nginx介绍和几种安装方法

介绍

Nginx（engine x），2002 年开发，分为社区版和商业版（nginx plus）

nginx是免费的、开源的、高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器、邮件代理服务器、以及 TCP/UDP 代理服务器。
官网地址：https://nginx.org/

功能介绍

1. 静态的web资源服务器 html、图片、js、css、txt 等静态资源
2. http/https协议的反向代理
3. 结合FastCGI/uWSGI/SCGI等协议反向代理动态资源请求
4. tcp/udp协议的请求转发（反向代理）
5. imap4/pop4协议的反向代理

架构和进程

架构

进程

nginx是多进程组织模式，而且是一个由 Master 主进程和 Worker 工作进程组成。

主进程（master process）的功能：

1. 对外接口：接收外部的操作（信号）
2. 对内转发：根据外部的操作的不同，通过信号管理 Worker
3. 监控：监控 worker 进程的运行状态，worker 进程异常终止后，自动重启 worker 进程
4. 读取nginx配置文件并验证其有效性和正确性
5. 建立、绑定和关闭socket连接
6. 按照配置生成、管理和结束工作进程
7. 接受外界指令，比如重启、升级及退出服务器等指令
8. 不中断服务，实现平滑升级，重启服务并应用新的配置
9. 开启日志文件，获取文件描述符
10. 不中断服务，实现平滑升级，升级失败进行回滚处理
11. 编译和处理perl脚本

工作进程（Worker Process）的功能：

1. 所有 worker 进程都是平等的
2. 实际处理：网络请求，由 worker 进程处理
3. worker 进程数量：一般设置为核心数，充分利用 CPU 资源，同时避免进程数量过多，导致进程竞争
4. CPU 资源，增加上下文切换的损耗
5. 接受处理客户的请求
6. 将请求依次送入各个功能模块进行处理
7. I/O调用，获取响应数据
8. 与后端服务器通信，接收后端服务的处理结果
9. 缓存数据，访问缓存索引，查询和调用缓存数据
10. 发送请求结果，响应客户的请求
11. 接收主程序指令，比如重启、升级和退出等

nginx****启动

模块介绍

nginx有多种模块：

核心模块：是Nginx服务器正常运行必不可少的模块，提供错误日志记录、配置文件解析、事件驱

动机制、进程管理等核心功能

标准HTTP模块：提供HTTP协议解析相关的功能，比如：端口配置、网页编码设置、HTTP响应头设置等

可行HTTP模块：主要用于扩展标准的HTTP功能，让Nginx能处理一些特殊的服务，比如：Flash多媒体传输、解析 GeoIP 请求、网络传输压缩、安全协议 SSL 支持等

邮件服务模块：主要用于支持Nginx的邮件服务，包括对 POP3 协议、IMAP 协议和 SMTP 协议的支持

Stream服务模块：实现反向代理功能，包括 TCP 协议代理

第三方模块：是为了扩展 Nginx 服务器应用，完成开发者自定义功能，比如：json 支持、Lua 支持等

Nginx 高度模块化，但其模块早期不支持 DSO 机制；1.9.11 版本支持动态装载和卸载。

安装

本地安装

1、配置本地仓库

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim bendi.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat bendi.repo
[BaseOS]
name=base
baseurl=/mnt/BaseOS
gpgcheck=0
[APPStream]
name=appstream
baseurl=/mnt/AppStream
gpgcheck=0

2、安装 nginx

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cd 
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install nginx

3、删除本地安装nginx

[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y remove nginx
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================
 Package    Arch        Version                   Repository            Size
=============================================================================
Removing:
 nginx      x86_64      2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx        @nginx-mainline      3.4 M

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================
Remove  1 Package

Freed space: 3.4 M
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                     1/1 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
  Erasing          : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
  Verifying        : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
Installed products updated.

Removed:
  nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                            

Complete!

官方安装

1、进入官网首页：www.nginx.org

2、单击 install 链接进入以下界面

3、单击 packages 链接

4、单击 RHEL and derivatives 链接

5、按照该页面提示配置仓库

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo 
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo 
[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true
[nginx-mainline]
name=nginx mainline repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
module_hotfixes=true

6、安装nginx

[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install nginx
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration
nginx stable repo                            6.7 kB/s | 3.0 kB     00:00    
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================
 Package     Architecture Version                   Repository          Size
=============================================================================
Installing:
 nginx       x86_64       2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx        nginx-stable       997 k

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 997 k
Installed size: 3.3 M
Downloading Packages:
nginx-1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64.rpm            120 kB/s | 997 kB     00:08    
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                        120 kB/s | 997 kB     00:08     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                     1/1 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
  Installing       : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Thanks for using nginx!

Please find the official documentation for nginx here:
* https://nginx.org/en/docs/

Please subscribe to nginx-announce mailing list to get
the most important news about nginx:
* https://nginx.org/en/support.html

Commercial subscriptions for nginx are available on:
* https://nginx.com/products/

----------------------------------------------------------------------

  Verifying        : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/1 
Installed products updated.

Installed:
  nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                            

Complete!

a.注意：默认安装的是 stable 版本，接下来是安装 mainline 版本，先删除之前安装的 stable 版本

[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y remove install
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration
No match for argument: install
No packages marked for removal.
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!

b.启用 mainline 版本

[root@localhost ~]# dnf config-manager --enable nginx-mainline
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration

c.安装 mainline 版本

[root@localhost ~]# dnf install nginx 
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity

This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.

Repository os is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository app is listed more than once in the configuration
nginx stable repo                            6.4 kB/s | 3.0 kB     00:00    
nginx mainline repo                          4.6 kB/s | 3.0 kB     00:00    
Package nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================
 Package    Arch        Version                    Repository           Size
=============================================================================
Upgrading:
 nginx      x86_64      2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx         nginx-mainline      1.0 M

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================
Upgrade  1 Package

Total download size: 1.0 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
nginx-1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64.rpm            304 kB/s | 1.0 MB     00:03    
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                        304 kB/s | 1.0 MB     00:03     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                     1/1 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/2 
  Upgrading        : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/2 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/2 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     2/2 
  Cleanup          : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     2/2 
  Running scriptlet: nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     2/2 
  Verifying        : nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     1/2 
  Verifying        : nginx-2:1.26.3-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                     2/2 
Installed products updated.

Upgraded:
  nginx-2:1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64                                            

Complete!

d.安装完成之后查看

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep nginx
nginx-1.27.4-1.el9.ngx.x86_64

源码安装

[root@localhost ~]# git clone https://github.com/nginx/nginx.git
Cloning into 'nginx'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 70209, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (135/135), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (86/86), done.


[root@localhost ~]# cd nginx/
[root@localhost nginx]# ll
total 40
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Oct 9 17:23 auto
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5215 Oct 9 17:23 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 168 Oct 9 17:23 conf
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 72 Oct 9 17:23 contrib
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4049 Oct 9 17:23 CONTRIBUTING.md
drwxr-xr-x. 8 root root 94 Oct 9 17:23 docs
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1319 Oct 9 17:23 LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 39 Oct 9 17:23 misc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 14220 Oct 9 17:23 README.md
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 787 Oct 9 17:23 SECURITY.md
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 91 Oct 9 17:23 src

#如果出现以下提示：
auto/configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE
library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option.

#安装：
[root@localhost nginx]# dnf install pcre-devel
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use
subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:26:49 ago on Wed 09 Oct 2024 05:11:09 PM
CST.
Dependencies resolved.
===========================================================================
=============================
Package Architecture Version
Repository Size
===========================================================================
=============================
Installing:
pcre-devel x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3
baseos2 511 k
Installing dependencies:
pcre-cpp x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3
baseos2 28 kpcre-utf16 x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3
baseos2 188 kpcre-utf32 x86_64 8.44-3.el9.3
baseos2 178 kTransaction Summary
===========================================================================
=============================
Install 4 Packages
Total size: 905 k
Installed size: 2.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing :
1/1
Installing : pcre-utf32-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
1/4
Installing : pcre-utf16-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
2/4
Installing : pcre-cpp-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
3/4
Installing : pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
4/4
Running scriptlet: pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
4/4
Verifying : pcre-cpp-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
1/4
Verifying : pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
2/4
Verifying : pcre-utf16-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
3/4
Verifying : pcre-utf32-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
4/4
Installed products updated.
Installed:
pcre-cpp-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 pcre-devel-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64 pcreutf16-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
pcre-utf32-8.44-3.el9.3.x86_64
Complete!


#如果出现以下提示：
auto/configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_gzip_module
option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib
library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-zlib=<path> option.

#安装：
[root@localhost nginx]# dnf install zlib-devel
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use
subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:29:09 ago on Wed 09 Oct 2024 05:11:09 PM
CST.
Dependencies resolved.
===========================================================================
=============================
Package Architecture Version
Repository Size
===========================================================================
=============================
Installing:
zlib-devel x86_64 1.2.11-40.el9
baseos2 47 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================
=============================
Install 1 Package
Total size: 47 k
Installed size: 138 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing :
1/1
Installing : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64
1/1
Running scriptlet: zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64
1/1
Verifying : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64
1/1
Installed products updated.
Installed:
zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64
Complete!


#出现以下提示，表示 configure 成功
creating objs/Makefile
Configuration summary
+ using system PCRE library
+ OpenSSL library is not used
+ using system zlib library
nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx"
nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
nginx modules path: "/usr/local/nginx/modules"
nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf"
nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log"
nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log"
nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"

#执行 make 指令

[root@localhost nginx]# make

#出现以下提示，表示 make 完成
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_zone_module.o \
objs/ngx_modules.o \
-lcrypt -lpcre -lz \
-Wl,-E
sed -e "s|%%PREFIX%%|/usr/local/nginx|" \
-e "s|%%PID_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid|" \
-e "s|%%CONF_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf|" \
-e "s|%%ERROR_LOG_PATH%%|/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log|" \
< docs/man/nginx.8 > objs/nginx.8
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/nginx'

开始安装：

[root@localhost nginx]# make install

出现以下提示，说明安装成功
test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' \
|| mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs'
test -d '/usr/local/nginx/html' \
|| cp -R docs/html '/usr/local/nginx'
test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' \
|| mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/nginx'

#启动服务
[root@localhost nginx]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

#查看服务
[root@localhost nginx]# netstat -lntup
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
1196/cupsd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
1207/sshd: /usr/sbi
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
42424/nginx: master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
1/systemd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
2241/sshd: root@pts
tcp6 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN
2241/sshd: root@pts
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN
1207/sshd: /usr/sbi
tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN
1196/cupsd
tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN
1/systemd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:*
986/avahi-daemon: r
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
1/systemd
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:*
1011/chronyd
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:41410 0.0.0.0:*
986/avahi-daemon: r
udp6 0 0 :::5353 :::*
986/avahi-daemon: r
udp6 0 0 :::111 :::*
1/systemd
udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::*
1011/chronyd
udp6 0 0 :::33739 :::*
986/avahi-daemon: r

[root@localhost nginx]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root 42401 1 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 gpg-agent --homedir
/var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-stable-9-x86_64.tmp/gpgdir --usestandard-socket --daemon
root 42403 42401 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 scdaemon --multi-server
--homedir /var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-stable-9-
x86_64.tmp/gpgdir
root 42415 1 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 gpg-agent --homedir
/var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-mainline-9-x86_64.tmp/gpgdir --
use-standard-socket --daemon
root 42417 42415 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 scdaemon --multi-server
--homedir /var/cache/PackageKit/9.3/metadata/nginx-mainline-9-
x86_64.tmp/gpgdir
root 42424 1 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nobody 42425 42424 0 17:47 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root 42429 2252 0 17:47 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

注意：源码安装适合对 Nginx 功能有定制需求的用户。通过源码编译，可以选择特定的版本和模块进行安装，但过程相对复杂，需要手动处理依赖关系。如果选择源码编译安装，需要确保系统中安装了必要的编译工具和依赖库，如 gcc、make、openssl、pcre、zlib等。