探索Solana SDK实战：Web3开发的双路径与轻量模块化
Web3的热潮席卷全球，Solana以其高吞吐量和低成本成为开发者构建去中心化应用的首选平台，而Solana SDK则是释放其潜力的核心工具。你是否知道，除了常见的开发方式，还有一种鲜为人知的轻量模块化路径，能让智能合约开发更高效？本文通过实战，带你探索Solana SDK的两种开发路径：稳健的单一依赖方式和依赖更轻、灵活性更高的模块化方式。从环境搭建到代码编写、测试再到本地部署，这篇干货教程将助你快速掌握Web3 Solana开发的精髓，开启区块链创新之旅！
本文以Rust语言为工具，通过实战方式深入探索Solana SDK在Web3智能合约开发中的两种路径：单一依赖方式（基于solana-program）和鲜为人知的轻量模块化方式（基于solana-account-info等精简模块）。轻量模块化方式以更少的依赖提升开发效率，却鲜为开发者所知。文章详细覆盖环境配置、项目初始化、代码实现、测试用例编写及本地Solana集群部署，通过清晰的代码示例和命令操作，帮助开发者快速上手Web3 Solana开发全流程，解锁区块链应用新可能。
实操
前提
bash
anchor --version
anchor-cli 0.31.1
rustc --version
rustc 1.89.0-nightly (d13a431a6 2025-06-09)
solana --version
solana-cli 2.1.22 (src:26944979; feat:1416569292, client:Agave)创建并切换到项目目录
bash
mcd sol-program # mkdir sol-program && cd sol-program初始化项目
bash
cargo init --lib安装依赖
bash
cargo add solana-program查看项目目录
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack)
➜ tree . -L 6 -I "coverage_report|lib|.vscode|out|lcov.info|target|node_modules"
.
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
└── src
└── lib.rs
2 directories, 3 files第一种方式 使用 solana_program 单一依赖方式
lib1.rs 文件
rust
#![allow(unexpected_cfgs)]
use solana_program::entrypoint;
use solana_program::{account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey};
entrypoint!(process_instruction);
pub fn process_instruction(
_program_id: &Pubkey,
_accounts: &[AccountInfo],
_instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
msg!("Hello, world!");
Ok(())
}Cargo1.toml 文件
ts
cargo-features = ["edition2024"]
[package]
name = "sol-program"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
[dependencies]
solana-program = "2.3.0"第二种方式 模块化依赖方式
lib2.rs 文件
rust
#![allow(unexpected_cfgs)]
use solana_account_info::AccountInfo;
use solana_msg::msg;
use solana_program_entrypoint::entrypoint;
use solana_program_error::ProgramResult;
use solana_pubkey::Pubkey;
entrypoint!(process_instruction);
pub fn process_instruction(
_program_id: &Pubkey,
_accounts: &[AccountInfo],
_instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
msg!("Hello, world!");
Ok(())
}Cargo2.toml 文件
bash
cargo-features = ["edition2024"]
[package]
name = "sol-program"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
[dependencies]
solana-account-info = "2.3.0"
solana-msg = "2.2.1"
solana-program-entrypoint = "2.3.0"
solana-program-error = "2.2.2"
solana-pubkey = "2.4.0"编译构建
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack) took 2.9s
➜ cargo build-sbf
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.04s查看程序ID
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack)
➜ solana address -k ./target/deploy/sol_program-keypair.json
GGBjDqYdicSE6Qmtu6SAsueX1biM5LjbJ8R8vZvFfofA第一种方式测试
安装相关依赖
bash
cargo add solana-sdk@2.2.2 --dev
cargo add solana-program-test@2.2.7 --dev
cargo add tokio --dev查看 Cargo.toml 文件
ts
cargo-features = ["edition2024"]
[package]
name = "sol-program"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
[dependencies]
# solana-account-info = "2.3.0"
# solana-msg = "2.2.1"
# solana-program-entrypoint = "2.3.0"
# solana-program-error = "2.2.2"
# solana-pubkey = "2.4.0"
solana-program = "2.2.1"
[dev-dependencies]
solana-program-test = "2.2.7"
solana-sdk = "2.2.2"
tokio = "1.45.1"编写测试 lib1.rs
rust
#![allow(unexpected_cfgs)]
use solana_program::entrypoint;
use solana_program::{account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey};
entrypoint!(process_instruction);
pub fn process_instruction(
_program_id: &Pubkey,
_accounts: &[AccountInfo],
_instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
msg!("Hello, world!");
Ok(())
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use solana_program_test::*;
use solana_sdk::{
instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey, signature::Signer, transaction::Transaction,
};
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_sol_program() {
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
let mut program_test = ProgramTest::default();
program_test.add_program("sol_program", program_id, None);
let (banks_client, payer, recent_blockhash) = program_test.start().await;
// Create instruction
let instruction = Instruction {
program_id,
accounts: vec![],
data: vec![],
};
// Create transaction with instruction
let mut transaction = Transaction::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&payer.pubkey()));
// Sign transaction
transaction.sign(&[&payer], recent_blockhash);
let transaction_result = banks_client.process_transaction(transaction).await;
assert!(transaction_result.is_ok());
}
}运行测试
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack)
➜ cargo test-sbf
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.28s
warning: the cargo feature `edition2024` has been stabilized in the 1.85 release and is no longer necessary to be listed in the manifest
See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-edition-field for more information about using this feature.
Compiling sol-program v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/sol-program)
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 2.50s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/sol_program-122e9aa47c8c7013)
running 1 test
[2025-06-11T14:33:48.804957000Z INFO solana_program_test] "sol_program" SBF program from /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/sol-program/target/deploy/sol_program.so, modified 7 seconds, 33 ms, 291 µs and 468 ns ago
[2025-06-11T14:33:48.924752000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM invoke [1]
[2025-06-11T14:33:48.925299000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-06-11T14:33:48.925316000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM consumed 137 of 200000 compute units
[2025-06-11T14:33:48.925329000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM success
test test::test_sol_program ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.23s
Doc-tests sol_program
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s测试成功！
第二种方式测试
lib2.rs 文件
rust
#![allow(unexpected_cfgs)]
use solana_account_info::AccountInfo;
use solana_msg::msg;
use solana_program_entrypoint::entrypoint;
use solana_program_error::ProgramResult;
use solana_pubkey::Pubkey;
entrypoint!(process_instruction);
pub fn process_instruction(
_program_id: &Pubkey,
_accounts: &[AccountInfo],
_instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
msg!("Hello, world!");
Ok(())
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
use solana_program_test::*;
use solana_sdk::{
instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey, signature::Signer, transaction::Transaction,
};
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_sol_program() {
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
let mut program_test = ProgramTest::default();
program_test.add_program("sol_program", program_id, None);
let (banks_client, payer, recent_blockhash) = program_test.start().await;
// Create instruction
let instruction = Instruction {
program_id,
accounts: vec![],
data: vec![],
};
// Create transaction with instruction
let mut transaction = Transaction::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&payer.pubkey()));
// Sign transaction
transaction.sign(&[&payer], recent_blockhash);
let transaction_result = banks_client.process_transaction(transaction).await;
assert!(transaction_result.is_ok());
}
}Cargo2.toml 文件
ts
cargo-features = ["edition2024"]
[package]
name = "sol-program"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"
[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
[dependencies]
solana-account-info = "2.2.1"
solana-msg = "2.2.1"
solana-program-entrypoint = "2.2.1"
solana-program-error = "2.2.2"
solana-pubkey = "2.2.1"
# solana-program = "2.2.1"
[dev-dependencies]
solana-program-test = "2.2.7"
solana-sdk = "2.2.2"
tokio = "1.45.1"执行测试
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack) took 14.4s
➜ cargo build-sbf
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.31s
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack)
➜ cargo test-sbf
Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.13s
warning: the cargo feature `edition2024` has been stabilized in the 1.85 release and is no longer necessary to be listed in the manifest
See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-edition-field for more information about using this feature.
Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.42s
Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/sol_program-13ec2ee4753dc858)
running 1 test
[2025-06-11T14:39:08.159327000Z INFO solana_program_test] "sol_program" SBF program from /Users/qiaopengjun/Code/Solana/solana-sandbox/sol-program/target/deploy/sol_program.so, modified 30 seconds, 215 ms, 820 µs and 195 ns ago
[2025-06-11T14:39:08.260645000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM invoke [1]
[2025-06-11T14:39:08.260985000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-06-11T14:39:08.261011000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM consumed 137 of 200000 compute units
[2025-06-11T14:39:08.261026000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 1111111QLbz7JHiBTspS962RLKV8GndWFwiEaqKM success
test test::test_sol_program ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.22s
Doc-tests sol_program
running 0 tests
test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s测试成功啦！
部署程序
配置 Solana CLI 以使用本地 Solana 集群
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack)
➜ solana config set -ul
Config File: /Users/qiaopengjun/.config/solana/cli/config.yml
RPC URL: http://localhost:8899
WebSocket URL: ws://localhost:8900/ (computed)
Keypair Path: /Users/qiaopengjun/.config/solana/id.json
Commitment: confirmed 启动本地节点
运行 solana-test-validators 命令以启动本地 validator。
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack)
➜ solana-test-validator -r
Ledger location: test-ledger
Log: test-ledger/validator.log
⠖ Initializing... Waiting for fees to stabilize 1...
Identity: GRmwToAoYuAVYgZfk31fyfB66NHXRX1Qg7ttQ6ay7L2L
Genesis Hash: B8RESDBPtkvs2TNx4J7eWJXFjJcEEBizC59BF49cjzzA
Version: 2.1.22
Shred Version: 721
Gossip Address: 127.0.0.1:1024
TPU Address: 127.0.0.1:1027
JSON RPC URL: http://127.0.0.1:8899
WebSocket PubSub URL: ws://127.0.0.1:8900
⠐ 00:02:27 | Processed Slot: 309 | Confirmed Slot: 309 | Finalized Slot: 278 | Full Snapshot Slot: 200 | Incremental Snapshot Slot: - | Transactions: 328 | ◎499.998515000 部署程序
将程序部署到本地 validator。
bash
solana-sandbox/sol-program on main [!?] is 📦 0.1.0 via 🦀 1.89.0 on 🐳 v28.2.2 (orbstack)
➜ solana program deploy ./target/deploy/sol_program.so
Program Id: GGBjDqYdicSE6Qmtu6SAsueX1biM5LjbJ8R8vZvFfofA
Signature: 4SVw5ERKsa2VkRfXxhBxzk7fobzWtHBQY9z6p84u5AVXfFjDacuPr19AUCorck3jiBxK1Qk1Pv5Bb18WiGsSTeWT总结
通过本次实战探索，你已全面掌握Solana SDK的两种Web3开发路径！单一依赖方式稳健可靠，轻量模块化方式则以高效灵活脱颖而出，尤其适合追求极致效率的开发者。从环境搭建到本地部署，每一步都为你铺就Web3开发的坚实道路。Solana的超高性能结合Rust的强大功能，未来可期。立即动手实践，用轻量模块化方式开发更复杂的智能合约，或结合Anchor框架探索零拷贝特性，打造属于你的Web3创新传奇！