windows C#-为类或结构定义值相等性(下)

类示例

下面的示例演示如何在类（引用类型）中实现值相等性。

namespace ValueEqualityClass;

class TwoDPoint : IEquatable<TwoDPoint>
{
    public int X { get; private set; }
    public int Y { get; private set; }

    public TwoDPoint(int x, int y)
    {
        if (x is (< 1 or > 2000) || y is (< 1 or > 2000))
        {
            throw new ArgumentException("Point must be in range 1 - 2000");
        }
        this.X = x;
        this.Y = y;
    }

    public override bool Equals(object obj) => this.Equals(obj as TwoDPoint);

    public bool Equals(TwoDPoint p)
    {
        if (p is null)
        {
            return false;
        }

        // Optimization for a common success case.
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(this, p))
        {
            return true;
        }

        // If run-time types are not exactly the same, return false.
        if (this.GetType() != p.GetType())
        {
            return false;
        }

        // Return true if the fields match.
        // Note that the base class is not invoked because it is
        // System.Object, which defines Equals as reference equality.
        return (X == p.X) && (Y == p.Y);
    }

    public override int GetHashCode() => (X, Y).GetHashCode();

    public static bool operator ==(TwoDPoint lhs, TwoDPoint rhs)
    {
        if (lhs is null)
        {
            if (rhs is null)
            {
                return true;
            }

            // Only the left side is null.
            return false;
        }
        // Equals handles case of null on right side.
        return lhs.Equals(rhs);
    }

    public static bool operator !=(TwoDPoint lhs, TwoDPoint rhs) => !(lhs == rhs);
}

// For the sake of simplicity, assume a ThreeDPoint IS a TwoDPoint.
class ThreeDPoint : TwoDPoint, IEquatable<ThreeDPoint>
{
    public int Z { get; private set; }

    public ThreeDPoint(int x, int y, int z)
        : base(x, y)
    {
        if ((z < 1) || (z > 2000))
        {
            throw new ArgumentException("Point must be in range 1 - 2000");
        }
        this.Z = z;
    }

    public override bool Equals(object obj) => this.Equals(obj as ThreeDPoint);

    public bool Equals(ThreeDPoint p)
    {
        if (p is null)
        {
            return false;
        }

        // Optimization for a common success case.
        if (Object.ReferenceEquals(this, p))
        {
            return true;
        }

        // Check properties that this class declares.
        if (Z == p.Z)
        {
            // Let base class check its own fields
            // and do the run-time type comparison.
            return base.Equals((TwoDPoint)p);
        }
        else
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    public override int GetHashCode() => (X, Y, Z).GetHashCode();

    public static bool operator ==(ThreeDPoint lhs, ThreeDPoint rhs)
    {
        if (lhs is null)
        {
            if (rhs is null)
            {
                // null == null = true.
                return true;
            }

            // Only the left side is null.
            return false;
        }
        // Equals handles the case of null on right side.
        return lhs.Equals(rhs);
    }

    public static bool operator !=(ThreeDPoint lhs, ThreeDPoint rhs) => !(lhs == rhs);
}

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        ThreeDPoint pointA = new ThreeDPoint(3, 4, 5);
        ThreeDPoint pointB = new ThreeDPoint(3, 4, 5);
        ThreeDPoint pointC = null;
        int i = 5;

        Console.WriteLine("pointA.Equals(pointB) = {0}", pointA.Equals(pointB));
        Console.WriteLine("pointA == pointB = {0}", pointA == pointB);
        Console.WriteLine("null comparison = {0}", pointA.Equals(pointC));
        Console.WriteLine("Compare to some other type = {0}", pointA.Equals(i));

        TwoDPoint pointD = null;
        TwoDPoint pointE = null;

        Console.WriteLine("Two null TwoDPoints are equal: {0}", pointD == pointE);

        pointE = new TwoDPoint(3, 4);
        Console.WriteLine("(pointE == pointA) = {0}", pointE == pointA);
        Console.WriteLine("(pointA == pointE) = {0}", pointA == pointE);
        Console.WriteLine("(pointA != pointE) = {0}", pointA != pointE);

        System.Collections.ArrayList list = new System.Collections.ArrayList();
        list.Add(new ThreeDPoint(3, 4, 5));
        Console.WriteLine("pointE.Equals(list[0]): {0}", pointE.Equals(list[0]));

        // Keep the console window open in debug mode.
        Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

/* Output:
    pointA.Equals(pointB) = True
    pointA == pointB = True
    null comparison = False
    Compare to some other type = False
    Two null TwoDPoints are equal: True
    (pointE == pointA) = False
    (pointA == pointE) = False
    (pointA != pointE) = True
    pointE.Equals(list[0]): False
*/

在类(引用类型)上，两种 Object.Equals(Object) 方法的默认实现均执行引用相等性比较，而不是值相等性检查。 实施者替代虚方法时，目的是为其指定值相等性语义。

即使类不重载 == 和 != 运算符，也可将这些运算符与类一起使用。 但是，默认行为是执行引用相等性检查。 在类中，如果重载 Equals 方法，则应重载 == 和 != 运算符，但这并不是必需的。

前面的示例代码可能无法按照预期的方式处理每个继承方案。 考虑下列代码：

TwoDPoint p1 = new ThreeDPoint(1, 2, 3);
TwoDPoint p2 = new ThreeDPoint(1, 2, 4);
Console.WriteLine(p1.Equals(p2)); // output: True

根据此代码报告，尽管 z 值有所不同，但 p1 等于 p2。 由于编译器会根据编译时类型选取 IEquatable 的 TwoDPoint 实现，因而会忽略该差异。

record 类型的内置值相等性可以正确处理这类场景。 如果 TwoDPoint 和 ThreeDPoint 是 record 类型，则 p1.Equals(p2) 的结果会是 False。