Django开发一个简易学生管理系统

05 学生管理系统

定义模型

python 复制代码

from django.db import models


class Student(models.Model):
    gender_choices = (
        ("男", "男"),
        ("女", "女"),
        ("保密", "保密"),
    )
    name = models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=36, verbose_name="姓名")
    age = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="年龄")
    gender = models.CharField(verbose_name="性别", choices=gender_choices, max_length=6)
    birthday = models.DateField(verbose_name="生日")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'student'
        verbose_name = "学生"
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

迁移数据：

bash 复制代码

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

后台管理

创建一个超级用户：

bash 复制代码

python manage.py createsuperuser

将模型注册到后台：

python 复制代码

from django.contrib import admin
from . import models


@admin.register(models.Student)
class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('name', 'age', 'gender', 'birthday')
    search_fields = ('name', 'age', 'gender', 'birthday')
    list_filter = ('age', 'gender', 'birthday')

启动服务，访问后台，然后添加几个学生，至少添加三个。

渲染学生列表

定义视图函数：

python 复制代码

from django.shortcuts import render
from . import models


def student_list(request):
    context = {}
    students = models.Student.objects.all()
    context['students'] = students
    return render(request, "student/list.html", context)

定义路由：

python 复制代码

from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'index'
urlpatterns = [
    path("student/list/", views.student_list, name="student_list"),
]

定义模板：

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>学生列表</h1>
<table>
    <tr>
        <th>#</th>
        <th>姓名</th>
        <th>年龄</th>
        <th>性别</th>
        <th>生日</th>
    </tr>
    {% for student in students %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ forloop.counter }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.name }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.age }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.gender }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.birthday }}</td>
        </tr>
    {% empty %}
        <tr>
            <td colspan="5">暂无数据</td>
        </tr>
    {% endfor %}
</table>
</body>
</html>

此时，启动服务，访问：http://localhost:8001/student/list/

添加学生

这次数据是从前端到后端的，所以我们先写模板：

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>添加学生</h1>
<form action="{% url 'index:student_add' %}" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <div>
        <label for="name">姓名</label>
        <input type="text" id="name" name="name">
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="age">年龄</label>
        <input type="number" id="age" name="age">
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="birthday">生日</label>
        <input type="date" id="birthday" name="birthday">
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="gender">性别</label>
        <select id="gender" name="gender">
            <option value="">请选择</option>
            <option value="男">男</option>
            <option value="女">女</option>
            <option value="保密">保密</option>
        </select>
    </div>
    <div>
        <button type="submit">提交</button>
    </div>
</form>
</body>
</html>

接着，我们再定义路由：

python 复制代码

from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'index'
urlpatterns = [
    path("student/list/", views.student_list, name="student_list"),
    path("student/add/", views.student_add, name="student_add"),
]

最后，我们再添加视图：

python 复制代码

import datetime
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from . import models


def student_list(request):
    context = {}
    students = models.Student.objects.all()
    context['students'] = students
    return render(request, "student/list.html", context)


def student_add(request):
    context = {}
    if request.method == "POST":
        # 获取参数
        name = request.POST.get("name")
        age = request.POST.get("age")
        gender = request.POST.get("gender")
        birthday = request.POST.get("birthday")
        print(name, age, gender, birthday)

        # 执行添加
        student = models.Student(name=name, age=age, gender=gender, birthday=birthday)
        student.save()
        return redirect("index:student_list")

    return render(request, "student/add.html", context)

修改学生信息

首先，我们需要修改一下学生列表对应的模板，在表格的后面新增一个操作列。需要注意的是，在编辑的href属性里面，我们将学生ID作为查询参数传递给了后端。

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>学生列表</h1>
<table>
    <tr>
        <th>#</th>
        <th>姓名</th>
        <th>年龄</th>
        <th>性别</th>
        <th>生日</th>
        <th>操作</th>
    </tr>
    {% for student in students %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ forloop.counter }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.name }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.age }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.gender }}</td>
            <td>{{ student.birthday }}</td>
            <td>
                <a href="{% url 'index:student_edit' %}?id={{ student.id }}">编辑</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
    {% empty %}
        <tr>
            <td colspan="6">暂无数据</td>
        </tr>
    {% endfor %}
</table>
</body>
</html>

接着，我们定义路由：

python 复制代码

from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'index'
urlpatterns = [
    path("student/list/", views.student_list, name="student_list"),
    path("student/add/", views.student_add, name="student_add"),
    path("student/edit/", views.student_edit, name="student_edit"),
]

然后我们再添加视图函数。视图函数稍微复杂了一点，包含GET和POST两种处理逻辑。我们先根据学生ID查询学生信息，如果是GET请求，就将学生信息传递给前端，然前端渲染要修改的学生信息。如果是POST请求，我们就获取用户要修改的学生信息，进行替换，然后保存到数据库。最后重定向到学生列表页面。

需要注意的是，我们同时又传递了id和genders两个属于，便于渲染。

python 复制代码

def student_edit(request):
    context = {}

    # 查询学生信息
    uid = request.GET.get("id")
    context["id"] = uid
    context["genders"] = ["男", "女", "保密"]
    student = models.Student.objects.filter(pk=uid).first()
    print(uid, student)

    if request.method == "POST":
        # 获取参数
        name = request.POST.get("name")
        age = request.POST.get("age")
        gender = request.POST.get("gender")
        birthday = request.POST.get("birthday")
        print(name, age, gender, birthday)

        # 执行修改
        if name:
            student.name = name
        if age:
            student.age = age
        if gender:
            student.gender = gender
        if birthday:
            student.birthday = birthday
        student.save()
        return redirect("index:student_list")

    context["student"] = student
    return render(request, "student/edit.html", context)

然后，我们再添加修改学生的模板。这个模板也稍微有点复杂，一个是性别的渲染，利用了for循环渲染和if条件渲染两种灵活的语法，用于标识被选中的值。另一个是生日的渲染，生日默认会渲染为"2024年1月1日"这样的格式，inpute:date标签无法渲染，需要手动转换为"2024-1-1"这样的格式。

html 复制代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>添加学生</h1>
<form action="{% url 'index:student_edit' %}?id={{ id }}" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <div>
        <label for="name">姓名</label>
        <input type="text" id="name" name="name" value="{{ student.name }}">
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="age">年龄</label>
        <input type="number" id="age" name="age" value="{{ student.age }}">
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="birthday">生日</label>
        <input type="date" id="birthday" name="birthday" value="{{ student.birthday | date:"Y-m-d"}}">
    </div>
    <div>
        <label for="gender">性别</label>
        <select id="gender" name="gender">
            {% for gender in genders %}
                {% if student.gender == gender %}
                    <option value="{{ gender }}" selected>{{ gender }}</option>
                {% else %}
                    <option value="{{ gender }}">{{ gender }}</option>
                {% endif %}
            {% endfor %}
        </select>
    </div>
    <div>
        <button type="submit">提交</button>
    </div>
</form>
</body>
</html>