长流程、复杂业务流程分布式事务管理实战

基于 Spring Boot + RocketMQ 实现一个完整的 Saga Orchestrator 模式案例，确保"创建订单 -> 添加积分 -> 创建物流单"这三个操作的最终一致性。

一、架构概览

我们将创建四个微服务：

Order Service (订单服务)：核心入口，创建订单并启动Saga流程。
Points Service (积分服务)：负责为用户增加积分。
Shipping Service (物流服务)：负责创建物流运单。
Saga Orchestrator (协调器服务) ：核心大脑，集中管理整个Saga流程的状态和顺序，触发正向操作和补偿操作。

交互流程如下图所示：

二、实现步骤

第1步：环境与依赖

1. 公共依赖 (pom.xml)

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<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.rocketmq</groupId>
        <artifactId>rocketmq-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        <version>2.3.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>mysql</groupId>
        <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
        <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        <optional>true</optional>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

2. 公共配置 (application.yml)

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rocketmq:
  name-server: localhost:9876
spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/saga_example?useSSL=false
    username: root
    password: password
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: update
    show-sql: true

第2步：定义公共事件与命令

创建公共模块或直接在各个服务中定义这些类。所有消息体必须可序列化（实现 Serializable）。

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// ==== 事件 (Events) - 表示某事已发生 ====
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class OrderCreatedEvent implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
    private Long userId;
}

@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class PointsAddedEvent implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
    private Long userId;
}

@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class ShippingCreatedEvent implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
    private String shippingNo;
}

@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class OrderCompletedEvent implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
}

// ==== 命令 (Commands) - 指示要执行的操作 ====
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class AddPointsCommand implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
    private Long userId;
}

@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class CreateShippingCommand implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
    private Long userId;
    private String address;
}

// ==== 补偿命令 (Compensation Commands) ====
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class CompensateOrderCommand implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
    private String reason;
}

@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class CompensatePointsCommand implements Serializable {
    private Long orderId;
}

第3步：实现订单服务 (Order Service)

1. Entity 和 Repository

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@Entity
@Data
public class Order {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    private Long userId;
    private BigDecimal amount;
    private String status; // "CREATING", "SUCCESS", "FAILED", "COMPENSATED"
    private String address;
}
public interface OrderRepository extends JpaRepository<Order, Long> {
}

2. Controller & Service (Saga流程起点)

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@RestController
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class OrderController {
    private final OrderService orderService;

    @PostMapping("/orders")
    public Order createOrder(@RequestBody OrderCreateRequest request) {
        return orderService.createOrder(request);
    }
}

@Service
@Transactional
@Slf4j
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class OrderService {
    private final OrderRepository orderRepository;
    private final RocketMQTemplate rocketMQTemplate;

    public Order createOrder(OrderCreateRequest request) {
        // 1. 本地事务：创建订单记录，状态为"CREATING"
        Order order = new Order();
        order.setUserId(request.getUserId());
        order.setAmount(request.getAmount());
        order.setAddress(request.getAddress());
        order.setStatus("CREATING");
        order = orderRepository.save(order);
        log.info("订单创建成功, orderId: {}", order.getId());

        // 2. 发送事件，启动Saga流程
        // 使用事务消息确保订单创建和事件发送的原子性
        OrderCreatedEvent event = new OrderCreatedEvent(order.getId(), order.getUserId());
        rocketMQTemplate.sendMessageInTransaction(
            "order-created-topic",
            MessageBuilder.withPayload(event).build(),
            null
        );
        return order;
    }

    // 3. 监听Saga完成事件，更新订单状态
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "order-completed-topic", consumerGroup = "order-complete-group")
    public void onOrderCompleted(OrderCompletedEvent event) {
        Order order = orderRepository.findById(event.getOrderId()).orElseThrow();
        order.setStatus("SUCCESS");
        orderRepository.save(order);
        log.info("订单流程完成，订单状态更新为SUCCESS. orderId: {}", event.getOrderId());
    }

    // 4. 监听补偿命令，取消订单
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "compensate-order-topic", consumerGroup = "order-compensate-group")
    public void onCompensateOrder(CompensateOrderCommand command) {
        Order order = orderRepository.findById(command.getOrderId()).orElseThrow();
        if (!"COMPENSATED".equals(order.getStatus())) { // 幂等性检查
            order.setStatus("FAILED"); // 或 "COMPENSATED"
            orderRepository.save(order);
            log.warn("收到补偿命令，订单已取消. orderId: {}, reason: {}", command.getOrderId(), command.getReason());
        }
    }
}

第4步：实现Saga协调器 (Saga Orchestrator)

这是整个流程的核心。

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@Service
@Slf4j
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class OrderSagaOrchestrator {

    private final RocketMQTemplate rocketMQTemplate;

    // ========== 正向流程 ==========
    // 1. 监听订单创建事件，发起Saga第一步
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "order-created-topic", consumerGroup = "saga-starter-group")
    public void onOrderCreated(OrderCreatedEvent event) {
        log.info("Saga开始: 收到订单创建事件, orderId: {}", event.getOrderId());
        // 发送命令：添加积分
        AddPointsCommand command = new AddPointsCommand(event.getOrderId(), event.getUserId());
        rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("add-points-command-topic", command);
    }

    // 2. 监听积分添加成功事件，发起Saga第二步
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "points-added-topic", consumerGroup = "saga-shipping-trigger-group")
    public void onPointsAdded(PointsAddedEvent event) {
        log.info("积分已加: 开始创建物流单, orderId: {}", event.getOrderId());
        // 发送命令：创建物流单 (这里需要更多信息，可以从DB查，或事件里带更多数据)
        CreateShippingCommand command = new CreateShippingCommand(event.getOrderId(), event.getUserId(), "上海仓库");
        rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("create-shipping-command-topic", command);
    }

    // 3. 监听物流单创建成功事件，完成Saga
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "shipping-created-topic", consumerGroup = "saga-completer-group")
    public void onShippingCreated(ShippingCreatedEvent event) {
        log.info("物流单已创建: Saga流程成功结束, orderId: {}", event.getOrderId());
        // 发送事件：订单完成
        OrderCompletedEvent completedEvent = new OrderCompletedEvent(event.getOrderId());
        rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("order-completed-topic", completedEvent);
    }

    // ========== 补偿流程 ==========
    // 4. 监听积分服务失败事件
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "points-failed-topic", consumerGroup = "saga-compensate-points-group")
    public void onPointsFailed(PointsFailedEvent event) {
        log.error("积分添加失败: 触发Saga补偿, orderId: {}", event.getOrderId());
        // 只需要补偿订单
        CompensateOrderCommand command = new CompensateOrderCommand(event.getOrderId(), "积分添加失败: " + event.getReason());
        rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("compensate-order-topic", command);
    }

    // 5. 监听物流服务失败事件
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "shipping-failed-topic", consumerGroup = "saga-compensate-shipping-group")
    public void onShippingFailed(ShippingFailedEvent event) {
        log.error("物流单创建失败: 触发Saga补偿, orderId: {}", event.getOrderId());
        // 需要先补偿积分，再补偿订单
        CompensatePointsCommand compPointsCmd = new CompensatePointsCommand(event.getOrderId());
        rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("compensate-points-topic", compPointsCmd);

        CompensateOrderCommand compOrderCmd = new CompensateOrderCommand(event.getOrderId(), "物流单创建失败: " + event.getReason());
        rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("compensate-order-topic", compOrderCmd);
    }
}

第5步：实现积分服务 (Points Service)

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@Service
@Slf4j
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class PointsService {

    private final PointsRepository pointsRepository;

    // 1. 监听添加积分命令
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "add-points-command-topic", consumerGroup = "points-service-group")
    public void addPoints(AddPointsCommand command) {
        try {
            // 幂等性检查：通过订单ID判断是否已处理
            if (pointsRepository.existsByOrderId(command.getOrderId())) {
                log.info("积分已添加过，跳过. orderId: {}", command.getOrderId());
                return;
            }

            // 本地事务：添加积分记录
            Points points = new Points();
            points.setUserId(command.getUserId());
            points.setOrderId(command.getOrderId());
            points.setPoints(100); // 固定100积分
            pointsRepository.save(points);
            log.info("积分添加成功. orderId: {}, userId: {}", command.getOrderId(), command.getUserId());

            // 2. 发布"积分添加成功"事件
            PointsAddedEvent event = new PointsAddedEvent(command.getOrderId(), command.getUserId());
            rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("points-added-topic", event);

        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("积分添加失败: orderId: {}", command.getOrderId(), e);
            // 3. 发布"积分添加失败"事件，触发补偿
            PointsFailedEvent event = new PointsFailedEvent(command.getOrderId(), e.getMessage());
            rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("points-failed-topic", event);
        }
    }

    // 4. 监听补偿命令（来自物流失败后的补偿）
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "compensate-points-topic", consumerGroup = "points-compensate-group")
    public void compensatePoints(CompensatePointsCommand command) {
        // 逆操作：扣除积分
        pointsRepository.findByOrderId(command.getOrderId()).ifPresent(points -> {
            pointsRepository.delete(points); // 或标记为已回滚
            log.info("积分补偿完成，已回滚. orderId: {}", command.getOrderId());
        });
    }
}

第6步：实现物流服务 (Shipping Service)

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@Service
@Slf4j
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class ShippingService {

    private final ShippingRepository shippingRepository;

    // 1. 监听创建物流单命令
    @RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "create-shipping-command-topic", consumerGroup = "shipping-service-group")
    public void createShipping(CreateShippingCommand command) {
        try {
            // 幂等性检查
            if (shippingRepository.existsByOrderId(command.getOrderId())) {
                log.info("物流单已创建过，跳过. orderId: {}", command.getOrderId());
                return;
            }

            // 本地事务：创建物流单
            Shipping shipping = new Shipping();
            shipping.setOrderId(command.getOrderId());
            shipping.setUserId(command.getUserId());
            shipping.setShippingNo("SH" + System.currentTimeMillis()); // 生成运单号
            shipping.setAddress(command.getAddress());
            shippingRepository.save(shipping);
            log.info("物流单创建成功. orderId: {}, shippingNo: {}", command.getOrderId(), shipping.getShippingNo());

            // 2. 发布"物流单创建成功"事件
            ShippingCreatedEvent event = new ShippingCreatedEvent(command.getOrderId(), shipping.getShippingNo());
            rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("shipping-created-topic", event);

        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("物流单创建失败: orderId: {}", command.getOrderId(), e);
            // 3. 发布"物流单创建失败"事件，触发补偿
            ShippingFailedEvent event = new ShippingFailedEvent(command.getOrderId(), e.getMessage());
            rocketMQTemplate.convertAndSend("shipping-failed-topic", event);
        }
    }
    // 注：物流创建失败本身是"无操作"，所以通常不需要补偿接口，由上游服务负责回滚。
}

三、关键保障措施

幂等性 (Idempotence) ：所有消费者都必须通过业务唯一ID（如orderId）检查是否已处理过，防止消息重复消费。
原子性 (Atomicity) ：订单服务使用RocketMQ事务消息确保"创建订单"与"启动Saga"的原子性。
补偿机制 (Compensation)：为每个正向操作设计对应的逆操作，并在协调器中串联调用，确保失败时能回溯。
可观测性 (Observability) ：在每个关键节点打印日志，方便追踪Saga流程和排查问题。可以引入全局事务ID（如sagaId）串联所有日志。

这个实现提供了一个健壮的、生产可用的分布式事务解决方案，能够很好地处理高并发场景下的最终一致性需求。