Conference：ACM SIGMOD Conference
CCF level：CCF A
Categories：Database/Data Mining/Content Retrieval
Year：2024
Num：2
Conference time：June 9-14 2024
1
Title:
ChainKV: A Semantics-Aware Key-Value Store for Ethereum System
ChainKV:一个用于以太坊系统的语义感知键值存储
Authors:****
Key words:
Ethereum, MPT, LSM-tree, KV Store, Storage Bottleneck
Abstract:****
The Log-Structure Merged tree (LSM-tree) based key-value (KV) store has been widely adopted as the storage engine for blockchain systems, such as Ethereum, in which blockchain data are uniformly transformed into randomly distributed KV items for persistence. However, blockchain semantics are ignored during this process, making the blockchain storage suffer from heavy read/write amplification problems. Moreover, as the Ethereum network scales up, tremendous data further exacerbates its storage burden. Until now, most studies have focused on sharding, data archiving, decentralized distributed storage, etc., to mitigate the burden of the storage layer. However, the incompatibility between Ethereum semantics and the characteristics of the storage engine is ignored. In this paper, we present ChainKV, a new semantics-aware storage paradigm to improve the storage management performance for the Ethereum system. Firstly, based on Ethereum blockchain semantics, ChainKV separately stores different types of data in multiple storage zones in the KV store to mitigate the read/write amplification problem. Secondly, following the mechanism of the verification process in the authenticated data structure (ADS), a new ADS data transformer is proposed to exploit the data locality when persisting ADS. Moreover, a new space gaming caching policy is adopted to coordinate the cache space management for two independent storage zones. Finally, we propose an optional lightweight node crash recovery mechanism to eliminate functional redundancy between the Ethereum protocol and the storage engine. The experimental results indicate that ChainKV outperforms the prior Ethereum systems by up to 1.99× and 4.20× for synchronization and query operations, respectively
基于日志结构合并树（LSM-tree）的键值（KV）存储已被广泛采用为以太坊等区块链系统的存储引擎，其中区块链数据被统一转换为随机分布的KV项进行持久化。然而，在此过程中区块链语义被忽略，使得区块链存储存在严重的读写放大问题。此外，随着以太坊网络规模的扩大，巨大的数据会进一步加重其存储负担。到目前为止，大多数研究都集中在分片、数据归档、去中心化分布式存储等方面，以减轻存储层的负担。然而，以太坊语义与存储引擎特性之间的不兼容性却被忽视了。本文提出了一种新的语义感知存储范式ChainKV，以提高以太坊系统的存储管理性能。首先，基于以太坊区块链语义，ChainKV将不同类型的数据分别存储在KV存储的多个存储区中，以缓解读写放大问题。其次，根据验证数据结构（ADS）中的验证过程机制，提出了一种新的ADS数据转换器，以便在持久化ADS时利用数据的本地性。此外，我们还采用了一种新的空间博弈缓存策略，以协调两个独立存储区的缓存空间管理。最后，我们提出了一种可选的轻量级节点崩溃恢复机制，以消除以太坊协议和存储引擎之间的功能冗余。实验结果表明，ChainKV 在同步和查询操作方面的性能分别比之前的以太坊系统高出 1.99 倍和 4.20 倍。
注：Ethereum blockchain maintains all transactions as an immutable chain of blocks and uses a specific authenticated data structure (i.e., Merkle Patricia Trie, MPT) to store account information and verify data reliability.
注：ChainKV mainly comprises four functional components: state separation, Prefix MPT, space gaming cache (SGC), and the lightweight recovery mechanism.
The disk component is divided into multiple levels. The capacity of each level increases exponentially as the level goes higher, and each level consists of multiple Sort String Table (SST) files.
Pdf link:
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626713
2
Title:
LETUS: A Log-Structured Efficient Trusted Universal BlockChain Storage
LETUS：一种日志结构的高效可信通用区块链存储
Authors:****
Shikun Tian (Ant Group); Zhonghao Lu (Ant Group); Haizhen Zhuo (Ant Group); XiaoJing Tang (Ant Group); Peiyi Hong (Ant Group); shenglong chen (Ant Group); Dayi Yang (Ant Group); Ying Yan (Ant Group); Zhiyong Jiang (Ant group); Hui Zhang (Ant Group); Guofei Jiang (Ant Group)
Abstract:****
With the evolution of Web3.0 and decentralized applications (Dapps), increasing business logic is running on the blockchain. Blockchain storage, as the core infrastructure supporting the increasing volume of data, plays a crucial role. However, the performance and cost of blockchain storages are suffering seriously, which inspires us to re-examine the design of blockchain storage based on the blockchain data characteristics. We propose LETUS, a Log-structured Efficient Trusted Universal Storage for blockchain, providing cryptographic tamper evidence with excellent performance and resource efficiency. (1) LETUS breaks the traditional two-layered architecture and pushes down the Authenticated Data Structure (ADS) into the storage engine to enable fine-grained I/O optimizations. (2) LETUS proposes DMM-Tree which is a novel ADS combining the functionalities of Merkle tree and delta-encoding, significantly reducing storage consumption. (3) LETUS adopts a version-based indexing schema and manages the large volume of pages generated by ADS in a page store indexed by a B-tree variant. (4) LETUS provides a universal solution for different blockchains, such as public blockchains like Ethereum, BNB Smart Chain and AntChain as a representation of consortium blockchains. LETUS has been deployed in AntChain commercial applications, such as NFT and digital torch ignition for 2023 Asian Games. Experimental results also show that with LETUS, AntChain can achieve up to 15.8× improvement in throughput and 80.3% storage cost saving, Ethereum can achieve up to 10.1× improvement in throughput and 75.0% storage cost saving.
随着 Web3.0 和去中心化应用程序（Dapps）的发展，越来越多的业务逻辑在区块链上运行。区块链存储作为支持日益增长的数据量的核心基础设施，发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，区块链存储的性能和成本受到严重影响，这促使我们重新审视基于区块链数据特征的区块链存储设计。我们提出了适用于区块链的日志结构高效可信通用存储（Log-structured Efficient Trusted Universal Storage，LETUS），它能提供性能卓越、资源高效的加密篡改证据。(1) LETUS 打破了传统的两层架构，将认证数据结构（ADS）下推到存储引擎中，实现了细粒度的 I/O 优化。(2) LETUS 提出的 DMM-Tree 是一种新型 ADS，结合了 Merkle 树和 delta 编码的功能，大大减少了存储消耗。(3) LETUS 采用基于版本的索引模式，并在由 B树变体索引的页面存储中管理 ADS 产生的大量页面。(4) LETUS 为不同的区块链提供了通用解决方案，如以太坊等公有区块链、BNB 智能链和作为联盟区块链代表的 AntChain。LETUS 已被部署到 AntChain 的商业应用中，如 2023 年亚运会的 NFT 和数字火炬点火。实验结果还表明，使用 LETUS，蚂蚁链的吞吐量可提高 15.8 倍，存储成本可节省 80.3%；以太坊的吞吐量可提高 10.1 倍，存储成本可节省 75.0%。
Pdf link:
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626246.3653390（暂未可以下载）
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