C++:map和set类

序列式容器和关联式容器

string、vector、list、deque、array、forward_list,这些容器统称为序列式容器

这些容器存储之间的值一般没有紧密的关联关系,比如交换一下,它依然是序列式容器

map、set这些系列的就是关联式容器,两个位置有紧密的关联关系,交换一下它的结构就被破坏了

map和set的底层是红黑树

set是key搜索场景的结构

map是key/value搜索场景的结构

set类

cpp 复制代码
template < class T, class Compare = less<T>, class Alloc = allocator<T>> 
class set
{};

T是set底层关键字key的类型

set默认是小于进行比较,如果想按照自己的想法来比较可以给第二个参数传一个仿函数

set底层存储数据的内存是从空间配置器申请的,如果需要可以自己实现内存池传给第三个参数

一般情况下只需要传第一个参数即可

multiset和set的差异

multiset和set的用法基本完全类似,主要的区别就在于multiset支持值冗余,也就是multiset能有多个相同的key,但是set不能有相同的key

map类

cpp 复制代码
template<class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>, class Alloc = allocator<pair<const Key, T> >map::allocator_type> 
class map
{};

Key是map底层关键字的类型

T是map底层value的类型

map和set一样也是默认按key小于比较,如果想按照自己的想法来比较可以给第二个参数传一个仿函数

可以自己实现内存池传给第三个参数

multimap和map的差异

multimap和map的用法基本完全类似,主要的区别就在于multimap支持值冗余,也就是multimap能有多个相同的key,但是map不能有相同的key

map和set类的模拟实现

红黑树结构

cpp 复制代码
template<class T>
struct RBTreeNode
{
	T _data;
	RBTreeNode<T>* _left;
	RBTreeNode<T>* _right;
	RBTreeNode<T>* _parent;
	Colour _col;

	RBTreeNode(const T& data)
		:_data(data)
		, _left(nullptr)
		, _right(nullptr)
		, _parent(nullptr)
	{}
};

结构里和之前一样,这里的数据写的T是为了适配map和set两种容器

如果是map,则T应该是pair<key, value>,如果是set,则T应该是key

迭代器

cpp 复制代码
template<class T, class Ref, class Ptr>
struct RBTreeIterator
{
	typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;
	typedef RBTreeIterator<T, Ref, Ptr> Self;

	Node* _node;
	Node* _root; // 删除的--end需要根节点

	RBTreeIterator(Node* node, Node* root)
		:_node(node)
		,_root(root)
	{}

	Self operator++()
	{
		if (_node->_right)
		{
			Node* min = _node->_right;
			while (min->_left)
			{
				min = min->_left;
			}

			_node = min;
		}
		else
		{
			Node* cur = _node;
			Node* parent = cur->_parent;
			while (parent && parent->_right == cur)
			{
				cur = parent;
				parent = cur->_parent;
			}

			_node = parent;
		}

		return *this;
	}

	Self operator--()
	{
		if (_node == nullptr) // end()
		{
			// root的最右节点
			Node* cur = _root;
			while (cur && cur->_right)
			{
				cur = cur->_right;
			}

			_node = cur;
		}
		else if (_node->_left)
		{
			Node* min = _node->_left;
			while (min->_right)
			{
				min = min->_right;
			}

			_node = min;
		}
		else
		{
			Node* cur = _node;
			Node* parent = cur->_parent;
			while (parent && parent->_left == cur)
			{
				cur = parent;
				parent = cur->_parent;
			}

			_node = parent;
		}

		return *this;
	}

	Ref operator*()
	{
		return _node->_data;
	}

	Ptr operator->()
	{
		return &_node->_data;
	}

	bool operator!=(const Self& s) const
	{
		return _node != s._node;
	}

	bool operator==(const Self& s) const
	{
		return _node == s._node;
	}
};

operator++

这里的++分为两种情况

若当前节点存在右子树,则应该找右子树的最左节点

若不存在右子树,则需要往上找parent,直到当前节点不再是parent的右节点为止

operator--

和operator++的情况相反

若当前节点存在左子树,则应该找左子树的最右节点

若不存在左子树,则需要往上找parent,直到当前节点不再是parent的左节点为止

map的operator[]

cpp 复制代码
V& operator[](const K& key)
{
	pair<iterator, bool> ret = insert({ key, V() });
	return ret.first->second;
}

map的[]需要支持插入、修改两种功能

RBTree中insert的返回值为pair<iterator, bool>

返回插入节点迭代器里面的second即可

完整代码

RBTree.h

cpp 复制代码
#pragma once

enum Colour
{
	RED,
	BLACK
};

template<class T>
struct RBTreeNode
{
	T _data;
	RBTreeNode<T>* _left;
	RBTreeNode<T>* _right;
	RBTreeNode<T>* _parent;
	Colour _col;

	RBTreeNode(const T& data)
		:_data(data)
		, _left(nullptr)
		, _right(nullptr)
		, _parent(nullptr)
	{}
};

template<class T, class Ref, class Ptr>
struct RBTreeIterator
{
	typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;
	typedef RBTreeIterator<T, Ref, Ptr> Self;

	Node* _node;
	Node* _root; // 删除的--end需要根节点

	RBTreeIterator(Node* node, Node* root)
		:_node(node)
		,_root(root)
	{}

	Self operator++()
	{
		if (_node->_right)
		{
			Node* min = _node->_right;
			while (min->_left)
			{
				min = min->_left;
			}

			_node = min;
		}
		else
		{
			Node* cur = _node;
			Node* parent = cur->_parent;
			while (parent && parent->_right == cur)
			{
				cur = parent;
				parent = cur->_parent;
			}

			_node = parent;
		}

		return *this;
	}

	Self operator--()
	{
		if (_node == nullptr) // end()
		{
			// root的最右节点
			Node* cur = _root;
			while (cur && cur->_right)
			{
				cur = cur->_right;
			}

			_node = cur;
		}
		else if (_node->_left)
		{
			Node* min = _node->_left;
			while (min->_right)
			{
				min = min->_right;
			}

			_node = min;
		}
		else
		{
			Node* cur = _node;
			Node* parent = cur->_parent;
			while (parent && parent->_left == cur)
			{
				cur = parent;
				parent = cur->_parent;
			}

			_node = parent;
		}

		return *this;
	}

	Ref operator*()
	{
		return _node->_data;
	}

	Ptr operator->()
	{
		return &_node->_data;
	}

	bool operator!=(const Self& s) const
	{
		return _node != s._node;
	}

	bool operator==(const Self& s) const
	{
		return _node == s._node;
	}
};

template<class K, class T, class KeyOfT>
class RBTree
{
	typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;
public:
	typedef RBTreeIterator<T, T&, T*> Iterator;
	typedef RBTreeIterator<T, const T&, const T*> ConstIterator;
public:
	Iterator Begin()
	{
		Node* cur = _root;
		while (cur && cur->_left)
		{
			cur = cur->_left;
		}

		return Iterator(cur, _root);
	}

	Iterator End()
	{
		return Iterator(nullptr, _root);
	}

	ConstIterator Begin() const
	{
		Node* cur = _root;
		while (cur && cur->_left)
		{
			cur = cur->_left;
		}

		return ConstIterator(cur, _root);
	}

	ConstIterator End() const
	{
		return ConstIterator(nullptr, _root);
	}

	pair<Iterator, bool> Insert(const T& data)
	{
		if (_root == nullptr)
		{
			_root = new Node(data);
			_root->_col = BLACK;

			return { Iterator(_root, _root), true };
		}

		KeyOfT kot;
		Node* parent = nullptr;
		Node* cur = _root;
		while (cur)
		{
			if (kot(cur->_data) < kot(data))
			{
				parent = cur;
				cur = cur->_right;
			}
			else if (kot(cur->_data) > kot(data))
			{
				parent = cur;
				cur = cur->_left;
			}
			else
			{
				return { Iterator(cur, _root), false };
			}
		}

		cur = new Node(data);
		Node* newnode = cur;
		cur->_col = RED;
		if (kot(parent->_data) < kot(data))
		{
			parent->_right = cur;
		}
		else
		{
			parent->_left = cur;
		}
		cur->_parent = parent;

		while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
		{
			Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
			if (grandfather->_left == parent)
			{
				Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
				if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
				{
					// 变色
					parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
					grandfather->_col = RED;

					// 继续向上处理
					cur = grandfather;
					parent = cur->_parent;
				}
				else
				{
					if (cur == parent->_left)
					{
						RotateR(grandfather);
						parent->_col = BLACK;
						grandfather->_col = RED;
					}
					else
					{
						RotateL(parent);
						RotateR(grandfather);
						cur->_col = BLACK;
						parent->_col = grandfather->_col = RED; // 1
					}

					break;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
				if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
				{
					// 变色
					parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
					grandfather->_col = RED;

					// 继续向上处理
					cur = grandfather;
					parent = cur->_parent;
				}
				else
				{
					if (cur == parent->_right)
					{
						RotateL(grandfather);
						parent->_col = BLACK;
						grandfather->_col = RED;
					}
					else
					{
						RotateR(parent);
						RotateL(grandfather);
						cur->_col = BLACK;
						parent->_col = grandfather->_col = RED; // 1
					}

					break;
				}
			}
		}

		// 确保根节点颜色是黑色
		_root->_col = BLACK;

		return { Iterator(newnode, _root), true };
	}

	void RotateR(Node* parent)
	{
		Node* subL = parent->_left;
		Node* subLR = subL->_right;

		parent->_left = subLR;
		if (subLR)
			subLR->_parent = parent;

		Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;

		subL->_right = parent;
		parent->_parent = subL;

		if (parent == _root)
		{
			_root = subL;
			subL->_parent = nullptr;
		}
		else
		{
			if (parentParent->_left == parent)
			{
				parentParent->_left = subL;
			}
			else
			{
				parentParent->_right = subL;
			}

			subL->_parent = parentParent;
		}
	}

	void RotateL(Node* parent)
	{
		Node* subR = parent->_right;
		Node* subRL = subR->_left;
		parent->_right = subRL;
		if (subRL)
			subRL->_parent = parent;

		Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;
		subR->_left = parent;
		parent->_parent = subR;
		if (parentParent == nullptr)
		{
			_root = subR;
			subR->_parent = nullptr;
		}
		else
		{
			if (parent == parentParent->_left)
			{
				parentParent->_left = subR;
			}
			else
			{
				parentParent->_right = subR;
			}
			subR->_parent = parentParent;
		}
	}

	int Height()
	{
		return _Height(_root);
	}

	int Size()
	{
		return _Size(_root);
	}

	Node* Find(const K& key)
	{
		Node* cur = _root;
		while (cur)
		{
			if (cur->_kv.first < key)
			{
				cur = cur->_right;
			}
			else if (cur->_kv.first > key)
			{
				cur = cur->_left;
			}
			else
			{
				return cur;
			}
		}

		return nullptr;
	}

private:
	int _Height(Node* root)
	{
		if (root == nullptr)
			return 0;
		int leftHeight = _Height(root->_left);
		int rightHeight = _Height(root->_right);
		return leftHeight > rightHeight ? leftHeight + 1 : rightHeight + 1;
	}

	int _Size(Node* root)
	{
		if (root == nullptr)
			return 0;

		return _Size(root->_left) + _Size(root->_right) + 1;
	}

private:
	Node* _root = nullptr;
};

Myset.h

cpp 复制代码
#pragma once

#include "RBTree.h"

namespace lyw
{
	template<class K>
	class set
	{
		struct SetOfT
		{
			K operator()(const K& key)
			{
				return key;
			}
		};
	public:
		typedef typename RBTree<K, const K, SetOfT>::Iterator iterator;
		typedef typename RBTree<K, const K, SetOfT>::ConstIterator const_iterator;

		iterator begin()
		{
			return _t.Begin();
		}

		iterator end()
		{
			return _t.End();
		}

		const_iterator begin() const
		{
			return _t.Begin();
		}

		const_iterator end()  const
		{
			return _t.End();
		}

		pair<iterator, bool> insert(const K& key)
		{
			return _t.Insert(key);
		}
	private:
		RBTree<K, const K, SetOfT> _t;
	};
}

Mymap.h

cpp 复制代码
#pragma once

#include "RBTree.h"

namespace lyw
{
	template<class K, class V>
	class map
	{
		struct MapOfT
		{
			const K& operator()(const pair<K, V>& kv)
			{
				return kv.first;
			}
		};
	public:
		typedef typename RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapOfT>::Iterator iterator;
		typedef typename RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapOfT>::ConstIterator const_iterator;

		iterator begin()
		{
			return _t.Begin();
		}

		iterator end()
		{
			return _t.End();
		}

		const_iterator begin() const
		{
			return _t.Begin();
		}

		const_iterator end()  const
		{
			return _t.End();
		}

		pair<iterator, bool> insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
		{
			return _t.Insert(kv);
		}

		V& operator[](const K& key)
		{
			pair<iterator, bool> ret = insert({ key, V() });
			return ret.first->second;
		}
	private:
		RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapOfT> _t;
	};
}
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