MySQL-----表操作.数据库字典.表约束

是懒羊羊吖～2025-03-08 19:46

目录

6.表操作

1.创建表

2.修改字段

3.改表名

4.删表

5.复制表

7.数据库字典

8.表约束

1.约束

2.外键约束

3.修改约束

1.修改主键约束

2.修改非空约束

3.修改唯一约束

4.修改外键约束

6.表操作

1.创建表
1.创建表user 温馨提示: 为表明及字段名建议添加反引号 ``
mysql> create table user (
-> user_id int(10),
-> username varchar(255),
-> password varchar(255)
-> )
-> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

2.查看当前库的所有表
mysql> show tables; 
+--------------------------+
| Tables_in_table_lls_test |
+--------------------------+
| user 					   |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.查看表的创建语句
mysql> show create table user; 
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table
|
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user | CREATE TABLE `user` (
`user_id` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`username` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`password` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 | -- 5.引擎和字符集
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

4.展示表的详细信息
mysql> desc user; 
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| user_id  | int(10) 	  | YES  | 		| NULL	 |		 |
| username | varchar(255) | YES  |		| NULL   |	 	 |
| password | varchar(255) | YES  |	    | NULL   | 		 |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.修改字段
1.原表
mysql> desc user; 
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| user_id  | int(10) 	  | YES  | 		| NULL	 |		 |
| username | varchar(255) | YES  |		| NULL   |	 	 |
| password | varchar(255) | YES  |	    | NULL   | 		 |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.修改字段的类型
mysql> alter table user modify username varchar(20); 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table user modify password int(6); 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

3.添加字段
mysql> alter table user add name varchar(255);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table user add nickname varchar(255); 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

4.删除表字段
mysql> alter table user drop password;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

5.改变字段名及类型
mysql> alter table user change username username_vip varchar(255); 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

5.改表
mysql> desc user;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field 		| Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| user_id 		| int(10)	  | YES  | 	   | NULL	 | 		 |
| username_vip  | varchar(255)| YES  |	   | NULL	 |		 |
| name 			| varchar(255)| YES  | 	   | NULL	 | 		 |
| nickname 		| varchar(255)| YES  | 	   | NULL	 |		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.改表名
1.改前
mysql> show tables; 
+--------------------------+
| Tables_in_table_lls_test |
+--------------------------+
| user 					   |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2.修改表名
mysql> alter table user rename admin_user; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

3.改后
mysql> show tables;
+--------------------------+
| Tables_in_table_lls_test |
+--------------------------+
| admin_user 				|
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.修改表名的第二种方式
mysql> rename table admin_user to user;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
4.删表
判断后删除表
mysql> drop table if exists user;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
5.复制表
 1.复制原表(user)结构到新表(user_test)中----蠕虫复制:先复制表结构，后插入原表数据
mysql> create table user_test like user; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

2.查看表
mysql> show tables; 
+--------------------------+
| Tables_in_table_lls_test |
+--------------------------+
| user 						|
| user_test 				|
+--------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.查看复制的新表信息--结构
mysql> desc user_test; 
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| user_id  | int(10) 	  | YES  | 		| NULL 	| 		|
| username | varchar(255) | YES  | 		| NULL	 |		 |
| password | varchar(255) | YES  | 		| NULL	 | 		|
+----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.查询原表user--数据
mysql> select * from user; 
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
| 1 	  | lijian	 | 111 		|
+---------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5.查看新表--数据
mysql> select * from user_test; 
Empty set (0.00 sec)

6.插入原表数据到新表--数据
mysql> insert into user_test select * from user; 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

7.查看新表数据，已复制成功--数据
mysql> select * from user_test; 
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
| 1 	  | lijian	 | 111 		|
+---------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

8.复制表的第二种方式
mysql> create table user_test2 select * from user; 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> show tables;
+--------------------------+
| Tables_in_table_lls_test |
+--------------------------+
| user					   |
| user_test 				|
| user_test2 				|
+--------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from user_test2;
+---------+----------+----------+
| user_id | username | password |
+---------+----------+----------+
| 1 	  | lijian	 | 111	    |
+---------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

7.数据库字典

use information_schema
Database changed
mysql> show tables; -- 1.打开数据库系统表
tables－存放数据库里所有的数据表、以及每个表所在数据库。
schemata－存放数据库里所有的数据库信息
views－存放数据库里所有的视图信息。
columns－存放数据库里所有的列信息。
triggers－存放数据库里所有的触发器。
routines－存放数据库里所有存储过程和函数。
key_column_usage－存放数据库所有的主外键
table_constraints－存放数据库全部约束。
statistics－存放了数据表的索引。

8.表约束

1.约束

需要数据强制执行的数据校验规则，作用: 保证数据的完整性，可以保护数据

五大类约束:

  1. NOT NULL ----not null非空约束 数据字段不能为空

  2. UNIQUE----unique 唯一约束 数据唯一

  3. PRIMARY KEY ---primary key主键约束 "数据的序号" 更加高效查询

  4. FOREIGN KEY 外键约束 数据之间有关联关系

  5. CHECK 检查约束

    第一题：
学生表：Student (Sno, Sname, Ssex , Sage, Sdept)
学号，姓名，性别，年龄，所在系 Sno为主键
mysql> create table `student`(
    ->     `son` int(10) primary key,
    ->      `Sname` varchar(255) unique,
    ->      `Ssex` enum('男','女'),
    ->      `Sang` int(10) ,
    ->     `Sdept` varchar(255) default '计算机');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
| Field | Type              | Null | Key | Default   | Extra |
+-------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
| son   | int(10)           | NO   | PRI | NULL      |       |
| Sname | varchar(255)      | YES  | UNI | NULL      |       |
| Ssex  | enum('男','女')   | YES  |     | NULL      |       |
| Sang  | int(10)           | YES  |     | NULL      |       |
| Sdept | varchar(255)      | YES  |     | 计算机    |       |
+-------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
| Field | Type              | Null | Key | Default   | Extra |
+-------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
| son   | int(10)           | NO   | PRI | NULL      |       |
| Sname | varchar(255)      | YES  | UNI | NULL      |       |
| Ssex  | enum('男','女')   | YES  |     | NULL      |       |
| Sang  | smallint(6)       | YES  |     | NULL      |       |
| Sdept | varchar(255)      | YES  |     | 计算机    |       |
+-------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
1.用SQL语句创建学生表student，定义主键，姓名不能重名，性别只能输入男或女，所在系的默认值是 "计算机"。
2.修改student 表中年龄（age）字段属性，数据类型由int 改变为smallint。

课程表：Course (Cno, Cname,)
课程号，课程名 Cno为主键
mysql> create table `Coures`(
    -> `Con` int(10) primary key,
    -> `Cname` varchar(255));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

学生选课表：SC (Sno, Cno, Score)
学号，课程号，成绩 Sno,Cno为主键
mysql>  create table `SC`(
    ->  `son` int ,
    ->  `Con` int ,
    ->  `Score` int(10),
    ->   primary key (son,Con),
    ->   foreign key (son) references student(son),
    ->   foreign key (Con) references Coures(Con));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

    1.创键带有约束的表
    mysql> create table const_test(
    -> conts_test_id int(10) primary key, -- 主键约束
    -> name varchar(255) not null, -- 非空约束
    -> idcard varchar(255) unique, -- 唯一约束
    -> nickname varchar(255));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

    查看约束信息
    mysql> desc const_test;
    +---------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | conts_test_id | int(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
    | name | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
    | idcard | varchar(255) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
    | nickname | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
    +---------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    查看无约束表 对比
    mysql> desc user;
    +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | user_id | int(10) | YES | | NULL | |
    | username | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
    | password | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
    +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

    2.默认值的增加和主键的自增长策略(从1开始)
    mysql> create table const_test2 (
    -> const_test2_id int(10) primary key not null auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(255) not null default 'zhangsan',
    -> idcard varchar(255) not null unique,
    -> nickname varchar(255) default "lucy");
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

    mysql> desc const_test2 ;
    +----------------+--------------+------+-----+----------+----------------+
    | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +----------------+--------------+------+-----+----------+----------------+
    | const_test2_id | int(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | -- 自增长策略
    | name | varchar(255) | NO | | zhangsan | |
    | idcard | varchar(255) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
    | nickname | varchar(255) | YES | | lucy | |
    +----------------+--------------+------+-----+----------+----------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    3.增加数据测试
    mysql> insert into const_test2
    values(null,"zhangsan111","326176378123612783",null);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

    4.查看数据
    mysql> select * from const_test2;
    +----------------+-------------+--------------------+----------+
    | const_test2_id | name | idcard | nickname |
    +----------------+-------------+--------------------+----------+
    | 1 | zhangsan111 | 326176378123612783 | NULL |
    +----------------+-------------+--------------------+----------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    5.再次加入重复数据，测试唯一约束
    mysql> insert into const_test2
    values(null,"zhangsan111","326176378123612783",null);
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '326176378123612783' for key 'idcard'

2.外键约束

格式:

constraint 约束名 foreign key 外键约束字段 references 主表(主表外键关联字段)
constraint teacher_student_teacher_id_fk foreign key (teacher_id) references teacher(teacher_id)

外键约束----有外键约束后可以删除从表，不能删除主表，除非删除外键约束。

----1. 创建数据库
mysql> create database fk_table_lls; 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| fk_table_lls |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| table_lls_test |
| test |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use fk_table_lls
Database changed

 -- 2.创建主表教师表
mysql> create table teacher(
-> teacher_id int(10) primary key auto_increment,
-> teacher_name varchar(255));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

-- 3.添加测试数据
mysql> insert into teacher values(null,"lijian"); 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from teacher;
+------------+--------------+
| teacher_id | teacher_name |
+------------+--------------+
| 1 		 | lijian 		|
+------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 4.创建从表学生表，并建立外键约束
mysql> create table student( 
-> student_id int(10) primary key auto_increment,
-> student_name varchar(255),
-> teacher_id int(10),
-> constraint teacher_student_teacher_id_fk foreign key (teacher_id) references teacher(teacher_id));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

-- 5.查看外键约束信息
mysql> desc teacher;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field 	   | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| teacher_name | varchar(255) | YES  | 	   | NULL    | 					|
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+------ ---+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc student; 
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field 	   | Type		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra 		  |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| student_id   | int(10) 	  | NO 	 | PRI | NULL 	 | auto_increment |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES  | 	   | NULL	 | 					|
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  | MUL | NULL	 |				 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 6.插入测试数据
mysql> insert into student values(null,"jiangtuz",1); 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+------------+--------------+------------+
| student_id | student_name | teacher_id |
+------------+--------------+------------+
| 1 		 | jiangtuz 	| 1			 |
+------------+--------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from teacher;
+------------+--------------+
| teacher_id | teacher_name |
+------------+--------------+
| 1 		 | lijian 		|
+------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 7.删除从表数据---成功
mysql> delete from student where student_id = 1; 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(null,"jiangtuz",1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+------------+--------------+------------+
| student_id | student_name | teacher_id |
+------------+--------------+------------+
| 2          | jiangtuz 	| 1 		|
+------------+--------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 -- 8.删除主表数据失败，具备关联
mysql> delete from teacher where teacher_name = "lijian";
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key
constraint fails (`fk_table_lls`.`student`, CONSTRAINT
`teacher_student_teacher_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`teacher_id`) REFERENCES `teacher`(`teacher_id`))
3.修改约束
1.修改主键约束
-- 创建student2表结构与student基本一致，但是不加约束
mysql> create table student2( 
-> student_id int(10),
-> student_name varchar(255),
-> teacher_id int(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field		   | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  |	   | NULL 	 | 		 |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES  |	   | NULL	 | 		 |
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  | 	   | NULL	 |		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 -- 添加主键约束
mysql> alter table student2 add primary key (student_id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field 	   | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id   | int(10) 	  | NO 	 | PRI | NULL	 |		 |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 删除主键约束
mysql> alter table student2 drop primary key; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field 	   | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id   | int(10) 	  | NO 	 |	   | NULL	 |		 |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.修改非空约束
 -- 删除非空约束
mysql> alter table student2 modify student_name varchar(255) not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field 	   | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id   | int(10) 	  | NO 	 |	   | NULL	 |		 |
| student_name | varchar(255) | NO   | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 添加非空约束
mysql> alter table student2 modify student_name varchar(255) null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field 	   | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id   | int(10) 	  | NO 	 |	   | NULL	 |		 |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.修改唯一约束
-- 添加唯一约束
mysql> alter table student2 add unique (student_name); 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field 	   | Type 		  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id   | int(10) 	  | NO 	 |	   | NULL	 |		 |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES  | UNI | NULL 	 |		 |
| teacher_id   | int(10) 	  | YES  | 	   | NULL 	 |		 |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 删除唯一约束
mysql> alter table student2 drop index student_name; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id | int(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| teacher_id | int(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc teacher;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| teacher_id | int(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| teacher_name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.修改外键约束
-- 添加外键约束
mysql> alter table student2 add constraint student2_teacher_teacher_id_fk foreign key (teacher_id) references teacher(teacher_id); 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id | int(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| teacher_id | int(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 

-- 删除外键需要两步
-- 第一步：删除外键约束
mysql> alter table student2 drop foreign key student2_teacher_teacher_id_fk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ -- 索引还在
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id | int(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| teacher_id | int(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 第二步：删除外键索引
mysql> alter table student2 drop index student2_teacher_teacher_id_fk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> desc student2;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| student_id | int(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| student_name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| teacher_id | int(10) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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