Postgresql CLOG文件及其从库同步解析

放眼所有关系型数据库,PostgreSQL的clog也是很特殊的日志。CLOG的存在跟PG的MVCC机制不无关系。一些事务ID、clog的基础知识本篇不会涉及,感谢兴趣的可参考clog和hintbits。本篇主要讲clog文件的构成、手工定位事务状态、clog的wal日志同步机制,以进一步理解PostgreSQL的clog。

clog segment

clog目录

为了区别普通日志,PG 10对clog和wal的目录进行了重命名^1^:

pg9.6 pg10
pg_clog pg_xact
pg_xlog pg_wal

别搞错了,我也有段时间被pg_xlog和pg_xact给困扰···

clog segment name

clog也是由slru管理,clog文件命名也在slru.c

c 复制代码
#define SlruFileName(ctl, path, seg) \
	snprintf(path, MAXPGPATH, "%s/%04X", (ctl)->Dir, seg)

%04X表示十六进制(X),宽度为4、不足前面补0(04)。

clog文件名示例如下:

shell 复制代码
[pg_xact]$ ll
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 262144 Aug 15 16:29 03C0
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 262144 Aug 19 23:04 03C1
...

TransactionID与clog位置的转换

clog只存储事务ID的状态,不存事务ID本身。通过TransactionID本身是可以直接定位到clog文件及文件中的位置的。在此之前我们需要了解一些基础知识。

CLOG保存的事务状态

事务的状态只有4种:

c 复制代码
typedef int XidStatus;

#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_IN_PROGRESS		0x00
#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_COMMITTED		0x01
#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_ABORTED		0x02
#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_SUB_COMMITTED	0x03

事务状态只有进行中、已提交、回滚、子事务已提交。注意事务id没有"未开始"这个状态,只要数据库中分配了事务ID,那么这个事务肯定是已经开始了。

相反,库中还没有分配的事务ID(实际是少许,参考下面的extend clog章节),在clog中对应in_progress状态。

4个事务状态实际上2个bit位即可存储。那么1个字节(8 bits)可存储4个事务状态,1个页(8k)能放8KB*4=32768个事务状态。这些都在源码中定义了:

c 复制代码
 * Defines for CLOG page sizes.  A page is the same BLCKSZ as is used
 * everywhere else in Postgres.
//clog页大小=BLCKSZ=8k(默认) 
#define CLOG_BITS_PER_XACT	2  								 //一个事务状态占2个bit
#define CLOG_XACTS_PER_BYTE 4  								 //1个字节可存放4个事务状态
#define CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ * CLOG_XACTS_PER_BYTE)   //1个页可存放32768个事务状态,8KB*4=32768
#define CLOG_XACT_BITMASK ((1 << CLOG_BITS_PER_XACT) - 1)    //事务状态的bitmask位=((1<<2)-1)=3,用二进制表达为11
c 复制代码
#define SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT	32  //1个segment有32个pages

汇总:

  • 1个clog segment有32个page
  • 1个clog page有8k(一般)
  • 1个bytes有4个事务状态
  • 1个事务状态占2 bit

clog segment/page/bytes的转换

事务id对应在哪个CLOG段不太好找,它藏在注释里:

c 复制代码
 * Note: because TransactionIds are 32 bits and wrap around at 0xFFFFFFFF,
 * CLOG page numbering also wraps around at 0xFFFFFFFF/CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE,
 * and CLOG segment numbering at
 * 0xFFFFFFFF/CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE/SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT
//segment number=xid/CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE/SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT=xid/32768/32            //事务id对应在哪个CLOG段,xid/32768/32,需要转成16进制

事务id对应对应到page、byte等比较清晰^2^:

c 复制代码
#define TransactionIdToPage(xid)	((xid) / (TransactionId) CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE)       //事务id对应在哪个CLOG page,xid/32768
#define TransactionIdToPgIndex(xid) ((xid) % (TransactionId) CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE)       //事务id对应在上面page中的偏移量,xid%32768
#define TransactionIdToByte(xid)	(TransactionIdToPgIndex(xid) / CLOG_XACTS_PER_BYTE) //事务id对应在page中的第几个字节,(xid%32768)/4
#define TransactionIdToBIndex(xid)	((xid) % (TransactionId) CLOG_XACTS_PER_BYTE)		//事务id对应在上面字节中的哪个bit index(注意是bit index不是bit本身),xid%4

一般来说(8k的BLCKSZ),1个CLOG段有32个页面;1个CLOG段有32*8k字节,即CLOG文件大小固定256K;1个CLOG段可存放4*32*8k个事务状态。

shell 复制代码
[pg_xact]$ ll  # 256k的clog segment
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 262144 Aug 15 16:29 03C0
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 262144 Aug 19 23:04 03C1
...

clog bit位的转换

设置clog bit和获取clog bit的函数(对应TransactionIdSetStatusBitTransactionIdGetStatus)都有以下代码以获取事务id对应到clog中的哪两位bit:

c 复制代码
	int			bshift = TransactionIdToBIndex(xid) * CLOG_BITS_PER_XACT;
	char	   *byteptr;
...
	byteptr = XactCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + byteno;
	curval = (*byteptr >> bshift) & CLOG_XACT_BITMASK;

bshift表示右移的位置,其中TransactionIdToBIndex=xid%4CLOG_BITS_PER_XACT=2CLOG_XACT_BITMASK=3(二进制为11)

clog bit获取的关键代码curval = (*byteptr >> bshift) & CLOG_XACT_BITMASK分两段来看:

  • *byteptr >> bshift表示指针右移0、2、4、6位
  • & CLOG_XACT_BITMASK其实就是右移后取后两位(00&11=00、01&11=01、10&11=10、11&11=11)

so,计算在一个byte中事务id状态的位置:

  • xid%4=0时,取第7、8位
  • xid%4=1时,取第5、6位
  • xid%4=2时,取第3、4位
  • xid%4=3时,取第1、2位

注意,事务id状态在byte中的bit位是反着取的,不是正着顺序取。byte、page位这些是顺序递增的取的。

手动计算事务id在clog文件中的位置

如果我们要手工通过hexdump定位CLOG中的事务,需要计算出三个元素<CLOG的段号、段中的偏移量in bytes、byte上的偏移量in bitindex >。(这里参考了《PostgreSQL数据库内核分析》的说法,不过有一些区别^3^)

计算之前还需要了解:

  • clog段文件号是16进制的
  • hexdump是16进制的,每行存放16个字节,即每行存放16*CLOG_XACTS_PER_BYTE=16*4=64个事务状态
  • hexdump -s xxx是以byte为单位

下面sql可以计算transactionid对应clog中的位置:

sql 复制代码
--CLOG的段号
--%4294967296代表事务id回卷,/(8192*4*32)代表一个段文件能包含的最大事务数,to_hex转为文件名的16进制,lpad左补全4位
select lpad(upper(to_hex(txid_current()%4294967296/(8192*4*32))),4,'0') as clog_segmentno;

--段中的偏移量in bytes 
--%4294967296代表事务id回卷,%(8192*32*4)取余下的事务id,/4计算成byte单位
select txid_current()%4294967296%(8192*32*4)/4 as in_clog_offset_bytes;

--byte上的偏移量in bitindex
--%4294967296代表事务id回卷,%4取byte中的bitindex
select txid_current()%4294967296%4 as in_byte_offset_bitindex;


--或者一条sql
select lpad(upper(to_hex(txid_current()%4294967296/(8192*4*32))),4,'0') as clog_segmentno,txid_current()%4294967296%(8192*32*4)/4 as in_clog_offset_bytes,txid_current()%4294967296%4 as in_byte_offset_bitindex;

实操模拟计算一个事务id在clog中的状态

sql 复制代码
begin;
 select lpad(upper(to_hex(txid_current()%4294967296/(8192*4*32))),4,'0') as clog_segmentno,txid_current()%4294967296%(8192*32*4)/4 as in_clog_offset_bytes,txid_current()%4294967296%4 as in_byte_offset_bitindex;
 clog_segmentno | in_clog_offset_bytes | in_byte_offset_bitindex 
----------------+----------------------+-------------------------
 0002           |                63196 |                       3
rollback;
checkpoint; 

rollback把事务回滚,主要是方便观察,因为大部分事务都是提交的。

checkpoint是未来保证clog page刷脏,不然clog page在clog buffer中还没写到clog segment文件。

sql 复制代码
cd pg_xact/
 hexdump -C 0002 -s 63196 -n 1 -v
0000f6dc  95                                                |.|
0000f6dd

--十六进制转二进制
> select 'x96'::bit(8);
   bit    
----------
 10010110

xid%4=3时,取第1、2位,所以这个回滚的事务的bit位取10,10代表TRANSACTION_STATUS_ABORTED

为什么clog中一般有很多55和U?

一般的业务事务库clog文件,直接hexdump的话结果就像下面这样:

c 复制代码
hexdump -C 0001 -v|head -10
00000000  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000010  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000020  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000030  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000040  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000050  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000060  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000070  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000080  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|
00000090  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55  |UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU|

因为事务提交的状态=01=TRANSACTION_STATUS_COMMITTED,一个byte中4个连续的事务都是提交的,那么就是01010101。

  • 二进制为01010101,十六进制为55
  • 十六进制55在ASCII中为U,所以在肉眼看CLOG文件一般可以看到很多U
  • 偶尔有些数组不是55或U,因为生产环境中偶尔有些事务没有完成或者使用了子事务。子事务在clog中的提交状态是x03。

shared clog buffer

clog shared buffers的个数很容易理解:

c 复制代码
/*
 * Number of shared CLOG buffers.
 *
 * On larger multi-processor systems, it is possible to have many CLOG page
 * requests in flight at one time which could lead to disk access for CLOG
 * page if the required page is not found in memory.  Testing revealed that we
 * can get the best performance by having 128 CLOG buffers, more than that it
 * doesn't improve performance.
 *
 * Unconditionally keeping the number of CLOG buffers to 128 did not seem like
 * a good idea, because it would increase the minimum amount of shared memory
 * required to start, which could be a problem for people running very small
 * configurations.  The following formula seems to represent a reasonable
 * compromise: people with very low values for shared_buffers will get fewer
 * CLOG buffers as well, and everyone else will get 128.
 */
Size
CLOGShmemBuffers(void)
{
	return Min(128, Max(4, NBuffers / 512));
}

翻译:经过测试128个clog buffers性能是最好的,再多也提升不了性能。但是由于有些库的配置实在是太小了,128个clog buffers显得有点大,所以取shared buffers个数的1/512。也就是说:

clog buffers的个数=1/512 shared buffer,最小是4,最大是128。注意这里都是buffer的个数,不是大小!

那么单个buffer有多大呢?

clog buffer是slru管理的,slru每个page都是8k:

A page is the same BLCKSZ as is used everywhere

我们可以从clog slru初始化的角度窥探shared clog buffer的大小:

c 复制代码
/*
 * Initialization of shared memory for CLOG
 */
Size
CLOGShmemSize(void)
{
	return SimpleLruShmemSize(CLOGShmemBuffers(), CLOG_LSNS_PER_PAGE);
}

传入的CLOGShmemBuffers()是4~128,传入的CLOG_LSNS_PER_PAGE=1024 byte(8k page时)。
SimpleLruShmemSize初始化slru shmem:

c 复制代码
Size
SimpleLruShmemSize(int nslots, int nlsns)
{
	Size		sz;

	/* we assume nslots isn't so large as to risk overflow */
	sz = MAXALIGN(sizeof(SlruSharedData));
	sz += MAXALIGN(nslots * sizeof(char *));	/* page_buffer[] */
	sz += MAXALIGN(nslots * sizeof(SlruPageStatus));	/* page_status[] */
	sz += MAXALIGN(nslots * sizeof(bool));	/* page_dirty[] */
	sz += MAXALIGN(nslots * sizeof(int));	/* page_number[] */
	sz += MAXALIGN(nslots * sizeof(int));	/* page_lru_count[] */
	sz += MAXALIGN(nslots * sizeof(LWLockPadded));	/* buffer_locks[] */

	if (nlsns > 0)
		sz += MAXALIGN(nslots * nlsns * sizeof(XLogRecPtr));	/* group_lsn[] */

	return BUFFERALIGN(sz) + BLCKSZ * nslots;
}

slrus用一些数组保存slru的元数据和控制信息,sz大小都是数据类型*buffer个数,这些大致估算都不是特别不大。主要初始化的内存还是BLCKSZ * nslots,也就是8k * (4~128)=(32k~1M)大小。所以可以粗略的认为,shared clog buffer的大小为1M左右。

CLOG的wal:类型、写入和redo

写clog的时候会写clog的wal日志吗?如果写了那不是clog丢了也可以通过wal日志再次应用就应该找回了事务状态?我们带着问题来看clog写wal和redo的源码。

extend clog

ZeroCLOGPage会写wal,ZeroCLOGPage(pageno, true)实际上ExtendCLOG调用:

c 复制代码
/*
 * Make sure that CLOG has room for a newly-allocated XID.
 *
 * NB: this is called while holding XidGenLock.  We want it to be very fast
 * most of the time; even when it's not so fast, no actual I/O need happen
 * unless we're forced to write out a dirty clog or xlog page to make room
 * in shared memory.
 */
void
ExtendCLOG(TransactionId newestXact)
{
	int			pageno;

	/*
	 * No work except at first XID of a page.  But beware: just after
	 * wraparound, the first XID of page zero is FirstNormalTransactionId.
	 */
	if (TransactionIdToPgIndex(newestXact) != 0 &&
		!TransactionIdEquals(newestXact, FirstNormalTransactionId))
		return;

	pageno = TransactionIdToPage(newestXact); //由TransactionId换算的clog page号

	LWLockAcquire(XactSLRULock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

	/* Zero the page and make an XLOG entry about it */
	ZeroCLOGPage(pageno, true);

	LWLockRelease(XactSLRULock);
}

ZeroCLOGPage主要调用WriteZeroPageXlogRec

c 复制代码
/*
 * Write a ZEROPAGE xlog record
 */
static void
WriteZeroPageXlogRec(int pageno)
{
	XLogBeginInsert();
	XLogRegisterData((char *) (&pageno), sizeof(int));
	(void) XLogInsert(RM_CLOG_ID, CLOG_ZEROPAGE);
}

WriteZeroPageXlogRec就是在写wal record了,写入的类型是"RM_CLOG_ID, CLOG_ZEROPAGE"。

通过waldump可以查看到CLOG_ZEROPAGE,它的占比一般都是非常少的:

sql 复制代码
pg_waldump -z 000000010000056B00000018 --stat=record
Type                                           N      (%)          Record size      (%)             FPI size      (%)        Combined size      (%)
----                                           -      ---          -----------      ---             --------      ---        -------------      ---
...
CLOG/ZEROPAGE                                  1 (  0.00)                   30 (  0.00)                    0 (  0.00)                   30 (  0.00)
...

extend clog page时都是以page为单位,实际上在clog segment的末尾可以很容易看到00

hexdump 03C2
0000000 5555 5555 5555 5555 5555 5555 5555 5555
*
001bb30 5555 5555 0055 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
001bb40 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  
* ##clog文件后面的都是0
001c000

truncate clog

除了extend clog外,还有truncate clog,truncate clog会在vacuum期间被调用,调用时会写truncate clog的wal record,并将wal record flush到磁盘

c 复制代码
/*
 * Remove all CLOG segments before the one holding the passed transaction ID
 *
 * Before removing any CLOG data, we must flush XLOG to disk, to ensure
 * that any recently-emitted FREEZE_PAGE records have reached disk; otherwise
 * a crash and restart might leave us with some unfrozen tuples referencing
 * removed CLOG data.  We choose to emit a special TRUNCATE XLOG record too.
 * Replaying the deletion from XLOG is not critical, since the files could
 * just as well be removed later, but doing so prevents a long-running hot
 * standby server from acquiring an unreasonably bloated CLOG directory.
 *
 * Since CLOG segments hold a large number of transactions, the opportunity to
 * actually remove a segment is fairly rare, and so it seems best not to do
 * the XLOG flush unless we have confirmed that there is a removable segment.
 */
void
TruncateCLOG(TransactionId oldestXact, Oid oldestxid_datoid)
{
	int			cutoffPage;

	/*
	 * The cutoff point is the start of the segment containing oldestXact. We
	 * pass the *page* containing oldestXact to SimpleLruTruncate.
	 */
	//写入wal的是clog的位置,clog位置是oldestXact转换出来的clog page号
	cutoffPage = TransactionIdToPage(oldestXact); 

.....
	/*
	 * Write XLOG record and flush XLOG to disk. We record the oldest xid
	 * we're keeping information about here so we can ensure that it's always
	 * ahead of clog truncation in case we crash, and so a standby finds out
	 * the new valid xid before the next checkpoint.
	 */
	// WriteTruncateXlogRec会写对应的wal record并将其写到磁盘上
	WriteTruncateXlogRec(cutoffPage, oldestXact, oldestxid_datoid);
	
	//wal写完后,才真正执行truncate clog段
	/* Now we can remove the old CLOG segment(s) */
	SimpleLruTruncate(XactCtl, cutoffPage);
}

WriteTruncateXlogRec就是写RMGRRM_CLOG_IDinfoCLOG_TRUNCAT的wal record:

c 复制代码
/*
 * Write a TRUNCATE xlog record
 *
 * We must flush the xlog record to disk before returning --- see notes
 * in TruncateCLOG().
 */
static void
WriteTruncateXlogRec(int pageno, TransactionId oldestXact, Oid oldestXactDb)
{
	XLogRecPtr	recptr;
	xl_clog_truncate xlrec;

	xlrec.pageno = pageno;
	xlrec.oldestXact = oldestXact;
	xlrec.oldestXactDb = oldestXactDb;

	XLogBeginInsert();
	XLogRegisterData((char *) (&xlrec), sizeof(xl_clog_truncate));
	recptr = XLogInsert(RM_CLOG_ID, CLOG_TRUNCATE);
	XLogFlush(recptr);
}

当制造了clog wal record后,还需要redo恢复的routine:

c 复制代码
/*
 * CLOG resource manager's routines
 */
void
clog_redo(XLogReaderState *record)
{
...
	//redo info类型是CLOG_ZEROPAGE时,将读取出来的redo信息放在内存,然后写到CLOG page文件中
	if (info == CLOG_ZEROPAGE)
	{
		int			pageno;
		int			slotno;

		memcpy(&pageno, XLogRecGetData(record), sizeof(int));

		LWLockAcquire(XactSLRULock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

		slotno = ZeroCLOGPage(pageno, false);
		SimpleLruWritePage(XactCtl, slotno); 
		Assert(!XactCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);

		LWLockRelease(XactSLRULock);
	}
	//redo info类型是CLOG_TRUNCATE时,将读取出来的redo信息放在内存中,确认page是可删除的(如果不可用需要write page),然后truncate segment
	else if (info == CLOG_TRUNCATE)
	{
		xl_clog_truncate xlrec;

		memcpy(&xlrec, XLogRecGetData(record), sizeof(xl_clog_truncate));

		/*
		 * During XLOG replay, latest_page_number isn't set up yet; insert a
		 * suitable value to bypass the sanity test in SimpleLruTruncate.
		 */
		XactCtl->shared->latest_page_number = xlrec.pageno;

		AdvanceOldestClogXid(xlrec.oldestXact);

		SimpleLruTruncate(XactCtl, xlrec.pageno);
	}
	else
		elog(PANIC, "clog_redo: unknown op code %u", info);
}

clog redo routine所做的事:

  • redo info类型是CLOG_ZEROPAGE时,找到一个合适的slot(如果没有需要换出),根据读取出来的redo信息(实际上是clog page号)进行一些是否可写的判断,可以再讲page write到clog文件
  • redo info类型是CLOG_TRUNCATE时,根据读取出来的redo信息(实际上是clog page号),确认page是可删除的(如果不可用需要write page),然后truncate clog segment

clog的同步小结

CLOG只有两种wal日志,两种都不包含事务状态信息,且仅仅是在extend clog page和truncate clog segment时触发,写入的wal record只是一个clog page编号。

CLOG的wal日志RMGR类型只有一种RM_CLOG_ID,这种类型只有两种信息:CLOG_ZEROPAGECLOG_TRUNCATE

c 复制代码
/* XLOG stuff */
#define CLOG_ZEROPAGE 0x00
#define CLOG_TRUNCATE 0x10

clog wal同步总结:
从库本质上没有在同步clog信息,只是同步了一些clog文件的扩容和删除信息

但是,从库的clog文件中明明是有状态信息的,从库明显也需要这部分信息以提供可见性检查。clog中的事务状态是怎么同步的呢?

事务id的wal:类型、写入和redo

rmgr=clog的wal不包含事务状态,难道从库不同步clog事务信息?并不是,wal日志中有事务ID的状态信息,clog也会被更新:

sql 复制代码
--回滚一个事务,提交一个事务
>  begin;
BEGIN
>  select txid_current();
 txid_current 
--------------
      1817254
(1 row)

>  rollback;
ROLLBACK
> begin;
BEGIN
>  select txid_current();
 txid_current 
--------------
      1817258
(1 row)

> commit;
COMMIT
> checkpoint;
CHECKPOINT
sql 复制代码
--pg_waldump查看日志中的事务ID状态
[datalzl/pg_wal]$ pg_waldump ../../pg_wal/000000010000007300000008|grep  -E "1817254|1817258"
rmgr: Transaction len (rec/tot):     34/    34, tx:    1817254, lsn: 73/400ED210, prev 73/400ED1E0, desc: ABORT 2024-08-01 14:41:26.017612 CST
rmgr: Transaction len (rec/tot):     46/    46, tx:    1817258, lsn: 73/400EEB08, prev 73/400EEAD8, desc: COMMIT 2024-08-01 14:41:37.042545 CST
pg_waldump: fatal: error in WAL record at 73/400F7C78: invalid record length at 73/400F7F88: wanted 24, got 0

在wal中有记录事务ID(1817254,1817258)的状态,并且分别记录为ABORTCOMMIT ;rmgr为Transaction

事务ID状态在wal日志中,但是pg会写到从库的clog里吗?

很明显,我们需要找到这部分的redo信息。按照刚才的经验,clog_redo代表rmgr=clog的wal redo源码,那么源码搜索_redo应该能找到rmgr=transactionid的wal redo源码。搜搜,在xact.c中的找到函数xact_redo,其主要调用xact_redo_commit,xact_redo_abort,明显各自对应提交事务和回退事务的wal日志应用逻辑。

c 复制代码
void
xact_redo(XLogReaderState *record)
{
	uint8		info = XLogRecGetInfo(record) & XLOG_XACT_OPMASK;

	/* Backup blocks are not used in xact records */
	Assert(!XLogRecHasAnyBlockRefs(record));

	if (info == XLOG_XACT_COMMIT)
	{
	...
		xact_redo_commit(&parsed, XLogRecGetXid(record),
						 record->EndRecPtr, XLogRecGetOrigin(record));
	}
...
	else if (info == XLOG_XACT_ABORT)
	{
	...
		xact_redo_abort(&parsed, XLogRecGetXid(record));
	}
...
	}
	else
		elog(PANIC, "xact_redo: unknown op code %u", info);
}

以commit为例

c 复制代码
static void
xact_redo_commit(xl_xact_parsed_commit *parsed,
				 TransactionId xid,
				 XLogRecPtr lsn,
				 RepOriginId origin_id)
{
...

	if (standbyState == STANDBY_DISABLED)
	{
		/*
		 * Mark the transaction committed in pg_xact.
		 */
		TransactionIdCommitTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts);
	}
	else//standby逻辑
	{
	...
		/*
		 * Mark the transaction committed in pg_xact. We use async commit
		 * protocol during recovery to provide information on database
		 * consistency for when users try to set hint bits. It is important
		 * that we do not set hint bits until the minRecoveryPoint is past
		 * this commit record. This ensures that if we crash we don't see hint
		 * bits set on changes made by transactions that haven't yet
		 * recovered. It's unlikely but it's good to be safe.
		 */
		//在pg_xact中标记事务提交
		TransactionIdAsyncCommitTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts, lsn);

...
}

看着TransactionIdAsyncCommitTree就是我们要找的写clog的函数。

为了验证wal中事务commit信息的redo逻辑,下面给从库的startup进程打三个断点,然后在源库执行begin;select txid_current();commit;提交一个事务,看看从库的startup进程在做redo的时候是否命中我们想要看到的函数:

c 复制代码
(gdb) bt
#0  TransactionIdAsyncCommitTree (xid=xid@entry=1818665, nxids=0, xids=0x0, lsn=lsn@entry=495398394064) at transam.c:274
#1  0x000000000050c139 in xact_redo_commit (parsed=parsed@entry=0x7ffda52c0fc0, xid=1818665, lsn=495398394064, origin_id=<optimized out>) at xact.c:5805
#2  0x000000000050ffa3 in xact_redo (record=0x2b5ff2434038) at xact.c:5962
#3  0x0000000000519ea5 in StartupXLOG () at xlog.c:7411
#4  0x000000000072f301 in StartupProcessMain () at startup.c:204
#5  0x0000000000528701 in AuxiliaryProcessMain (argc=argc@entry=2, argv=argv@entry=0x7ffda52c6ef0) at bootstrap.c:450
#6  0x000000000072c459 in StartChildProcess (type=StartupProcess) at postmaster.c:5494
#7  0x000000000072ec44 in PostmasterMain (argc=argc@entry=3, argv=argv@entry=0x2b5ff242d1c0) at postmaster.c:1407
#8  0x000000000048931f in main (argc=3, argv=0x2b5ff242d1c0) at main.c:210
(gdb) info b
Num     Type           Disp Enb Address            What
1       breakpoint     keep y   0x000000000050c060 in xact_redo_commit at xact.c:5753
        breakpoint already hit 43 times
2       breakpoint     keep y   0x0000000000508190 in TransactionIdCommitTree at transam.c:262
3       breakpoint     keep y   0x00000000005081a0 in TransactionIdAsyncCommitTree at transam.c:274
        breakpoint already hit 1 time

可以命中断点TransactionIdAsyncCommitTree ,并且xid=1818665,也就是刚才在源库提交的事务ID。说明刚才肉眼看的代码逻辑没有问题。

so,standby库的clog事务ID状态由wal rmgr=Transaction来同步

总结

  • clog只存储了事务ID的状态,没有存储事务ID本身
  • 可以通过事务ID手动定位到CLOG文件中的事务状态
  • rmgr=clog的wal只有扩展和清理clog文件,没有更新事务状态
  • rmgr=transaction的wal会更新clog的事务状态

references


  1. 《快速掌握PostgreSQL版本新特性》p24 ↩︎

  2. 阎书利 PostgreSQL的CLOG解析 https://www.modb.pro/db/606433 ↩︎

  3. 《PostgreSQL数据库内核分析》第7章 p380-390 ↩︎

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