1系统分析与设计及 IT 项目管理

一、信息技术(Information Technology, IT)

1. 定义(Definitions)

The use of computer to store,create the electronic and information.用电脑做信息

牛津词典(Oxford Dictionary):The development, study, or use of electronic equipment, especially computers, for storing and analyzing information.(电子设备的开发、研究或使用,尤指用于存储和分析信息的计算机。)

维基百科(Wikipedia):The use of computers to create, process, store, and exchange all kinds of electronic data and information.(利用计算机创建、处理、存储和交换各类电子数据与信息。)

核心构成(Core Composition):Hardware, software and services used to manage, communicate and share information.(用于管理、沟通和共享信息的硬件、软件及服务。)

2.价值与作用(Value and Functions)

手机新闻、QQ、

客户端、问卷、决策

对个人(For Individuals):提升信息获取效率,优化沟通与生活方式。(Improve theefficiency of information acquisition and optimize communicationand lifestyle.)

对企业(For Enterprises):

  • Increaseproductivity(提高生产力)
  • Deliver qualityproducts and services(提供优质产品与服务)
  • Maintain customerloyalty(维护客户忠诚度)
  • Make sounddecisions(做出合理决策)
  • 对组织(For Organizations):Is vital for organisational success(对组织成功至关重要)

二、信息系统(Information System, IS)

1. 定义(Definition)

A set of interrelated componentsthat collects, processes, stores, and provides as output the information needed to complete business tasks.(一组相互关联的组件,用于收集、处理、存储并输出完成业务任务所需的信息。)

2. 五大核心要素(Five Core Elements)

|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| 要素(Element) | 英文描述 | 中文释义 |
| Hardware | Physical layer of the information system (e.g., computer hardware, network hardware) | 信息系统的物理层(如计算机硬件、网络硬件) |
| Software | A set of instructions that controls hardware, including system software and application software | 控制硬件的指令集,含系统软件与应用软件 |
| Data | Stored information or a collection of facts | 存储的信息或事实集合 |
| Processes | A series of steps to achieve a desired goal, describing business tasks and functions | 实现预期目标的一系列步骤,描述业务任务与功能 |
| People | Stakeholders including management groups, users and IT staff | 利益相关者,包括管理团队、用户与 IT 人员 |

3. 企业信息系统(Enterprise Information System)

企业计算(Enterprise Computing):Supports organisation-wide operations and data managementrequirements.(支持全组织范围的运营与数据管理需求。)

企业资源规划(ERP, Enterprise Resource Planning):Provides cost-effective support for users and managers throughout the company, covering inventory, production, accounting, human resources, etc.(为全公司用户与管理者提供高性价比支持,涵盖库存、生产、财务、人力资源等领域。)

三、系统分析与设计(Systems Analysis and Design)

1. 核心定义(Core Definitions)

|------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| 类别(Category) | 英文描述 | 中文释义 |
| Systems Analysis | Activities to understand and specifywhat the new system should accomplish (what the system must do to meet needs or solve problems)做什么 | 明确新系统应实现目标的活动(系统为满足需求或解决问题必须完成的任务) |
| Systems Design | Activities to detail how the information system will be implemented (how the system will actually work to provide solutions)怎么做 | 详细规划信息系统实现方式的活动(系统为提供解决方案实际运作的方式) |

2.核心作用(Core Functions)

理解问题--需求分析--制定计划--构建计划--确认计划--启动计划

  1. Understand business needs(理解业务需求)
  2. Capture the vision of the system(捕捉系统愿景)
  3. Define and communicate solutions(定义并传达解决方案)
  4. Guide the buildingof solutions(指导解决方案构建)
  5. Confirm solutions meet needs(确认解决方案满足需求)
  6. Launch the system application(启动系统应用)

四、系统开发生命周期(SDLC, System Development Life Cycle system development life cycle

1. 定义(Definition)

All activities required tobuild, launch, and maintain an information system, serving as a standard process for information system development.(构建、启动和维护信息系统所需的所有活动,是信息系统开发的标准流程。)

2.六大核心流程(Six Core Processes)

需求分析--计划项目--细节--组件设计-组件测试--完整测试

  1. Identify the problem or need and obtain approval(确定问题或需求并获得批准)
  2. Plan andmonitorthe project (define what, how and who)(计划并监控项目,明确内容、方式与人员)
  3. Discover and understand the detailsof the problem or need(发现并理解问题或需求的细节)
  4. Design the system componentsthat solve the problem(设计解决问题的系统组件)components
  5. Build, test, and integrate system components(构建、测试并集成系统组件)
  6. Complete systemtestsand then deploy the solution(完成系统测试并部署解决方案)

3. 关键开发方法(Key Development Methods)

|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| 方法(Method) | 英文描述 | 中文释义 |
| System Development Methodology 系统开发方法 | Practical methods for developing specific information systems (e.g., UP, XP, Scrum) | 开发特定信息系统的实用方法(如统一流程 UP、极限编程 XP、Scrum) |
| Agile Development敏捷开发 | Emphasizesflexibility in anticipating new requirements during development; responsive to change | 强调开发过程中应对新需求的灵活性,快速响应变化 |
| Iterative Development 迭代开发 | The system is "grown" piece by piece through multiple iterations (complete small parts, refine andadd more repeatedly until done) | 系统通过多次迭代 "逐步构建"(完成小部分功能,反复优化并添加内容,直至完成) |

五、系统分析师(Systems Analyst)

1. 定义(Definition)

A business professional who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems by using information technology.(利用分析与设计技术,通过信息技术解决业务问题的商业专业人员。)

2. 问题解决流程(Problem-Solving Process)

理解问题--平衡需求--给出方案--最好方案--方案细节--实施--监控--验证收益

  1. Understand the problem(理解问题)
  2. Define requirements for solving the problem(定义解决问题的需求)
  3. Develop possible solutions (alternatives)(制定可行解决方案)
  4. Decide and recommend the best solution(确定并推荐最优方案)
  5. Define details of the chosen solution(明确所选方案的细节)
  6. Implement the solution(实施解决方案)
  7. Monitor to ensure desired results(监控以确保达成预期结果)
  8. Verify that benefits outweigh costs(验证收益大于成本)

3. 必备知识与技能(Required Knowledge and Skills)

|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| 类别(Category) | 英文内容 | 中文内容 |
| Technical Knowledge & Skills | IT knowledge (computers, databases, networks, programming), project tools (modeling, planning, cost-benefit analysis) | IT 知识(计算机、数据库、网络、编程)、项目工具(建模、规划、成本收益分析) |
| Business Knowledge & Skills | Understanding of business functions, organizational structure, management methods and daily work | 理解业务功能、组织结构、管理方式与日常工作 |
| People Skills | Bridging different stakeholders, effective communication (speaking "different languages" for different roles) | 协调不同利益相关者,有效沟通(为不同角色 "说不同的话") |

4. 相关职业(Related Careers)

Programmer analyst, Business systems analyst, System liaison, End-user analyst, Business consultant, Systems consultant, Web developer, etc.(程序员分析师、业务系统分析师、系统联络人、终端用户分析师、业务顾问、系统顾问、网页开发师等。)

六、IT 项目管理(IT Project Management)

1. 核心概念(Core Concepts)

|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| 概念(Concept) | 英文描述 | 中文释义 |
| Project | A planned piece of work with a start and end , producing a definite result (temporary, unique purpose) | 有起点和终点、产生明确结果的计划性工作(临时性、独特目标) |
| IT Project | Involves usinghardware, software, and network s to create a product, service, or result (e.g., developing a smartphone app, upgrading computer labs) | 利用硬件、软件和网络创建产品、服务或成果(如开发手机应用、升级计算机实验室) |
| Project Management | Strive to meet the triple constraint (scope, time, cost) and meet stakeholders' needs and expectations | 努力满足三重约束(范围、时间、成本),并满足利益相关者的需求与期望 |

2. 项目属性与约束(Project Attributes and Constraints)

属性(Attributes):Uniquepurpose ,temporary , progressiveelaboration , requires resources , has a primarysponsor , involves uncertainty. (独特目标、临时性、渐进明细、需资源支持、有主要发起人、存在不确定性。)

sponsor->resources-(start)---elaboration---(end)-->purpose(uncertainty)

三重约束(Triple Constraint):

Scope: What work will be done as part of the project?(范围:项目需完成的工作内容?)

Time : How longshould it take to complete the project?(时间:项目需多长时间完成?)

Cost: What should it cost to complete the project?(成本:项目完成需多少成本?)

其他约束(Other Constraints):Quality, resources, risk.(质量、资源、风险。)

3. 项目成功标准(Project Success Criteria)

The project meets scope, time, and cost goals (项目满足范围、时间、成本目标)

在约束中(可用资源)完成

The project satisfies the customer/sponsor(项目让客户 / 发起人满意

The project meets its main objective (e.g., profit, cost savings, ROI)(项目达成主要目标,如盈利、成本节约、投资回报率)

4. 项目管理知识领域(Project Management Knowledge Areas)

Scope management, Schedule management, Cost management, Quality management, Resource management, Communications management, Risk management, Procurement management, Stakeholder management, Integration management.(范围管理、进度管理、成本管理、质量管理、资源管理、沟通管理、风险管理、采购管理、利益相关者管理、整合管理。)

5. 关键角色(Key Roles)

|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 角色(Role) | 英文描述 | 中文释义 |
| ProjectManager | Plans, schedules, coordinates, and works with people to achieve project goals; led 97% of successful projects | 规划、安排、协调并协同人员达成项目目标,97% 的成功项目由其领导 |
| ProgramManager | Oversees related projects (programs), acts as a boss for project managers, provides leadership and direction | 监管相关项目(项目集),作为项目经理的上级,提供领导与指导 |
| Stakeholders | People involved in or affected by project activities (sponsor, manager, team, customers, suppliers, opponents) | 参与或受项目活动影响的人员(发起人、经理、团队、客户、供应商、反对者) |

七、项目管理的重要性(Importance of Project Management)

IT 项目现状(Current Status of IT Projects):

1995 Standish Group study: Only 16.2% of IT projects met scope, time, and cost goals; over 31% were canceled before completion.(1995 年 Standish 集团研究:仅 16.2% 的 IT 项目满足范围、时间、成本目标,超 31% 在完成前被取消。)

PricewaterhouseCoopers study: Half of all projects fail; only 2.5% of corporations consistently meet scope, time, and cost goals.(普华永道研究:半数项目失败,仅 2.5% 的企业能持续满足所有项目的范围、时间、成本目标。)

项目管理的价值(Value of Project Management):Using project management techniques reduces failure risks and improves project success rates.(运用项目管理技术可降低失败风险,提高项目成功率。)

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