K8s平台部署Grafana + Loki + Promtail日志收集系统

Coco_淳2025-09-29 17:04

一、简 介

Loki是受Prometheus启发由Grafana Labs团队开源的水平可扩展，高度可用的多租户日志聚合系统。 开发语言: Google Go。它的设计具有很高的成本效益，并且易于操作。使用标签来作为索引，而不是对全文进行检索，也就是说，你通过这些标签既可以查询日志的内容也可以查询到监控的数据签，极大地降低了日志索引的存储。系统架构十分简单，由以下3个部分组成 ：

Promtail 是代理，负责收集日志并将其发送给 loki 。

Loki 是主 服务器 ，负责存储日志和处理查询 。

Grafana 用于 UI 展示。

只要在应用程序服务器上安装promtail来收集日志然后发送给Loki存储，就可以在Grafana UI界面通过添加Loki为数据源进行日志查询（如果Loki服务器性能不够，可以部署多个Loki进行存储及查询）。作为一个日志系统不光只有查询分析日志的能力，还能对日志进行监控和报警。

二、准备工作

日志存储使用了nfs服务，先搭建nfs server

搭建nfs-server

配置NFS服务器

执行以下命令安装 nfs 服务器所需的软件包

复制代码 
yum install -y rpcbind nfs-utils

执行命令 vim /etc/exports，创建 exports 文件，文件内容如下

复制代码 
/root/nfs_root/ *(insecure,rw,sync,no_root_squash)

执行以下命令，启动 nfs 服务

复制代码 
# 创建共享目录，如果要使用自己的目录，请替换本文档中所有的 /root/nfs_root/
mkdir /root/nfs_root

systemctl enable rpcbind
systemctl enable nfs-server

systemctl start rpcbind
systemctl start nfs-server
exportfs -r

检查配置是否生效

复制代码 
exportfs
# 输出结果如下所示
/root/nfs_root /root/nfs_root

在客户端测试nfs

执行以下命令安装 nfs 客户端所需的软件包

复制代码 
yum install -y nfs-utils

执行以下命令检查 nfs 服务器端是否有设置共享目录

复制代码 
# showmount -e $(nfs服务器的IP)
showmount -e 172.17.216.82
# 输出结果如下所示
Export list for 172.17.216.82:
/root/nfs_root *

执行以下命令挂载 nfs 服务器上的共享目录到本机路径 /root/nfsmount

复制代码 
mkdir /root/nfsmount
# mount -t nfs $(nfs服务器的IP):/root/nfs_root /root/nfsmount
mount -t nfs 172.17.216.82:/root/nfs_root /root/nfsmount
# 写入一个测试文件
echo "hello nfs server" > /root/nfsmount/test.txt

在 nfs 服务器上执行以下命令，验证文件写入成功

复制代码 
cat /root/nfs_root/test.txt

在Kuboard中创建 NFS 存储类

在kuborad中创建存储类，不使用的kuboard的可以忽略

创建nfs存储类

三、安装

安装过程中用到部署脚本来自于https://gitee.com/pingfanrenbiji/monitor.git

创建命名空间

bash 复制代码 
kubectl create ns logging

创建grafana-pvc

bash 复制代码 
kubectl apply -f grafana-pvc.yaml

grafana-pvc.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: grafana-pvc
  namespace: logging
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 100Gi
  storageClassName: grafana-storage

部署grafana

bash 复制代码 
kubectl apply -f grafana-deploy.yaml

grafana-deploy.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: grafana
  labels:
    app: grafana
  namespace: logging
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: grafana
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: grafana
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: grafana
        image: swr.cn-north-4.myhuaweicloud.com/ddn-k8s/docker.io/grafana/grafana:9.5.5
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        env:
        - name: GF_AUTH_BASIC_ENABLED
          value: "true"
        - name: GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ENABLED
          value: "false"
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: 100m
            memory: 200Mi
          limits:
            cpu: '1'
            memory: 2Gi
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /login
            port: 3000
        volumeMounts:
        - name: storage
          mountPath: /var/lib/grafana
      volumes:
      - name: storage
        persistentVolumeClaim:
          claimName: grafana-pvc       
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: grafana
  labels:
    app: grafana
  namespace: logging
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
  - port: 3000
    targetPort: 3000
    nodePort: 30030
  selector:
    app: grafana

部署loki

bash 复制代码 
kubectl apply -f .

loki-configmap.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: loki
  namespace: logging
  labels:
    app: loki
data:
  loki.yaml: |
    auth_enabled: false
    ingester:
      chunk_idle_period: 3m
      chunk_block_size: 262144
      chunk_retain_period: 1m
      max_transfer_retries: 0
      lifecycler:
        ring:
          kvstore:
            store: inmemory
          replication_factor: 1
    limits_config:
      enforce_metric_name: false
      reject_old_samples: true
      reject_old_samples_max_age: 168h
    schema_config:
      configs:
      - from: "2022-05-15"
        store: boltdb-shipper
        object_store: filesystem
        schema: v11
        index:
          prefix: index_
          period: 24h
    server:
      http_listen_port: 3100
    storage_config:
      boltdb_shipper:
        active_index_directory: /data/loki/boltdb-shipper-active
        cache_location: /data/loki/boltdb-shipper-cache
        cache_ttl: 24h         
        shared_store: filesystem
      filesystem:
        directory: /data/loki/chunks
    chunk_store_config:
      max_look_back_period: 0s
    table_manager:
      retention_deletes_enabled: true
      retention_period: 48h
    compactor:
      working_directory: /data/loki/boltdb-shipper-compactor
      shared_store: filesystem

loki-rbac.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: logging
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: loki
  namespace: logging
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  name: loki
  namespace: logging
rules:
- apiGroups: ["extensions"]
  resources: ["podsecuritypolicies"]
  verbs: ["use"]
  resourceNames: [loki]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: loki
  namespace: logging
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: loki
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: loki

loki-statefulset.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: loki
  namespace: logging
  labels:
    app: loki
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 3100
      protocol: TCP
      name: http-metrics
      targetPort: http-metrics
      nodePort: 30100
  selector:
    app: loki
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: loki
  namespace: logging
  labels:
    app: loki
spec:
  podManagementPolicy: OrderedReady
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: loki
  serviceName: loki
  updateStrategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: loki
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: loki
      initContainers:
      - name: chmod-data
        image: busybox:1.28.4
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        command: ["chmod","-R","777","/loki/data"]
        volumeMounts:
        - name: storage
          mountPath: /loki/data
      containers:
        - name: loki
          image: grafana/loki:2.3.0
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          args:
            - -config.file=/etc/loki/loki.yaml
          volumeMounts:
            - name: config
              mountPath: /etc/loki
            - name: storage
              mountPath: /data
          ports:
            - name: http-metrics
              containerPort: 3100
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet: 
              path: /ready
              port: http-metrics
              scheme: HTTP
            initialDelaySeconds: 45
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet: 
              path: /ready
              port: http-metrics
              scheme: HTTP
            initialDelaySeconds: 45
          securityContext:
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 4800
      volumes:
        - name: config
          configMap:
            name: loki
        - name: storage
          hostPath:
            path: /app/loki

部署promtail

bash 复制代码 
kubectl apply -f .

promtail-configmap.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: loki-promtail
  namespace: logging
  labels:
    app: promtail
data:
  promtail.yaml: |
    client:
      backoff_config:
        max_period: 5m 
        max_retries: 10
        min_period: 500ms
      batchsize: 1048576
      batchwait: 1s
      external_labels: {}
      timeout: 10s
    positions:
      filename: /run/promtail/positions.yaml
    server:
      http_listen_port: 3101
    target_config:
      sync_period: 10s
    scrape_configs:
    - job_name: kubernetes-pods-name
      pipeline_stages:
        - docker: {}
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_name
        target_label: __service__
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_node_name
        target_label: __host__
      - action: drop
        regex: ''
        source_labels:
        - __service__
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
      - action: replace
        replacement: $1
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        - __service__
        target_label: job
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        target_label: namespace
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
        target_label: pod
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: container
      - replacement: /var/log/pods/*$1/*.log
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_uid
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: __path__
    - job_name: kubernetes-pods-app
      pipeline_stages:
        - docker: {}
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
      relabel_configs:
      - action: drop
        regex: .+
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_name
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_app
        target_label: __service__
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_node_name
        target_label: __host__
      - action: drop
        regex: ''
        source_labels:
        - __service__
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
      - action: replace
        replacement: $1
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        - __service__
        target_label: job
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        target_label: namespace
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
        target_label: pod
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: container
      - replacement: /var/log/pods/*$1/*.log
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_uid
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: __path__
    - job_name: kubernetes-pods-direct-controllers
      pipeline_stages:
        - docker: {}
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
      relabel_configs:
      - action: drop
        regex: .+
        separator: ''
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_name
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_app
      - action: drop
        regex: '[0-9a-z-.]+-[0-9a-f]{8,10}'
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_controller_name
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_controller_name
        target_label: __service__
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_node_name
        target_label: __host__
      - action: drop
        regex: ''
        source_labels:
        - __service__
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
      - action: replace
        replacement: $1
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        - __service__
        target_label: job
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        target_label: namespace
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
        target_label: pod
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: container
      - replacement: /var/log/pods/*$1/*.log
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_uid
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: __path__
    - job_name: kubernetes-pods-indirect-controller
      pipeline_stages:
        - docker: {}
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
      relabel_configs:
      - action: drop
        regex: .+
        separator: ''
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_name
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_app
      - action: keep
        regex: '[0-9a-z-.]+-[0-9a-f]{8,10}'
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_controller_name
      - action: replace
        regex: '([0-9a-z-.]+)-[0-9a-f]{8,10}'
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_controller_name
        target_label: __service__
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_node_name
        target_label: __host__
      - action: drop
        regex: ''
        source_labels:
        - __service__
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
      - action: replace
        replacement: $1
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        - __service__
        target_label: job
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        target_label: namespace
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
        target_label: pod
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: container
      - replacement: /var/log/pods/*$1/*.log
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_uid
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: __path__
    - job_name: kubernetes-pods-static
      pipeline_stages:
        - docker: {}
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
      relabel_configs:
      - action: drop
        regex: ''
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_kubernetes_io_config_mirror
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_component
        target_label: __service__
      - source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_node_name
        target_label: __host__
      - action: drop
        regex: ''
        source_labels:
        - __service__
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
      - action: replace
        replacement: $1
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        - __service__
        target_label: job
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_namespace
        target_label: namespace
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_name
        target_label: pod
      - action: replace
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: container
      - replacement: /var/log/pods/*$1/*.log
        separator: /
        source_labels:
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_kubernetes_io_config_mirror
        - __meta_kubernetes_pod_container_name
        target_label: __path__

promtail-daemonset.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: loki-promtail
  namespace: logging
  labels:
    app: promtail
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: promtail
  updateStrategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxUnavailable: 1
    type: RollingUpdate
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: promtail
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: loki-promtail
      containers:
        - name: promtail
          image: grafana/promtail:2.3.0
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          args: 
          - -config.file=/etc/promtail/promtail.yaml
          - -client.url=http://10.102.104.59:3100/loki/api/v1/push
          env: 
          - name: HOSTNAME
            valueFrom: 
              fieldRef: 
                apiVersion: v1
                fieldPath: spec.nodeName
          volumeMounts:
          - mountPath: /etc/promtail
            name: config
          - mountPath: /run/promtail
            name: run
          - mountPath: /var/lib/docker/containers
            name: docker
            readOnly: true
          - mountPath: /var/log/pods
            name: pods
            readOnly: true
          ports:
          - containerPort: 3101
            name: http-metrics
            protocol: TCP
          securityContext:
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsGroup: 0
            runAsUser: 0
          readinessProbe:
            failureThreshold: 5
            httpGet:
              path: /ready
              port: http-metrics
              scheme: HTTP
            initialDelaySeconds: 10
            periodSeconds: 10
            successThreshold: 1
            timeoutSeconds: 1
      tolerations:
      - effect: NoSchedule
        key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
        operator: Exists
      volumes:
        - name: config
          configMap:
            name: loki-promtail
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/promtail
            type: ""
        - name: docker
          hostPath:
            path: /var/lib/docker/containers
        - name: pods
          hostPath:
            path: /var/log/pods

promtail-rbac.yaml

bash 复制代码 
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: loki-promtail
  labels:
    app: promtail
  namespace: logging 
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    app: promtail
  name: promtail-clusterrole
  namespace: logging
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["nodes","nodes/proxy","services","endpoints","pods"]
  verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"] 
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: promtail-clusterrolebinding
  labels:
    app: promtail
  namespace: logging
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: loki-promtail
    namespace: logging
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: promtail-clusterrole
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

修改Loki服务地址

四、配置Grafana

登录grafana

配送Loki数据源

配置dashboard

OK啦！！！

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