key/value 都是简单类型,使用 key/value -->
        <entry key="1" value="110"/>
        <entry key="3" value="119"/>
        <entry key="5" value="120"/>
        <!-- key/value 不是简单类型,使用 key-ref/value-ref -->
        <!-- <entry key-ref="" value-ref="" /> -->
    </map>
</property>

运行结果:

  • 注入 Properties 属性类对象
java 复制代码
/**
 * 注入属性类对象
 * Properties 本质上也是一个 Map 集合
 * Properties 的父类是 HashTable,HashTable 实现了 Map 接口
 * 虽然也是一个 Map 集合,但是注入方式相似,但不同
 * Properties 的 key/value 只能是 String 类型
 */
private Properties properties;

public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
    this.properties = properties;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
    return "Person{" +
        "names=" + names +
        ", addrs=" + addrs +
        ", phones=" + phones +
        ", properties=" + properties +
        '}';
}
XML 复制代码
<property name="properties">
    <props>
        <prop key="driver">com.nmysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</prop>
        <prop key="url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring</prop>
        <prop key="username">root</prop>
        <prop key="password">123</prop>
    </props>
</property>

运行结果:

  • 注入 null 和 空字符串
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-07-07:42
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Cat {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Cat{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<bean id="catBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Cat">
    <!-- <property name="name" value=""></property> -->
    <!-- 手动注入 null -->
    <property name="name">
        <null/>
    </property>
    <property name="age" value="3"></property>
</bean>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testNull(){
    ApplicationContext application = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("set-di.xml");
    Cat cat = application.getBean("catBean", Cat.class);
    System.out.println(cat);
}

运行结果:

不给属性值注入,默认就是 null,也可以手动注入

XML 复制代码
<bean id="catBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Cat">
    <!-- 注入 空字符串 -->
    <property name="name" value=""></property>
    <!-- 方式二 -->
    <!--
		<property name="name">
            <value/>
        </property>
	-->
    <property name="age" value="3"></property>
</bean>

运行结果:

  • 注入特殊字符

XML中有5个特殊字符,分别是:<、>、'、"、&

以上5个特殊符号在XML中会被特殊对待,会被当做XML语法的一部分进行解析,如果这些特殊符号直接出现在注入的字符串当中,会报错。

解决方案包括两种:

  • 第一种:特殊符号使用转义字符代替。

  • 第二种:将含有特殊符号的字符串放到:<![CDATA[]]> 当中。因为放在 CDATA 区中的数据不会被 XML 文件解析器解析。

5个特殊字符对应的转义字符分别是:

特殊字符 转义字符
> &gt;
< &lt;
' '
" &quot;
& &amp;
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-07-07:58
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Math {
    private String result;

    public void setResult(String result) {
        this.result = result;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Math{" +
                "result='" + result + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<!-- 方式一 -->
<bean id="mathBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Math">
    <property name="result" value="2 &lt; 3"/>
</bean>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testSpecial(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("set-di.xml");
    Math mathBean = applicationContext.getBean("mathBean", Math.class);
    System.out.println(mathBean);
}

运行结果:

使用 CDATA 方式:

XML 复制代码
<bean id="mathBean" class="com.powernode.spring6.beans.Math">
    <property name="result">
        <!--只能使用 value 标签-->
        <value><![CDATA[2 < 3]]></value>
    </property>
</bean>

注意:使用CDATA时,不能使用value属性,只能使用value标签。

运行结果:

六、p 命名空间注入

目的:简化配置

使用 p 命名空间注入的前提条件包括两个:

  • 第一:在 XML 头部信息中添加 p 命名空间的配置信息:xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"

  • 第二:p 命名空间注入是基于 setter 方法的,所以需要对应的属性提供 setter 方法

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import java.util.Date;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-07-08:10
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class Dog {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private Date birth;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Dog{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", birth=" + birth +
                '}';
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public void setBirth(Date birth) {
        this.birth = birth;
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <!--
        第一步:在 Spring 配置文件头部添加 p 命名空间
            xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
        第二步:使用
            p:属性名 = "属性值"(简单类型)
            p:属性名-ref = "属性值"(非简单类型)
    -->
    <bean id="dogBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.Dog" p:name="小花" p:age="3" p:birth-ref="birthBean"/>
    <!-- 获取当前系统时间 -->
    <bean id="birthBean" class="java.util.Date"/>

</beans>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testP(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-p.xml");
    Dog dog = applicationContext.getBean("dogBean", Dog.class);
    System.out.println(dog);
}

运行结果:

七、C 命名空间注入

c 命名空间是简化构造方法注入的

使用 c 命名空间的两个前提条件:

第一:需要在 xml 配置文件头部添加信息:xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"

第二:需要提供构造方法

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-07-21:34
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class People {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private boolean sex;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "People{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", sex=" + sex +
                '}';
    }

    public People(String name, int age, boolean sex) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.sex = sex;
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <!--
        第一步:在 Spring 配置文件头部添加 xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"
        第二步:使用
            可以使用属性名字或下标注入
    -->
    <bean id="peopleBean" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.People" c:_0="张三" c:age="18" c:sex="true"></bean>

</beans>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testC(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-c.xml");
    People people = applicationContext.getBean("peopleBean", People.class);
    System.out.println(people);
}

运行结果:

八、util 命名空间

util 命名空间让配置复用

使用util命名空间的前提是:在spring配置文件头部添加配置信息。如下:

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import java.util.Properties;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-07-21:34
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class MyDataSource1 {
    private Properties properties;

    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
        this.properties = properties;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "MyDataSource1{" +
                "properties=" + properties +
                '}';
    }
}
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import java.util.Properties;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-07-21:34
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class MyDataSource2 {
    private Properties properties;

    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
        this.properties = properties;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "MyDataSource2{" +
                "properties=" + properties +
                '}';
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 				
                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/util 
                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd">

    <util:properties id="prop">
        <prop key="driver">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</prop>
        <prop key="url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring</prop>
        <prop key="username">root</prop>
        <prop key="password">123456</prop>
    </util:properties>

    <bean id="dataSource1" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.MyDataSource1">
        <property name="properties" ref="prop"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="dataSource2" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.MyDataSource2">
        <property name="properties" ref="prop"/>
    </bean>
</beans>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testUtil(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-util.xml");

    MyDataSource1 dataSource1 = applicationContext.getBean("dataSource1", MyDataSource1.class);
    System.out.println(dataSource1);

    MyDataSource2 dataSource2 = applicationContext.getBean("dataSource2", MyDataSource2.class);
    System.out.println(dataSource2);
}

运行结果:

九、基于 XML 自动装配

Spring 还可以完成自动化的注入,自动化注入又被称为自动装配。它可以根据名字 进行自动装配,也可以根据类型进行自动装配

  • 根据名称自动装配
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.dao;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.dao
 * @date 2022-11-05-20:40
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class OrderDao {
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(OrderDao.class);

    public void generate(){
        logger.info("订单正在生成......");
    }
}
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.service;

import org.qiu.spring.dao.OrderDao;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.service
 * @date 2022-11-05-20:42
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class OrderService {

    private OrderDao orderDao;

    public void setOrderDao(OrderDao orderDao) {
        this.orderDao = orderDao;
    }

    /**
     * 生成订单的业务方法
     */
    public void generate(){
        orderDao.generate();
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<!--
    id一般也叫做 bean 的名称
    根据名称自动装配,这个 id 需要是 setter 方法的名字,去掉 set,再将首字母改为小写
-->
<bean id="orderDao" class="org.qiu.spring.dao.OrderDao"/>

<!--
    根据名字进行自动装配
    自动装配也是基于 set 注入实现的
-->
<bean id="orderService" class="org.qiu.spring.service.OrderService" autowire="byName"></bean>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testAutowire(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-autowire.xml");
    OrderService orderService = applicationContext.getBean("orderService", OrderService.class);
    orderService.generate();
}

运行结果:

  • 根据类型自动装配
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.dao;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.dao
 * @date 2022-10-31-20:27
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class VipDao {
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserDao.class);

    public void insert(){
        logger.info("正在保存VIP信息......");
    }
}
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.dao;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.dao
 * @date 2022-10-31-17:46
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class UserDao {
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserDao.class);

    public void insert(){
        logger.info("正在保存用户数据......");
    }
}
java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.service;

import org.qiu.spring.dao.UserDao;
import org.qiu.spring.dao.VipDao;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.service
 * @date 2022-11-01-20:25
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class CustomerService {
    private UserDao userDao;
    private VipDao vipDao;

    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }

    public void setVipDao(VipDao vipDao) {
        this.vipDao = vipDao;
    }

    /*
    public CustomerService(UserDao userDao, VipDao vipDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
        this.vipDao = vipDao;
    }
    */

    public void save(){
        userDao.insert();
        vipDao.insert();
    }
}
XML 复制代码
<!--
    根据类型注入
    自动装配是基于 setter 方法的,必须提供 setter 方法
    根据类型进行自动装配的时候,在有效的配置文件当中,某种类型的实例只能有一个
-->
<bean class="org.qiu.spring.dao.VipDao"/>
<bean class="org.qiu.spring.dao.UserDao"/>
<bean id="cs" class="org.qiu.spring.service.CustomerService" autowire="byType"/>
java 复制代码
@Test
public void testAutowireByType(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-autowire.xml");
    CustomerService customerService = applicationContext.getBean("cs", CustomerService.class);
    customerService.save();
}

运行结果:

十、Spring 引入外部属性配置文件

我们都知道编写数据源的时候是需要连接数据库的信息的,例如:driver url username password等信息。这些信息可以单独写到一个属性配置文件中,这样用户修改起来会更加的方便

第一步:写一个数据源类,提供相关属性:

java 复制代码
package org.qiu.spring.bean;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.SQLFeatureNotSupportedException;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

/**
 * @author 秋玄
 * @version 1.0
 * @email qiu_2022@aliyun.com
 * @project Spring
 * @package org.qiu.spring.bean
 * @date 2022-11-09-11:01
 * @since 1.0
 */
public class MyDataSource implements DataSource {
    private String driver;
    private String url;
    private String username;
    private String password;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "MyDataSource{" +
                "driver='" + driver + '\'' +
                ", url='" + url + '\'' +
                ", username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                '}';
    }

    public String getDriver() {
        return driver;
    }

    public void setDriver(String driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
    }

    public String getUrl() {
        return url;
    }

    public void setUrl(String url) {
        this.url = url;
    }

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    // 省略实现 DataSource 接口中的方法
}

第二步:在类路径下新建 jdbc.properties 文件,并配置信息:

bash 复制代码
driver=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring
username=root
password=root

第三步:在 spring 配置文件中引入 context 命名空间

XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 
                           http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

</beans>

第四步:在 spring 中配置使用 jdbc.properties 文件

XML 复制代码
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

    <context:property-placeholder location="jdbc.properties"/>

    <bean id="dataSource" class="org.qiu.spring.bean.MyDataSource">
        <property name="driver" value="${driver}"/>
        <property name="url" value="${url}"/>
        <property name="username" value="${username}"/>
        <property name="password" value="${password}"/>
    </bean>

</beans>

测试程序:

java 复制代码
@Test
public void testProperties(){
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-properties.xml");
    MyDataSource dataSource = applicationContext.getBean("dataSource", MyDataSource.class);
    System.out.println(dataSource);
}

运行结果:

一 叶 知 秋,奥 妙 玄 心

相关推荐
为将者,自当识天晓地。11 分钟前
c++多线程
java·开发语言
daqinzl19 分钟前
java获取机器ip、mac
java·mac·ip
激流丶34 分钟前
【Kafka 实战】如何解决Kafka Topic数量过多带来的性能问题?
java·大数据·kafka·topic
Themberfue38 分钟前
Java多线程详解⑤(全程干货!!!)线程安全问题 || 锁 || synchronized
java·开发语言·线程·多线程·synchronized·
让学习成为一种生活方式1 小时前
R包下载太慢安装中止的解决策略-R语言003
java·数据库·r语言
晨曦_子画1 小时前
编程语言之战:AI 之后的 Kotlin 与 Java
android·java·开发语言·人工智能·kotlin
假装我不帅1 小时前
asp.net framework从webform开始创建mvc项目
后端·asp.net·mvc
南宫生1 小时前
贪心算法习题其三【力扣】【算法学习day.20】
java·数据结构·学习·算法·leetcode·贪心算法
神仙别闹1 小时前
基于ASP.NET+SQL Server实现简单小说网站(包括PC版本和移动版本)
后端·asp.net