Neo4j入门案例：三星堆

创建一个关于三星堆的知识图谱可以是一个非常有趣的项目，它可以帮助理解如何使用Neo4j来存储和查询复杂的关系数据。三星堆文化以其独特的青铜器、金器和其他文物而闻名，这为我们提供了一个丰富的历史背景来构建知识图谱。

数据模型定义

实体类型（节点）

1. 遗址 (Site)
2. 文物 (Artifact)
3. 考古学家 (Archaeologist)
4. 文化 (Culture)
5. 时期 (Period)
6. 材料 (Material)

关系类型

1. 发现于 (DiscoveredAt)
2. 属于 (BelongsTo)
3. 研究者 (ResearchedBy)
4. 存在于 (ExistsIn)
5. 制成于 (MadeOf)

数据准备

假设我们有如下数据：

• 遗址: "三星堆遗址"
• 文物: "青铜大立人"，"黄金面具"，"玉琮"，"象牙"，"铜神树"
• 考古学家: "李某某"，"张某某"
• 文化: "三星堆文化"
• 时期: "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"
• 材料: "青铜"，"黄金"，"玉石"，"象牙"

创建知识图谱

创建节点

CREATE (s:Site {name: "三星堆遗址"})
CREATE (c:Culture {name: "三星堆文化"})
CREATE (p:Period {name: "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"})
CREATE (a1:Artifact {name: "青铜大立人", description: "三星堆出土的重要文物之一"})
CREATE (a2:Artifact {name: "黄金面具", description: "三星堆出土的精美黄金制品"})
CREATE (a3:Artifact {name: "玉琮", description: "三星堆出土的玉质文物"})
CREATE (a4:Artifact {name: "象牙", description: "三星堆出土的象牙制品"})
CREATE (a5:Artifact {name: "铜神树", description: "三星堆出土的青铜树形器"})
CREATE (m1:Material {name: "青铜"})
CREATE (m2:Material {name: "黄金"})
CREATE (m3:Material {name: "玉石"})
CREATE (m4:Material {name: "象牙"})
CREATE (r1:Archaeologist {name: "李某某", institution: "四川大学考古学院"})
CREATE (r2:Archaeologist {name: "张某某", institution: "北京大学考古文博学院"})

创建关系

MATCH (a1:Artifact), (s:Site)
WHERE a1.name = "青铜大立人" AND s.name = "三星堆遗址"
CREATE (a1)-[:DiscoveredAt]->(s)

MATCH (a1:Artifact), (c:Culture)
WHERE a1.name = "青铜大立人" AND c.name = "三星堆文化"
CREATE (a1)-[:BelongsTo]->(c)

MATCH (a1:Artifact), (p:Period)
WHERE a1.name = "青铜大立人" AND p.name = "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"
CREATE (a1)-[:ExistsIn]->(p)

MATCH (a1:Artifact), (m1:Material)
WHERE a1.name = "青铜大立人" AND m1.name = "青铜"
CREATE (a1)-[:MadeOf]->(m1)

MATCH (a2:Artifact), (s:Site)
WHERE a2.name = "黄金面具" AND s.name = "三星堆遗址"
CREATE (a2)-[:DiscoveredAt]->(s)

MATCH (a2:Artifact), (c:Culture)
WHERE a2.name = "黄金面具" AND c.name = "三星堆文化"
CREATE (a2)-[:BelongsTo]->(c)

MATCH (a2:Artifact), (p:Period)
WHERE a2.name = "黄金面具" AND p.name = "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"
CREATE (a2)-[:ExistsIn]->(p)

MATCH (a2:Artifact), (m2:Material)
WHERE a2.name = "黄金面具" AND m2.name = "黄金"
CREATE (a2)-[:MadeOf]->(m2)

MATCH (a3:Artifact), (s:Site)
WHERE a3.name = "玉琮" AND s.name = "三星堆遗址"
CREATE (a3)-[:DiscoveredAt]->(s)

MATCH (a3:Artifact), (c:Culture)
WHERE a3.name = "玉琮" AND c.name = "三星堆文化"
CREATE (a3)-[:BelongsTo]->(c)

MATCH (a3:Artifact), (p:Period)
WHERE a3.name = "玉琮" AND p.name = "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"
CREATE (a3)-[:ExistsIn]->(p)

MATCH (a3:Artifact), (m3:Material)
WHERE a3.name = "玉琮" AND m3.name = "玉石"
CREATE (a3)-[:MadeOf]->(m3)

MATCH (a4:Artifact), (s:Site)
WHERE a4.name = "象牙" AND s.name = "三星堆遗址"
CREATE (a4)-[:DiscoveredAt]->(s)

MATCH (a4:Artifact), (c:Culture)
WHERE a4.name = "象牙" AND c.name = "三星堆文化"
CREATE (a4)-[:BelongsTo]->(c)

MATCH (a4:Artifact), (p:Period)
WHERE a4.name = "象牙" AND p.name = "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"
CREATE (a4)-[:ExistsIn]->(p)

MATCH (a4:Artifact), (m4:Material)
WHERE a4.name = "象牙" AND m4.name = "象牙"
CREATE (a4)-[:MadeOf]->(m4)

MATCH (a5:Artifact), (s:Site)
WHERE a5.name = "铜神树" AND s.name = "三星堆遗址"
CREATE (a5)-[:DiscoveredAt]->(s)

MATCH (a5:Artifact), (c:Culture)
WHERE a5.name = "铜神树" AND c.name = "三星堆文化"
CREATE (a5)-[:BelongsTo]->(c)

MATCH (a5:Artifact), (p:Period)
WHERE a5.name = "铜神树" AND p.name = "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"
CREATE (a5)-[:ExistsIn]->(p)

MATCH (a5:Artifact), (m1:Material)
WHERE a5.name = "铜神树" AND m1.name = "青铜"
CREATE (a5)-[:MadeOf]->(m1)

MATCH (r1:Archaeologist), (a1:Artifact)
WHERE r1.name = "李某某" AND a1.name = "青铜大立人"
CREATE (a1)-[:ResearchedBy]->(r1)

MATCH (r1:Archaeologist), (a2:Artifact)
WHERE r1.name = "李某某" AND a2.name = "黄金面具"
CREATE (a2)-[:ResearchedBy]->(r1)

MATCH (r2:Archaeologist), (a3:Artifact)
WHERE r2.name = "张某某" AND a3.name = "玉琮"
CREATE (a3)-[:ResearchedBy]->(r2)

MATCH (r2:Archaeologist), (a4:Artifact)
WHERE r2.name = "张某某" AND a4.name = "象牙"
CREATE (a4)-[:ResearchedBy]->(r2)

MATCH (r2:Archaeologist), (a5:Artifact)
WHERE r2.name = "张某某" AND a5.name = "铜神树"
CREATE (a5)-[:ResearchedBy]->(r2)

查询及推理

查询示例

• 查找所有在三星堆遗址发现的文物

  1MATCH (a:Artifact)-[r:DiscoveredAt]->(s:Site) WHERE s.name = "三星堆遗址"
  2RETURN a.name

• 找出某个考古学家研究的所有文物

  1MATCH (a:Artifact)-[r:ResearchedBy]->(r1:Archaeologist) WHERE r1.name = "李某某"
  2RETURN a.name

• 分析特定时期内出现的文物类型及其材料分布情况

  1MATCH (a:Artifact)-[r1:ExistsIn]->(p:Period) WHERE p.name = "新石器时代晚期至商周时期"
  2OPTIONAL MATCH (a)-[r2:MadeOf]->(m:Material)
  3RETURN a.name, collect(m.name) AS Materials

这些查询可以帮助理解如何从知识图谱中提取有用的信息，并进行进一步的研究。