3.Update
语法:
sql
UPDATE table_name SET column = expr [, column = expr ...]
[WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
举几个例子:
将孙悟空同学的数学成绩变更为 80 分:
将曹孟德同学的数学成绩变更为 60 分,语文成绩变更为 70 分:
将总成绩倒数前三的 3 位同学的数学成绩加上 30 分:
4.Delete 删除
4.1 删除数据
sql
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
删除孙悟空同学的考试成绩:
删除整张表数据(慎用)
4.2 截断表
注意:这个操作慎用
- 只能对整表操作,不能像 DELETE 一样针对部分数据操作;
- 实际上 MySQL 不对数据操作,而是通过重新创建表来清空数据,所以比 DELETE 更快,但是 TRUNCATE 在删除数据的时候,并不经过真正的事务,所以无法回滚
- 会重置 AUTO_INCREMENT 项
sql
-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_truncate (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 截断整表数据,注意影响行数是 0,所以实际上没有对数据真正操作
TRUNCATE for_truncate;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 再插入一条数据,自增 id 在重新增长
INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看数据
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | D |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查看表结构,会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 项
SHOW CREATE TABLE for_truncate\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: for_truncate
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `for_truncate` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.聚合函数
|--------------------------|------------------------|
| 函数 | 说明 |
| COUNT([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 数量 |
| SUM([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 总和,不是数字没有意义 |
| SUM([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 平均值,不是数字没有意义 |
| MAX([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 最大值,不是数字没有意义 |
| MIN([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 最小值,不是数字没有意义 |
使用案例:
统计班级共有多少同学:
统计本次考试的数学成绩分数个数:
统计去重成绩数量:
统计数学成绩总分:
6.group子句的使用
在 select 中使用 group by 子句可以对指定列进行分组查询
sql
select column1, column2, .. from table group by column;
我们使用来自oracle 9i的经典测试表:
EMP 员工表
DEPT 部门表
SALGRADE 工资等级表
sql
DROP database IF EXISTS `scott`;
CREATE database IF NOT EXISTS `scott` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
USE `scott`;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `dept`;
CREATE TABLE `dept` (
`deptno` int(2) unsigned zerofill NOT NULL COMMENT '部门编号',
`dname` varchar(14) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '部门名称',
`loc` varchar(13) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '部门所在地点'
);
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `emp`;
CREATE TABLE `emp` (
`empno` int(6) unsigned zerofill NOT NULL COMMENT '雇员编号',
`ename` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员姓名',
`job` varchar(9) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员职位',
`mgr` int(4) unsigned zerofill DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员领导编号',
`hiredate` datetime DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇佣时间',
`sal` decimal(7,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '工资月薪',
`comm` decimal(7,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '奖金',
`deptno` int(2) unsigned zerofill DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '部门编号'
);
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `salgrade`;
CREATE TABLE `salgrade` (
`grade` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '等级',
`losal` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '此等级最低工资',
`hisal` int(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '此等级最高工资'
);
insert into dept (deptno, dname, loc)
values (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');
insert into dept (deptno, dname, loc)
values (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');
insert into dept (deptno, dname, loc)
values (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO');
insert into dept (deptno, dname, loc)
values (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, null, 20);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600, 300, 30);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250, 500, 30);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, null, 20);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-28', 1250, 1400, 30);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850, null, 30);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, null, 10);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-04-19', 3000, null, 20);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', null, '1981-11-17', 5000, null, 10);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698,'1981-09-08', 1500, 0, 30);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-05-23', 1100, null, 20);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03', 950, null, 30);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, null, 20);
insert into emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno)
values (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, null, 10);
insert into salgrade (grade, losal, hisal) values (1, 700, 1200);
insert into salgrade (grade, losal, hisal) values (2, 1201, 1400);
insert into salgrade (grade, losal, hisal) values (3, 1401, 2000);
insert into salgrade (grade, losal, hisal) values (4, 2001, 3000);
insert into salgrade (grade, losal, hisal) values (5, 3001, 9999);
如何显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资:
显示每个部门的每种岗位的平均工资和最低工资:
显示平均工资低于 2000 的部门和它的平均工资:
sql
select avg(sal) as myavg from EMP group by deptno having myavg<2000;
--having经常和group by搭配使用,作用是对分组进行筛选,作用有些像where。