15、Flink SQL
15.1、sql-client准备
-
启用Hadoop集群(在Hadoop100上)
shstart-all.sh
-
启用yarn-session模式
sh/export/soft/flink-1.13.0/bin/yarn-session.sh -d
-
启动sql-client
shbin/sql-client.sh embedded -s yarn-session
sql文件初始化
可以初始化模式、环境(流/批)、并行度、ttl、数据库
-
创建文件,可在文件中编写sql语句完成建表初始化
shvim conf/sql-client-init.sql
-
启动
shellbin/sql-client.sh embedded -s yarn-session -i conf/sql-client-init.sql
15.2、流处理的表
普通MYSQL | 流处理SQL | |
---|---|---|
处理的数据对象 | 有界集合 | 无线序列 |
查询访问 | 可以查询完整的数据 | 无法访问到所有数据,持续等待输入 |
查询终止条件 | 生成固定大小结果即终止 | 永不停止,不断更新查询结果 |
15.2.1、动态表和持续查询
-
动态表
当流中有数据来,初始的表会插入一行;基于这个表的查询应更新查询结果。这样得到的表会动态变化,即动态表
-
持续查询
对动态表的查询永不停止
15.2.2、流转动态表
每来一条数据向表中插入一条数据
15.2.3、SQL持续查询
-
更新查询
随着数据不断到来,查询的结果需要不断更新,更新查询得到的结果表如要转成DataStream,必须用toChangelogStream()方法
-
追加查询
开窗后的查询结果不会再变,只会随着窗口推移不断追加
15.2.4、动态表转流
动态表转流需要对更改操作编码,tableAPI和SQL支持三种编码方式:
-
仅追加流
流中的发出的数据就是动态表新增的每一行,多在开窗条件下
-
撤回流
撤回流调用toChangelogStream(),包含添加消息和撤回消息
insert为add消息,delete为retract消息,update为被更改行的retract消息和更新后行的add消息,输出结果会膨胀
-
更新插入流
包含两种类型消息:更新插入消息和删除消息
insert和update统一编码为upsert
动态表转流只支持仅追加流和撤回流,连接外部系统才支持更新插入流
4、查询限制
在实际应用中,有些持续查询会因为计算代价太高而受到限制。所谓的"代价太高",可能是由于需要维护的状态持续增长,也可能是由于更新数据的计算太复杂。
-
状态大小
用持续查询做流处理,往往会运行至少几周到几个月;所以持续查询处理的数据总量可能非常大。例如我们之前举的更新查询的例子,需要记录每个用户访问url 的次数。如果随着时间的推移用户数越来越大,那么要维护的状态也将逐渐增长,最终可能会耗尽存储空间导致查询失败
-
更新计算
对于有些查询来说,更新计算的复杂度可能很高。每来一条新的数据,更新结果的时候可能需要全部重新计算,并且对很多已经输出的行进行更新。一个典型的例子就是 RANK()函数, 它会基于一组数据计算当前值的排名。例如下面的 SQL 查询,会根据用户最后一次点击的时间为每个用户计算一个排名。当我们收到一个新的数据,用户的最后一次点击时间(lastAction) 就会更新,进而所有用户必须重新排序计算一个新的排名。当一个用户的排名发生改变时,被他超过的那些用户的排名也会改变;这样的更新操作无疑代价巨大,而且还会随着用户的增多越来越严重
15.3、DDL数据定义
15.3.1、数据库
-
建库
sqlcreate database db_flink;
-
查询
sqlshow databases;
-
切换数据库
sqluse mydatabase;
15.3.2、表
-
建表
使用kafka的元数据建表
sqlcreate table MyTable( 'user_id' string, 'name' string, 'record time' timestamp_ltz(3) metadata from 'timestamp' ) with ( 'connector'='kafka' );
其他现用现查
-
示例
查看数据库
sqlshow databases;
切换数据库
sqluse mydatabase;
建表
sqlcreate table test(id int,ts bigint,vc int) with ('connnector'='print');
查看表
sqlshow tables;
使用like建表
sqlcreate table test1(name string) like test;
查看表信息
sqldesc test1;
15.4、TableAPI
15.41、简单测试
引入依赖
xml
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
<artifactId>flink-csv</artifactId>
<version>${flink.version}</version>
</dependency>
创建测试类
java
package table;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
/**
* @Title: Event
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/17 19:01
* @description:
*/
public class Event {
public String user; public String url; public Long timestamp;
public Event() {
}
public Event(String user, String url, Long timestamp) { this.user = user;
this.url = url; this.timestamp = timestamp;
}
@Override
public String toString() { return "Event{" +
"user='" + user + '\'' +
", url='" + url + '\'' +
", timestamp=" + new Timestamp(timestamp) + '}';
}
}
模拟数据生成
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.functions.source.SourceFunction;
import java.awt.*;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* @Title: ClickSource
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/17 13:50
* @description:
*/
public class ClickSource implements SourceFunction<Event> {
private Boolean running = true;
@Override
public void run(SourceContext<Event> ctx) throws Exception {
Random random = new Random(); // 在指定的数据集中随机选取数据
String[] users = {"Mary", "Alice", "Bob", "Cary"};
String[] urls = {"./home", "./cart", "./fav", "./prod?id=1","./prod?id=2"};
while (running) {
String user = users[random.nextInt(users.length)];
String url = urls[random.nextInt(urls.length)];
long timestamp = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
ctx.collect(new Event(
user,
url,
timestamp
));
// 隔 1 秒生成一个点击事件,方便观测
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
@Override
public void cancel() {
running = false;
}
}
测试用例
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.SerializableTimestampAssigner;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.WatermarkStrategy;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.datastream.SingleOutputStreamOperator;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.EnvironmentSettings;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.TableEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.bridge.java.StreamTableEnvironment;
import java.time.Duration;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.$;
/**
* @Title: SimpleTableDemo
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/17 19:38
* @description:
*/
public class SimpleTableDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
SingleOutputStreamOperator<Event> eventDS = env.addSource(new ClickSource())
.assignTimestampsAndWatermarks(WatermarkStrategy.<Event>forBoundedOutOfOrderness(Duration.ZERO)
.withTimestampAssigner(new SerializableTimestampAssigner<Event>() {
@Override
public long extractTimestamp(Event element, long recordTimestamp) {
return element.timestamp;
}
})
);
Table eventTable = tEnv.fromDataStream(eventDS);
//使用TableAPI
Table result1 = eventTable.select($("user"))
.where($("user").isEqual("Alice"));
//使用SQL
Table result2 = tEnv.sqlQuery("select user,url from " + eventTable);
tEnv.toDataStream(result1).print("result1");
tEnv.toDataStream(result2).print("result2");
env.execute();
}
}
15.4.2、创建环境
- 创建表环境
- 创建输入表,连接外部系统读取数据
- 注册一个表,连接到外部系统用于输出
- 执行SQL对表进行查询转换得到新表(或者使用TableAPI对表进行查询转换得到新表)。
- 将结果写入输出表
TableEnvironment
是 Table API 和 SQL 的核心概念。它负责:
- 在内部的 catalog 中注册
Table
- 注册外部的 catalog
- 加载可插拔模块
- 执行 SQL 查询
- 注册自定义函数 (scalar、table 或 aggregation)
DataStream
和Table
之间的转换(面向StreamTableEnvironment
)
Table
总是与特定的 TableEnvironment
绑定。 TableEnvironment
可以通过静态方法 TableEnvironment.create()
创建。
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.EnvironmentSettings;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.TableEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.bridge.java.StreamTableEnvironment;
/**
* @Title: CommonAPI
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/19 21:20
* @description:
*/
public class CommonAPITest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
// env.setParallelism(1);
// StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
//1、定义环境配置来创建表执行环境
EnvironmentSettings environmentSettings = EnvironmentSettings.newInstance()
.inStreamingMode()
.useBlinkPlanner()
.build();
TableEnvironment tableEnvironment = TableEnvironment.create(environmentSettings);
}
}
15.4.3、创建表
创建表方式:通过连接器创建和虚拟表创建
连接器表:通过连接器连接到外部系统,并定义出对应的表结构。
虚拟表:在 SQL 的术语中,Table API 的对象对应于视图
(虚拟表)。 从传统数据库系统的角度来看,Table
对象与 VIEW
视图非常像。
如果多个查询都引用了同一个注册了的Table
,那么它会被内嵌每个查询中并被执行多次, 也就是说注册了的Table
的结果不会被共享。为了方便地查询表,表环境中会维护一个目录(Catalog)和表的对应关系。所以表都是通过目录(Catalog)来进行注册创建的。表在环境中有一个唯一的ID,由三部分组成:目录(catalog)名.数据库(database)名.表名。
测试数据input/clicks.txt
txt
Mary, ./home,1000
Bob, ./cart,2000
Alice, ./prod?id=100,3000
Bob, ./home,3214
Bob, ./cart,2000
Bob, ./home,321
Bob, ./cart,532
Bob, ./home,2000
Bob, ./cart,43356
Bob, ./home,2000
Bob, ./cart,76533
代码
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.EnvironmentSettings;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.TableEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.bridge.java.StreamTableEnvironment;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.$;
/**
* @Title: CommonAPI
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/19 21:20
* @description:
*/
public class CommonAPITest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
// env.setParallelism(1);
// StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
//1、定义环境配置来创建表执行环境
EnvironmentSettings environmentSettings = EnvironmentSettings.newInstance()
.inStreamingMode()
.useBlinkPlanner()
.build();
TableEnvironment tableEnvironment = TableEnvironment.create(environmentSettings);
//创建表
String createDDl="create table clickTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING," +
"ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='input/clicks.txt'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createDDl);
//调用TableAPI进行表的查询转换
Table clickTable = tableEnvironment.from("clickTable");
Table resultTable = clickTable.where($("user_name").isEqual("Bob"))
.select($("user_name"), $("url"));
tableEnvironment.createTemporaryView("result2",resultTable);
//执行sql进行表的查询转换
Table resultTable2 = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("select user_name,url from result2");
//创建一张用于输出的表
String createOutDDl="create table clickOutTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING" +
// "ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='output'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createOutDDl);
//输出表
resultTable.executeInsert("clickOutTable");
}
}
输出output
单个文件内容
Bob," ./home"
Bob," ./cart"
使用控制台输出
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.EnvironmentSettings;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.TableEnvironment;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.$;
/**
* @Title: CommonAPI
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/19 21:20
* @description:
*/
public class CommonAPITest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
// env.setParallelism(1);
// StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
//1、定义环境配置来创建表执行环境
EnvironmentSettings environmentSettings = EnvironmentSettings.newInstance()
.inStreamingMode()
.useBlinkPlanner()
.build();
TableEnvironment tableEnvironment = TableEnvironment.create(environmentSettings);
//创建表
String createDDl="create table clickTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING," +
"ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='input/clicks.txt'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createDDl);
//调用TableAPI进行表的查询转换
Table clickTable = tableEnvironment.from("clickTable");
Table resultTable = clickTable.where($("user_name").isEqual("Bob"))
.select($("user_name"), $("url"));
tableEnvironment.createTemporaryView("result2",resultTable);
//执行sql进行表的查询转换
Table resultTable2 = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("select user_name,url from result2");
//创建一张用于输出的表
String createOutDDl="create table clickOutTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING" +
// "ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='output'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createOutDDl);
//创建一张用于控制台打印的输出表
String createPrintOutDDl="create table printOutTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING" +
// "ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='print')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createPrintOutDDl);
//输出表
// resultTable.executeInsert("clickOutTable");
resultTable2.executeInsert("printOutTable");
}
}
聚合函数
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.EnvironmentSettings;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.TableEnvironment;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.$;
/**
* @Title: CommonAPI
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/19 21:20
* @description:
*/
public class CommonAPITest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
// env.setParallelism(1);
// StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
//1、定义环境配置来创建表执行环境
EnvironmentSettings environmentSettings = EnvironmentSettings.newInstance()
.inStreamingMode()
.useBlinkPlanner()
.build();
TableEnvironment tableEnvironment = TableEnvironment.create(environmentSettings);
//创建表
String createDDl="create table clickTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING," +
"ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='input/clicks.txt'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createDDl);
//调用TableAPI进行表的查询转换
Table clickTable = tableEnvironment.from("clickTable");
Table resultTable = clickTable.where($("user_name").isEqual("Bob"))
.select($("user_name"), $("url"));
tableEnvironment.createTemporaryView("result2",resultTable);
//执行sql进行表的查询转换
Table resultTable2 = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("select user_name,url from result2");
//执行聚合计算的查询转换
Table aggRes = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("select user_name ,count(url) as cnt from clickTable group by user_name");
//创建一张用于输出的表
String createOutDDl="create table clickOutTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING" +
// "ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='output'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createOutDDl);
//创建一张用于控制台打印的输出表
String createPrintOutDDl="create table printOutTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"cnt BIGINT" +
// "ts BIGINT " +
")with (" +
"'connector'='print')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createPrintOutDDl);
//输出表
// resultTable.executeInsert("clickOutTable");
// resultTable2.executeInsert("printOutTable");
aggRes.executeInsert("printOutTable");
}
}
表和流的转换
1、表转流
toDataStream()针对只插入数据的流
java
tEnv.toDataStream(result1).print("result1");
toChangelogStream()针对有更新操作的流,可以替代toDataStream()方法
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.SerializableTimestampAssigner;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.WatermarkStrategy;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.datastream.SingleOutputStreamOperator;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.EnvironmentSettings;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.TableEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.bridge.java.StreamTableEnvironment;
import java.time.Duration;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.$;
/**
* @Title: SimpleTableDemo
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/17 19:38
* @description:
*/
public class SimpleTableDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
SingleOutputStreamOperator<Event> eventDS = env.addSource(new ClickSource())
.assignTimestampsAndWatermarks(WatermarkStrategy.<Event>forBoundedOutOfOrderness(Duration.ZERO)
.withTimestampAssigner(new SerializableTimestampAssigner<Event>() {
@Override
public long extractTimestamp(Event element, long recordTimestamp) {
return element.timestamp;
}
})
);
Table eventTable = tEnv.fromDataStream(eventDS);
//使用TableAPI
Table result1 = eventTable.select($("user"))
.where($("user").isEqual("Alice"));
//使用SQL
Table result2 = tEnv.sqlQuery("select user,url from " + eventTable);
tEnv.toDataStream(result1).print("result1");
tEnv.toDataStream(result2).print("result2");
//聚合转换
tEnv.createTemporaryView("clickTable",eventTable);
Table aggRes = tEnv.sqlQuery("select user ,count(url) as cnt from clickTable group by user");
tEnv.toChangelogStream(aggRes).print("aggRes");
env.execute();
}
}
2、流转表
调用 fromDataStream()方法
java
// 读取数据源
SingleOutputStreamOperator<Event> eventStream = env.addSource(...)
// 将数据流转换成表,可以提取流中某些字段
Table eventTable = tableEnv.fromDataStream(eventStream, $("timestamp").as("ts"),
$("url")
);
调用createTemporaryView()方法
调用 fromDataStream()方法简单直观,可以直接实现DataStream 到 Table 的转换;不过如果我们希望直接在 SQL 中引用这张表,就还需要调用表环境的 createTemporaryView()方法来创建虚拟视图了。
java
tableEnv.createTemporaryView("EventTable", eventStream,$("timestamp").as("ts"),$("url"));
调用 fromChangelogStream ()方法,可以将一个更新日志流转换成表
java
DataStream<Row> dataStream = env.fromElements(
Row.ofKind(RowKind.INSERT, "Alice", 12),
Row.ofKind(RowKind.INSERT, "Bob", 5),
Row.ofKind(RowKind.UPDATE_BEFORE, "Alice", 12),
Row.ofKind(RowKind.UPDATE_AFTER, "Alice", 100));
// 将更新日志流转换为表
Table table = tableEnv.fromChangelogStream(dataStream);
15.5、时间属性
基于时间的操作(如开窗)要定义相关的时间语义和时间数据来源的信息。在tableAPI和SQL中会给表单独提供一个逻辑上的时间字段专用指示时间。
时间属性可以在建表时指定也可流转表时定义,时间属性的数据类型为timestamp
15.5.1、事件时间
通过WaterMark来定义事件时间属性
sql
create table eventTable(
user string,
url string,
ts timestamp(3),
watermark for ts as ts -interval '5' second
) with (...);
上面的语句将ts字段定义为事件时间属性,并基于ts设置了5s的水位延迟
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.SerializableTimestampAssigner;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.WatermarkStrategy;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.datastream.SingleOutputStreamOperator;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.bridge.java.StreamTableEnvironment;
import java.time.Duration;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.$;
/**
* @Title: TimeAndWindowTest
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/20 21:21
* @description:
*/
public class TimeAndWindowTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
env.setParallelism(1);
StreamTableEnvironment tableEnvironment = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
//在建表的DDL中直接定义时间属性
String createDDl="create table clickTable(" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING," +
"ts BIGINT ," +
"et AS TO_TIMESTAMP(FROM_UNIXTIME(ts/1000)),"+
"WATERMARK FOR et AS et - INTERVAL '1' SECOND"+
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='input/clicks.txt'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createDDl);
//在流转换成table时定义时间属性
SingleOutputStreamOperator<Event> clickStream = env.addSource(new ClickSource())
.assignTimestampsAndWatermarks(WatermarkStrategy.<Event>forBoundedOutOfOrderness(Duration.ZERO)
.withTimestampAssigner(new SerializableTimestampAssigner<Event>() {
@Override
public long extractTimestamp(Event element, long recordTimestamp) {
return element.timestamp;
}
}));
Table clickTable = tableEnvironment.fromDataStream(clickStream, $("user"), $("url"), $("timestamp").as("ts"), $("et").rowtime());
clickTable.printSchema();
}
}
时间戳必须是timestamp类型,类型转换
sql
ts BIGINT,
time_ltz as to_timestamp_ltz(ts,3),
15.5.2、处理时间
处理时间属性的定义也有两种方式:创建表 DDL 中定义,或者在数据流转换成表时定义。
1、在创建表的DDL 中定义
在创建表的 DDL(CREATE TABLE 语句)中,可以增加一个额外的字段,通过调用系统内置的 PROCTIME()函数来指定当前的处理时间属性,返回的类型是TIMESTAMP_LTZ。
sql
create table eventTable(
user string,
url string,
ts as proctime()
) with (...);
可以用一个 AS 语句来在表中产生数据中不存在的列, 并且可以利用原有的列、各种运算符及内置函数。在前面事件时间属性的定义中,将 ts 字段转换成 TIMESTAMP_LTZ 类型的 ts_ltz,也是计算列的定义方式
2、在数据流转换为表时定义
处理时间属性同样可以在将 DataStream 转换为表的时候来定义。 我们调用fromDataStream()方法创建表时,可以用.proctime()后缀来指定处理时间属性字段。由于处理时间是系统时间,原始数据中并没有这个字段,所以处理时间属性一定不能定义在一个已有字段上,只能定义在表结构所有字段的最后,作为额外的逻辑字段出现。
java
Table table = tEnv.fromDataStream(stream, $("user"), $("url"),$("ts").proctime());
15.5.3、窗口
以滚动窗口为例:
这里的 ts 是定义好的时间属性字段,窗口大小用"时间间隔"INTERVAL 来定义。在进行窗口计算时,分组窗口是将窗口本身当作一个字段对数据进行分组的,可以对组内的数据进行聚合。基本使用方式如下
java
Table result = tableEnv.sqlQuery(
"SELECT " +
"user, " +
"TUMBLE_END(ts, INTERVAL '1' HOUR) as endT, " +
"COUNT(url) AS cnt " + "FROM EventTable " +
"GROUP BY " + // 使用窗口和用户名进行分组
"user, " +
"TUMBLE(ts, INTERVAL '1' HOUR)" // 定义 1 小时滚动窗口
);
分组窗口的功能比较有限,只支持窗口聚合,所以目前已经处于弃用(deprecated)的状态。
1.13 版本开始,Flink 开始使用窗口表值函数(Windowing table-valued functions, Windowing TVFs)来定义窗口。直接调用 TUMBLE()、HOP()、CUMULATE()就可以实现滚动、滑动和累积窗口,不过传入的参数会有所不同。
- 滚动窗口:TUMBLE(TABLE EventTable, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '1' HOUR)。这里基于时间字段 ts,对表 EventTable 中的数据开了大小为 1 小时的滚动窗口。窗口会将表中的每一行数据,按照它们 ts 的值分配到一个指定的窗口中。
- 滑动窗口:HOP(TABLE EventTable, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '5' MINUTES, INTERVAL '1' HOURS));这里我们基于时间属性 ts,在表 EventTable 上创建了大小为 1 小时的滑动窗口,每 5 分钟滑动一次。需要注意的是,紧跟在时间属性字段后面的第三个参数是步长(slide),第四个参数才是窗口大小(size)。
- 累积窗口:CUMULATE(TABLE EventTable, DESCRIPTOR(ts), INTERVAL '1' HOURS, INTERVAL '1' DAYS));累积窗口中有两个核心的参数:最大窗口长度(max window size)和累积步长(step)
15.5.4、聚合查询
15.5.4.1、分组聚合
java
Table aggTable = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("select user_name ,count(url) from clickTable group by user_name");
15.5.4.2、时间窗口聚合
滚动窗口
java
Table tumbleWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery(
"SELECT " +
"user_name, " +
"window_end AS endT, " + "COUNT(url) AS cnt " +
"FROM TABLE( " +
"TUMBLE( TABLE clickTable, " + "DESCRIPTOR(et), " + "INTERVAL '10' SECOND)) " +
"GROUP BY user_name, window_start, window_end "
);
滑动窗口
java
Table hopWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery(
"SELECT " +
"user_name, " +
"window_end AS endT, " + "COUNT(url) AS cnt " +
"FROM TABLE( " +
"HOP( TABLE clickTable, " + "DESCRIPTOR(et),INTERVAL '5' SECOND ," + "INTERVAL '10' SECOND)) " +
"GROUP BY user_name, window_start, window_end "
);
累积窗口
java
Table cumulateWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery(
"SELECT " +
"user_name, " +
"window_end AS endT, " + "COUNT(url) AS cnt " +
"FROM TABLE( " +
"CUMULATE( TABLE clickTable, " + "DESCRIPTOR(et),INTERVAL '5' SECOND ," + "INTERVAL '10' SECOND)) " +
"GROUP BY user_name, window_start, window_end "
);
15.5.4.3、开窗聚合
可根据行数进行开窗,开窗选择的范围可以基于时间,也可以基于数据的数量,以每一行数据为基准,计算它之前 1 小时内所有数据的平均值;也可以计算它之前 10 个数的平均值。开窗函数的聚合与之前两种聚合有本质的不同:分组聚合、窗口 TVF聚合都是"多对一"的关系,将数据分组之后每组只会得到一个聚合结果;而开窗函数是对每行都要做一次开窗聚合,因此聚合之后表中的行数不会有任何减少,是一个"多对多"的关系。
sql
SELECT
<聚合函数> OVER (
[PARTITION BY <字段 1>[, <字段 2>, ...]]
ORDER BY <时间属性字段>
<开窗范围>),
...
FROM ...
PARTITION BY(可选)用来指定分区的键(key),类似于 GROUP BY 的分组
开窗范围:还有一个必须要指定的就是开窗的范围,也就是到底要扩展多少行来做聚合。这个范围是由BETWEEN <下界> AND <上界> 来定义的,也就是"从下界到上界" 的范围。目前支持的上界只能是 CURRENT ROW
sql
BETWEEN ... PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
-
范围间隔
范围间隔以RANGE 为前缀,就是基于ORDER BY 指定的时间字段去选取一个范围,一般就是当前行时间戳之前的一段时间。当前行之前 1 小时的数据:
sqlRANGE BETWEEN INTERVAL '1' HOUR PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
-
行间隔
行间隔以 ROWS 为前缀,就是直接确定要选多少行,由当前行出发向前选取
开窗范围选择当前行之前的 5 行数据(含当前行):
sqlROWS BETWEEN 5 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
java
Table overWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("SELECT user_name,avg(ts) OVER( partition BY user_name ORDER BY et ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW )AS avg_ts FROM clickTable" );
整体代码
java
package table;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.SerializableTimestampAssigner;
import org.apache.flink.api.common.eventtime.WatermarkStrategy;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.datastream.SingleOutputStreamOperator;
import org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.Table;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.bridge.java.StreamTableEnvironment;
import java.time.Duration;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.$;
/**
* @Title: TimeAndWindowTest
* @Author lizhe
* @Package table
* @Date 2024/6/20 21:21
* @description:
*/
public class TimeAndWindowTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
StreamExecutionEnvironment env = StreamExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
env.setParallelism(1);
StreamTableEnvironment tableEnvironment = StreamTableEnvironment.create(env);
//在建表的DDL中直接定义时间属性
String createDDl="create table clickTable (" +
"user_name STRING," +
"url STRING," +
"ts BIGINT ," +
"et AS TO_TIMESTAMP(FROM_UNIXTIME(ts/1000)),"+
"WATERMARK FOR et AS et - INTERVAL '1' SECOND"+
")with (" +
"'connector'='filesystem'," +
"'path'='input/clicks.txt'," +
"'format'='csv')";
tableEnvironment.executeSql(createDDl);
//在流转换成table时定义时间属性
SingleOutputStreamOperator<Event> clickStream = env.addSource(new ClickSource())
.assignTimestampsAndWatermarks(WatermarkStrategy.<Event>forBoundedOutOfOrderness(Duration.ZERO)
.withTimestampAssigner(new SerializableTimestampAssigner<Event>() {
@Override
public long extractTimestamp(Event element, long recordTimestamp) {
return element.timestamp;
}
}));
Table clickTable = tableEnvironment.fromDataStream(clickStream, $("user"), $("url"), $("timestamp").as("ts"), $("et").rowtime());
//聚合查询
Table aggTable = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("select user_name ,count(url) from clickTable group by user_name");
//窗口聚合
Table tumbleWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery(
"SELECT " +
"user_name, " +
"window_end AS endT, " + "COUNT(url) AS cnt " +
"FROM TABLE( " +
"TUMBLE( TABLE clickTable, " + "DESCRIPTOR(et), " + "INTERVAL '10' SECOND)) " +
"GROUP BY user_name, window_start, window_end "
);
//滑动窗口
Table hopWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery(
"SELECT " +
"user_name, " +
"window_end AS endT, " + "COUNT(url) AS cnt " +
"FROM TABLE( " +
"HOP( TABLE clickTable, " + "DESCRIPTOR(et),INTERVAL '5' SECOND ," + "INTERVAL '10' SECOND)) " +
"GROUP BY user_name, window_start, window_end "
);
//累积窗口
Table cumulateWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery(
"SELECT " +
"user_name, " +
"window_end AS endT, " + "COUNT(url) AS cnt " +
"FROM TABLE( " +
"CUMULATE( TABLE clickTable, " + "DESCRIPTOR(et),INTERVAL '5' SECOND ," + "INTERVAL '10' SECOND)) " +
"GROUP BY user_name, window_start, window_end "
);
//开窗聚合
Table overWindowResult = tableEnvironment.sqlQuery("SELECT user_name,avg(ts) OVER( partition BY user_name ORDER BY et ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW )AS avg_ts FROM clickTable" );
clickTable.printSchema();
tableEnvironment.toChangelogStream(aggTable).print("aggTable");
tableEnvironment.toChangelogStream(tumbleWindowResult).print("tumbleWindowResult");
tableEnvironment.toChangelogStream(hopWindowResult).print("hopWindowResult");
tableEnvironment.toChangelogStream(cumulateWindowResult).print("cumulateWindowResult");
tableEnvironment.toChangelogStream(overWindowResult).print("overWindowResult");
env.execute();
}
}
15.5.5、联结查询
待续
15.5.6、函数
待续
15.6、连接外部系统
官网链接:https://nightlies.apache.org/flink/flink-docs-release-1.15/zh/docs/connectors/table/overview/
16、容错机制
16.1、检查点
数据流
保存点为红色的hello
将之前某个时间点所有的状态保存下来,这个存档就是检查点
遇到故障可从检查点恢复,从而不用再从头开始统计
16.1.1、检查点保存
- 周期性保存
- 保存的时间点:所有任务都恰好处理完一个相同数据之后保存状态,从而实现一个数据被完整处理。
- 保存的流程:关键是要等所有任务将同一个数据处理完毕
16.1.2、从检查点恢复
出现故障
恢复步骤:
-
重启应用:所有任务状态都会清空
-
读取检查点,重置状态:找到检查点,恢复快照并填充到对应状态
-
重置偏移量:从检查点之后开始处理数据,要更改偏移量
-
继续处理数据
16.1.3、检查点算法
- 检查点分界线Barrier
- 分布式快照算法(Barrier精准一次)
- 分布式快照算法(Barrier至少一次)
- 分布式快照算法(非Barrier精准一次)
总结:
- Barrier对齐:一个Task收到所有上游同一个编号的Barrier后,才会对自己的本地状态做备份
- 精准一次:对齐过程中,Barrier后的数据阻塞等待,不会越过Barrier
- 至少一次:对齐过程中,先到的Barrier其后的数据不阻塞,接着计算
- 非Barrier对齐:一个Task收到第一个Barrier时开始执行备份,能保证精准一次
- 先到的Barrier将本地状态备份,后面的数据接着计算输出
- 未到的Barrier其前面的数据接着计算输出,同时也保存到备份中
- 最后一个Barrier到达该Task时,这个Task的备份结束