Spring Core面试题

Spring Core面试题

基础概念

Q1: Spring的核心特性有哪些?

java 复制代码
public class SpringCoreBasicDemo {
    // 1. IoC容器
    public class IoCExample {
        public void iocDemo() {
            // XML配置
            @Configuration
            public class AppConfig {
                @Bean
                public UserService userService() {
                    return new UserService(userRepository());
                }
                
                @Bean
                public UserRepository userRepository() {
                    return new JdbcUserRepository();
                }
            }
            
            // 注解配置
            @Component
            public class UserService {
                private final UserRepository userRepository;
                
                @Autowired
                public UserService(UserRepository userRepository) {
                    this.userRepository = userRepository;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 2. AOP实现
    public class AOPExample {
        public void aopDemo() {
            @Aspect
            @Component
            public class LoggingAspect {
                @Around("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")
                public Object logMethod(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) 
                    throws Throwable {
                    
                    String methodName = 
                        joinPoint.getSignature().getName();
                    logger.info("Before method: " + methodName);
                    
                    Object result = joinPoint.proceed();
                    
                    logger.info("After method: " + methodName);
                    return result;
                }
                
                @AfterThrowing(
                    pointcut = "execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))",
                    throwing = "ex")
                public void logException(Exception ex) {
                    logger.error("Exception: " + ex.getMessage());
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Q2: Spring的Bean生命周期是怎样的?

java 复制代码
public class BeanLifecycleDemo {
    // 1. Bean定义
    public class BeanDefinitionExample {
        public void beanDefDemo() {
            @Component
            public class LifecycleBean implements 
                InitializingBean, 
                DisposableBean, 
                BeanFactoryAware, 
                BeanNameAware {
                
                @Override
                public void setBeanFactory(BeanFactory beanFactory) {
                    // BeanFactory回调
                }
                
                @Override
                public void setBeanName(String name) {
                    // Bean名称回调
                }
                
                @PostConstruct
                public void init() {
                    // 初始化方法
                }
                
                @Override
                public void afterPropertiesSet() {
                    // 属性设置后回调
                }
                
                @PreDestroy
                public void cleanup() {
                    // 销毁前回调
                }
                
                @Override
                public void destroy() {
                    // 销毁方法
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 2. Bean后处理器
    public class BeanPostProcessorExample {
        public void postProcessorDemo() {
            @Component
            public class CustomBeanPostProcessor 
                implements BeanPostProcessor {
                
                @Override
                public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(
                    Object bean, String beanName) {
                    if (bean instanceof LifecycleBean) {
                        // 初始化前处理
                    }
                    return bean;
                }
                
                @Override
                public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(
                    Object bean, String beanName) {
                    if (bean instanceof LifecycleBean) {
                        // 初始化后处理
                    }
                    return bean;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

高级特性

Q3: Spring的事务管理是怎样的?

java 复制代码
public class TransactionDemo {
    // 1. 声明式事务
    public class DeclarativeTransactionExample {
        public void transactionDemo() {
            @Configuration
            @EnableTransactionManagement
            public class TransactionConfig {
                @Bean
                public PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager(
                    DataSource dataSource) {
                    return new DataSourceTransactionManager(dataSource);
                }
            }
            
            @Service
            @Transactional
            public class UserService {
                @Transactional(
                    propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED,
                    isolation = Isolation.READ_COMMITTED,
                    rollbackFor = Exception.class)
                public void createUser(User user) {
                    userRepository.save(user);
                    emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(user);
                }
                
                @Transactional(readOnly = true)
                public User getUser(Long id) {
                    return userRepository.findById(id)
                        .orElseThrow(() -> 
                            new UserNotFoundException(id));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 2. 编程式事务
    public class ProgrammaticTransactionExample {
        public void programmaticTransactionDemo() {
            @Service
            public class UserService {
                private final PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager;
                private final UserRepository userRepository;
                
                public void createUser(User user) {
                    TransactionTemplate template = 
                        new TransactionTemplate(transactionManager);
                    template.execute(new TransactionCallback<Void>() {
                        @Override
                        public Void doInTransaction(
                            TransactionStatus status) {
                            try {
                                userRepository.save(user);
                                emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(user);
                                return null;
                            } catch (Exception ex) {
                                status.setRollbackOnly();
                                throw ex;
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Q4: Spring的事件机制是怎样的?

java 复制代码
public class EventDemo {
    // 1. 事件定义
    public class EventDefinitionExample {
        public void eventDefDemo() {
            // 自定义事件
            public class UserCreatedEvent 
                extends ApplicationEvent {
                
                private final User user;
                
                public UserCreatedEvent(Object source, User user) {
                    super(source);
                    this.user = user;
                }
                
                public User getUser() {
                    return user;
                }
            }
            
            // 事件发布者
            @Service
            public class UserService {
                private final ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher;
                
                @Autowired
                public UserService(
                    ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher) {
                    this.eventPublisher = eventPublisher;
                }
                
                public void createUser(User user) {
                    userRepository.save(user);
                    eventPublisher.publishEvent(
                        new UserCreatedEvent(this, user));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 2. 事件监听
    public class EventListenerExample {
        public void eventListenerDemo() {
            @Component
            public class UserEventListener {
                @EventListener
                public void handleUserCreatedEvent(
                    UserCreatedEvent event) {
                    User user = event.getUser();
                    // 处理用户创建事件
                }
                
                @EventListener
                @Async
                public void handleAsyncEvent(AsyncEvent event) {
                    // 异步处理事件
                }
                
                @TransactionalEventListener(
                    phase = TransactionPhase.AFTER_COMMIT)
                public void handleTransactionalEvent(
                    TransactionalEvent event) {
                    // 事务提交后处理事件
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Q5: Spring的缓存机制是怎样的?

java 复制代码
public class CacheDemo {
    // 1. 缓存配置
    public class CacheConfigExample {
        public void cacheConfigDemo() {
            @Configuration
            @EnableCaching
            public class CacheConfig {
                @Bean
                public CacheManager cacheManager() {
                    SimpleCacheManager cacheManager = 
                        new SimpleCacheManager();
                    cacheManager.setCaches(Arrays.asList(
                        new ConcurrentMapCache("users"),
                        new ConcurrentMapCache("roles")));
                    return cacheManager;
                }
                
                @Bean
                public KeyGenerator keyGenerator() {
                    return new KeyGenerator() {
                        @Override
                        public Object generate(Object target, 
                            Method method, Object... params) {
                            return target.getClass().getSimpleName() + 
                                ":" + method.getName() + 
                                ":" + Arrays.toString(params);
                        }
                    };
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 2. 缓存使用
    public class CacheUsageExample {
        public void cacheUsageDemo() {
            @Service
            public class UserService {
                @Cacheable(
                    value = "users",
                    key = "#id",
                    condition = "#id != null",
                    unless = "#result == null")
                public User getUser(Long id) {
                    return userRepository.findById(id)
                        .orElse(null);
                }
                
                @CachePut(
                    value = "users",
                    key = "#user.id")
                public User updateUser(User user) {
                    return userRepository.save(user);
                }
                
                @CacheEvict(
                    value = "users",
                    key = "#id")
                public void deleteUser(Long id) {
                    userRepository.deleteById(id);
                }
                
                @CacheEvict(
                    value = "users",
                    allEntries = true)
                public void clearCache() {
                    // 清除所有缓存
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

面试关键点

  1. 理解Spring的核心特性
  2. 掌握Bean生命周期
  3. 熟悉事务管理机制
  4. 了解事件处理机制
  5. 掌握缓存实现原理
  6. 理解AOP的实现
  7. 注意性能优化
  8. 关注最佳实践
相关推荐
Asthenia04123 分钟前
Feign结构与请求链路详解及面试重点解析
后端
WuWuII3 分钟前
gateway
java·gateway
左灯右行的爱情6 分钟前
缓存并发更新的挑战
jvm·数据库·redis·后端·缓存
浩宇软件开发9 分钟前
Android开发,实现一个简约又好看的登录页
android·java·android studio·android开发
brzhang9 分钟前
告别『上线裸奔』!一文带你配齐生产级 Web 应用的 10 大核心组件
前端·后端·架构
shepherd11110 分钟前
Kafka生产环境实战经验深度总结,让你少走弯路
后端·面试·kafka
南客先生16 分钟前
多级缓存架构设计与实践经验
java·面试·多级缓存·缓存架构
anqi2719 分钟前
如何在 IntelliJ IDEA 中编写 Speak 程序
java·大数据·开发语言·spark·intellij-idea
袋鱼不重23 分钟前
Cursor 最简易上手体验:谷歌浏览器插件开发3s搞定!
前端·后端·cursor
m0_7401546725 分钟前
maven相关概念深入介绍
java·maven