Java Swing 界面美化与 JPanel 优化完全指南：从复古到现代的视觉革命

Java Swing 界面美化与 JPanel 优化完全指南：从复古到现代的视觉革命

摘要：Java Swing 作为经典的桌面应用框架，功能强大但界面设计往往停留在上个时代。本文系统介绍如何使用 FlatLaf 等现代化工具美化 Swing 界面，并提供 JPanel 布局优化的完整解决方案，让你的桌面应用焕然一新。

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一、传统 Swing 界面的视觉困境

1.1 为什么需要界面美化？

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    传统 Swing 界面痛点                       │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  ❌ 外观陈旧：默认 Look & Feel 停留在 90 年代风格              │
│  ❌ 缺乏现代感：圆角、阴影、渐变等效果缺失                    │
│  ❌ HiDPI 支持差：高分辨率屏幕显示模糊                        │
│  ❌ 主题单一：深色模式支持不足                               │
│  ❌ 用户体验差：与现代应用视觉标准差距大                      │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

1.2 美化前后对比

维度	传统 Swing	美化后 Swing
视觉风格	Windows 95/98 风格	现代化扁平设计
主题支持	有限	浅色/深色/自定义
HiDPI 支持	差	完美支持
组件美观度	基础	圆角、阴影、动画
用户满意度	低	显著提升

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二、FlatLaf：现代化 Swing 美化首选方案

2.1 FlatLaf 核心特性

FlatLaf 是目前最流行的开源 Swing 外观库，具有以下优势：

✨ 核心特性
├── 🎨 扁平化设计：简洁、干净、优雅
├── 🌓 多主题支持：浅色、深色、IntelliJ、Darcula
├── 📱 HiDPI 支持：高分辨率屏幕自动缩放
├── 🔧 零配置使用：几行代码即可启用
├── 📦 跨平台兼容：Windows、macOS、Linux
└── 🎯 Java 8+ 兼容：支持所有现代 Java 版本

2.2 依赖集成

Maven 配置

<dependencies>
    <!-- FlatLaf 核心库 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.formdev</groupId>
        <artifactId>flatlaf</artifactId>
        <version>3.5.2</version>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- FlatLaf 扩展（可选，提供更多组件支持） -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.formdev</groupId>
        <artifactId>flatlaf-extras</artifactId>
        <version>3.5.2</version>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- FlatLaf SVG 图标支持（可选） -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.formdev</groupId>
        <artifactId>flatlaf-svg</artifactId>
        <version>3.5.2</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

Gradle 配置

dependencies {
    implementation 'com.formdev:flatlaf:3.5.2'
    implementation 'com.formdev:flatlaf-extras:3.5.2'
    implementation 'com.formdev:flatlaf-svg:3.5.2'
}

2.3 快速启用 FlatLaf

import com.formdev.flatlaf.FlatDarkLaf;
import com.formdev.flatlaf.FlatLightLaf;
import javax.swing.*;

public class ModernApp {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 方式一：启用深色主题
        FlatDarkLaf.setup();
        
        // 方式二：启用浅色主题
        // FlatLightLaf.setup();
        
        // 方式三：启用 IntelliJ 主题
        // com.formdev.flatlaf.intellijthemes.FlatAllIJThemes.INSTALL.install();
        
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
            JFrame frame = new JFrame("现代化 Swing 应用");
            frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
            frame.setSize(800, 600);
            frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
            frame.setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

2.4 主题切换功能

import com.formdev.flatlaf.FlatDarkLaf;
import com.formdev.flatlaf.FlatLightLaf;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class ThemeSwitcher {
    
    public static void setupThemeSwitching(JFrame frame) {
        JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
        JMenu viewMenu = new JMenu("视图");
        
        JMenuItem lightTheme = new JMenuItem("浅色主题");
        JMenuItem darkTheme = new JMenuItem("深色主题");
        JMenuItem systemTheme = new JMenuItem("跟随系统");
        
        lightTheme.addActionListener(e -> {
            FlatLightLaf.setup();
            SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(frame);
        });
        
        darkTheme.addActionListener(e -> {
            FlatDarkLaf.setup();
            SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(frame);
        });
        
        systemTheme.addActionListener(e -> {
            // 检测系统主题
            boolean isDark = isSystemDarkMode();
            if (isDark) {
                FlatDarkLaf.setup();
            } else {
                FlatLightLaf.setup();
            }
            SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(frame);
        });
        
        viewMenu.add(lightTheme);
        viewMenu.add(darkTheme);
        viewMenu.addSeparator();
        viewMenu.add(systemTheme);
        menuBar.add(viewMenu);
        frame.setJMenuBar(menuBar);
    }
    
    private static boolean isSystemDarkMode() {
        // 简化实现，实际可检测系统设置
        return false;
    }
}

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三、JPanel 布局优化完全指南

3.1 现代布局管理器选择

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class PanelLayoutOptimization {
    
    // 方式一：使用 MigLayout（推荐）
    public JPanel createMigLayoutPanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new MigLayout(
            "insets 10, gap 10, fill",  // 布局约束
            "[grow]",                    // 列约束
            "[][grow][]"                 // 行约束
        ));
        
        panel.add(new JLabel("用户名:"), "wrap");
        panel.add(new JTextField(20), "grow, wrap");
        panel.add(new JLabel("密码:"), "wrap");
        panel.add(new JPasswordField(20), "grow, wrap");
        panel.add(new JButton("登录"), "span, center");
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    // 方式二：使用 GridBagLayout（灵活）
    public JPanel createGridBagPanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
        GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        
        gbc.insets = new Insets(10, 10, 10, 10);
        gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        
        // 第一行
        gbc.gridx = 0;
        gbc.gridy = 0;
        panel.add(new JLabel("姓名:"), gbc);
        
        gbc.gridx = 1;
        gbc.weightx = 1.0;
        panel.add(new JTextField(20), gbc);
        
        // 第二行
        gbc.gridx = 0;
        gbc.gridy = 1;
        gbc.weightx = 0;
        panel.add(new JLabel("邮箱:"), gbc);
        
        gbc.gridx = 1;
        gbc.weightx = 1.0;
        panel.add(new JTextField(20), gbc);
        
        // 按钮行
        gbc.gridx = 0;
        gbc.gridy = 2;
        gbc.gridwidth = 2;
        gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.CENTER;
        JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER, 10, 0));
        buttonPanel.add(new JButton("保存"));
        buttonPanel.add(new JButton("取消"));
        panel.add(buttonPanel, gbc);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    // 方式三：使用 BorderLayout + 嵌套面板
    public JPanel createBorderLayoutPanel() {
        JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
        mainPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(20, 20, 20, 20));
        
        // 顶部
        JPanel headerPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
        headerPanel.add(new JLabel("用户管理", new ImageIcon("icon.png"), SwingConstants.LEFT));
        headerPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
            BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(0, 0, 1, 0, Color.GRAY),
            BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(10, 0, 10, 0)
        ));
        mainPanel.add(headerPanel, BorderLayout.NORTH);
        
        // 中央
        JPanel contentPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(0, 2, 10, 10));
        contentPanel.add(createFormPanel());
        mainPanel.add(contentPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        
        // 底部
        JPanel footerPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT));
        footerPanel.add(new JButton("确定"));
        footerPanel.add(new JButton("取消"));
        mainPanel.add(footerPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
        
        return mainPanel;
    }
    
    private JPanel createFormPanel() {
        JPanel form = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
        GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        gbc.insets = new Insets(5, 5, 5, 5);
        gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        
        String[] labels = {"用户名", "密码", "确认密码", "邮箱", "电话"};
        for (int i = 0; i < labels.length; i++) {
            gbc.gridx = 0;
            gbc.gridy = i;
            form.add(new JLabel(labels[i] + ":"), gbc);
            
            gbc.gridx = 1;
            gbc.weightx = 1.0;
            form.add(new JTextField(15), gbc);
        }
        
        return form;
    }
}

3.2 JPanel 样式美化技巧

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class StyledPanel {
    
    // 圆角面板
    public JPanel createRoundedPanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel();
        panel.setBackground(new Color(245, 245, 245));
        panel.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
            new LineBorder(new Color(200, 200, 200), 1),
            new EmptyBorder(15, 15, 15, 15)
        ));
        
        // 使用 UI 管理器设置圆角（FlatLaf 支持）
        UIManager.put("Panel.arc", 10);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    // 带阴影效果的面板
    public JPanel createShadowPanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel();
        panel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        panel.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
            new LineBorder(new Color(220, 220, 220), 1),
            new EmptyBorder(20, 20, 20, 20)
        ));
        
        // FlatLaf 自动提供阴影效果
        UIManager.put("Panel.shadow", true);
        UIManager.put("Panel.shadowColor", new Color(0, 0, 0, 50));
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    // 卡片式面板
    public JPanel createCardPanel(String title, JComponent content) {
        JPanel card = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
        card.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        card.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
            new LineBorder(new Color(230, 230, 230), 1),
            new EmptyBorder(15, 15, 15, 15)
        ));
        
        // 标题栏
        JPanel header = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT, 0, 0));
        header.setOpaque(false);
        JLabel titleLabel = new JLabel(title);
        titleLabel.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.BOLD, 14));
        header.add(titleLabel);
        card.add(header, BorderLayout.NORTH);
        
        // 内容区
        card.add(content, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        
        return card;
    }
    
    // 渐变背景面板
    public JPanel createGradientPanel() {
        return new JPanel() {
            @Override
            protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
                super.paintComponent(g);
                Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g.create();
                g2d.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, 
                                     RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
                
                // 创建渐变
                GradientPaint gradient = new GradientPaint(
                    0, 0, new Color(66, 133, 244),
                    0, getHeight(), new Color(52, 168, 83)
                );
                g2d.setPaint(gradient);
                g2d.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
                g2d.dispose();
            }
        };
    }
}

3.3 响应式面板设计

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.ComponentAdapter;
import java.awt.event.ComponentEvent;

public class ResponsivePanel extends JPanel {
    
    private final JPanel contentPanel;
    
    public ResponsivePanel() {
        super(new BorderLayout());
        contentPanel = new JPanel();
        
        // 监听窗口大小变化
        addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) {
                adjustLayout();
            }
        });
        
        add(contentPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    }
    
    private void adjustLayout() {
        int width = getWidth();
        
        if (width < 600) {
            // 小屏幕：垂直布局
            contentPanel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(contentPanel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
        } else if (width < 1000) {
            // 中等屏幕：两列布局
            contentPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(0, 2, 10, 10));
        } else {
            // 大屏幕：三列布局
            contentPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(0, 3, 10, 10));
        }
        
        revalidate();
        repaint();
    }
}

---

四、自定义组件样式

4.1 现代化按钮样式

import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class ModernButton {
    
    // 主操作按钮
    public static JButton createPrimaryButton(String text) {
        JButton button = new JButton(text);
        button.setBackground(new Color(66, 133, 244));
        button.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
        button.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.BOLD, 14));
        button.setFocusPainted(false);
        button.setBorderPainted(false);
        button.setOpaque(true);
        button.setCursor(new Cursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
        
        // 悬停效果
        button.addMouseListener(new java.awt.event.MouseAdapter() {
            public void mouseEntered(java.awt.event.MouseEvent e) {
                button.setBackground(new Color(52, 103, 172));
            }
            public void mouseExited(java.awt.event.MouseEvent e) {
                button.setBackground(new Color(66, 133, 244));
            }
        });
        
        return button;
    }
    
    // 次要按钮
    public static JButton createSecondaryButton(String text) {
        JButton button = new JButton(text);
        button.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        button.setForeground(new Color(66, 133, 244));
        button.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 14));
        button.setFocusPainted(false);
        button.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new Color(66, 133, 244), 1));
        button.setOpaque(true);
        button.setCursor(new Cursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
        
        return button;
    }
    
    // 危险按钮
    public static JButton createDangerButton(String text) {
        JButton button = new JButton(text);
        button.setBackground(new Color(220, 53, 69));
        button.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
        button.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.BOLD, 14));
        button.setFocusPainted(false);
        button.setBorderPainted(false);
        button.setOpaque(true);
        
        return button;
    }
}

4.2 现代化输入框

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class ModernTextField {
    
    public static JTextField createStyledTextField() {
        JTextField field = new JTextField();
        field.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 14));
        field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
            new LineBorder(new Color(200, 200, 200), 1),
            new EmptyBorder(8, 10, 8, 10)
        ));
        field.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        
        // 焦点效果
        field.addFocusListener(new java.awt.event.FocusAdapter() {
            public void focusGained(java.awt.event.FocusEvent e) {
                field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
                    new LineBorder(new Color(66, 133, 244), 2),
                    new EmptyBorder(8, 10, 8, 10)
                ));
            }
            public void focusLost(java.awt.event.FocusEvent e) {
                field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
                    new LineBorder(new Color(200, 200, 200), 1),
                    new EmptyBorder(8, 10, 8, 10)
                ));
            }
        });
        
        return field;
    }
    
    public static JPasswordField createStyledPasswordField() {
        JPasswordField field = new JPasswordField();
        field.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 14));
        field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
            new LineBorder(new Color(200, 200, 200), 1),
            new EmptyBorder(8, 10, 8, 10)
        ));
        
        return field;
    }
}

4.3 表格样式优化

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class ModernTable {
    
    public static JTable createStyledTable(String[] columns, Object[][] data) {
        JTable table = new JTable(data, columns);
        
        // 表头样式
        JTableHeader header = table.getTableHeader();
        header.setBackground(new Color(245, 245, 245));
        header.setForeground(Color.BLACK);
        header.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.BOLD, 13));
        header.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
            BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new Color(220, 220, 220)),
            BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(8, 10, 8, 10)
        ));
        
        // 表格样式
        table.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 13));
        table.setRowHeight(40);
        table.setSelectionBackground(new Color(230, 240, 255));
        table.setSelectionForeground(Color.BLACK);
        table.setGridColor(new Color(240, 240, 240));
        table.setShowVerticalLines(true);
        table.setShowHorizontalLines(true);
        
        // 交替行颜色
        table.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class, new DefaultTableCellRenderer() {
            @Override
            public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(JTable table, Object value,
                    boolean isSelected, boolean hasFocus, int row, int column) {
                Component c = super.getTableCellRendererComponent(
                    table, value, isSelected, hasFocus, row, column);
                
                if (!isSelected) {
                    if (row % 2 == 0) {
                        c.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
                    } else {
                        c.setBackground(new Color(250, 250, 250));
                    }
                }
                
                setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(5, 10, 5, 10));
                return c;
            }
        });
        
        return table;
    }
}

---

五、完整示例：现代化登录界面

import com.formdev.flatlaf.FlatDarkLaf;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class ModernLoginFrame extends JFrame {
    
    public ModernLoginFrame() {
        setTitle("用户登录 - 现代化界面");
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        setSize(450, 550);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        setResizable(false);
        
        initComponents();
    }
    
    private void initComponents() {
        // 主面板
        JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        mainPanel.setBackground(new Color(245, 245, 245));
        
        // 头部
        JPanel headerPanel = new JPanel();
        headerPanel.setBackground(new Color(66, 133, 244));
        headerPanel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(0, 120));
        headerPanel.setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
        
        JLabel titleLabel = new JLabel("欢迎登录");
        titleLabel.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.BOLD, 24));
        titleLabel.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
        headerPanel.add(titleLabel);
        
        // 表单面板
        JPanel formPanel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
        formPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        formPanel.setBorder(new EmptyBorder(30, 40, 30, 40));
        
        GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 20, 0);
        gbc.gridx = 0;
        gbc.weightx = 1.0;
        
        // 用户名
        gbc.gridy = 0;
        JLabel userLabel = new JLabel("用户名");
        userLabel.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 13));
        userLabel.setForeground(new Color(100, 100, 100));
        formPanel.add(userLabel, gbc);
        
        gbc.gridy = 1;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 25, 0);
        JTextField userField = createStyledTextField();
        userField.setPlaceholder("请输入用户名");
        formPanel.add(userField, gbc);
        
        // 密码
        gbc.gridy = 2;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 20, 0);
        JLabel passLabel = new JLabel("密码");
        passLabel.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 13));
        passLabel.setForeground(new Color(100, 100, 100));
        formPanel.add(passLabel, gbc);
        
        gbc.gridy = 3;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 30, 0);
        JPasswordField passField = createStyledPasswordField();
        passField.setPlaceholder("请输入密码");
        formPanel.add(passField, gbc);
        
        // 记住我 & 忘记密码
        gbc.gridy = 4;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 30, 0);
        JPanel optionsPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        optionsPanel.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        
        JCheckBox rememberBox = new JCheckBox("记住我");
        rememberBox.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 12));
        rememberBox.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        
        JButton forgotButton = new JButton("忘记密码？");
        forgotButton.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 12));
        forgotButton.setForeground(new Color(66, 133, 244));
        forgotButton.setBorderPainted(false);
        forgotBox.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
        forgotButton.setCursor(new Cursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
        
        optionsPanel.add(rememberBox, BorderLayout.WEST);
        optionsPanel.add(forgotButton, BorderLayout.EAST);
        formPanel.add(optionsPanel, gbc);
        
        // 登录按钮
        gbc.gridy = 5;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(0, 0, 0, 0);
        JButton loginButton = new JButton("登 录");
        loginButton.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.BOLD, 15));
        loginButton.setBackground(new Color(66, 133, 244));
        loginButton.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
        loginButton.setBorderPainted(false);
        loginButton.setFocusPainted(false);
        loginButton.setOpaque(true);
        loginButton.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(0, 45));
        loginButton.setCursor(new Cursor(Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
        formPanel.add(loginButton, gbc);
        
        // 组装
        mainPanel.add(headerPanel, BorderLayout.NORTH);
        mainPanel.add(formPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        
        add(mainPanel);
    }
    
    private JTextField createStyledTextField() {
        JTextField field = new JTextField();
        field.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 14));
        field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
            new LineBorder(new Color(220, 220, 220), 1),
            new EmptyBorder(12, 15, 12, 15)
        ));
        field.setBackground(new Color(250, 250, 250));
        
        field.addFocusListener(new java.awt.event.FocusAdapter() {
            public void focusGained(java.awt.event.FocusEvent e) {
                field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
                    new LineBorder(new Color(66, 133, 244), 2),
                    new EmptyBorder(12, 15, 12, 15)
                ));
            }
            public void focusLost(java.awt.event.FocusEvent e) {
                field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
                    new LineBorder(new Color(220, 220, 220), 1),
                    new EmptyBorder(12, 15, 12, 15)
                ));
            }
        });
        
        return field;
    }
    
    private JPasswordField createStyledPasswordField() {
        JPasswordField field = new JPasswordField();
        field.setFont(new Font("Microsoft YaHei", Font.PLAIN, 14));
        field.setBorder(new CompoundBorder(
            new LineBorder(new Color(220, 220, 220), 1),
            new EmptyBorder(12, 15, 12, 15)
        ));
        field.setBackground(new Color(250, 250, 250));
        
        return field;
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 启用 FlatLaf 深色主题
        FlatDarkLaf.setup();
        
        // 自定义 UI 属性
        UIManager.put("Button.arc", 8);
        UIManager.put("Component.arc", 8);
        UIManager.put("TextComponent.arc", 8);
        
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
            new ModernLoginFrame().setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

---

六、性能优化与最佳实践

6.1 性能优化要点

public class PerformanceTips {
    
    // 1. 避免在 paintComponent 中创建对象
    public class OptimizedPanel extends JPanel {
        private final GradientPaint gradient;  // 缓存渐变对象
        
        public OptimizedPanel() {
            this.gradient = new GradientPaint(
                0, 0, new Color(66, 133, 244),
                0, 100, new Color(52, 168, 83)
            );
        }
        
        @Override
        protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
            super.paintComponent(g);
            Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g.create();
            g2d.setPaint(gradient);  // 使用缓存对象
            g2d.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
            g2d.dispose();
        }
    }
    
    // 2. 使用双缓冲减少闪烁
    public class DoubleBufferedPanel extends JPanel {
        public DoubleBufferedPanel() {
            setDoubleBuffered(true);  // 启用双缓冲
        }
    }
    
    // 3. 懒加载大型组件
    public class LazyLoadPanel extends JPanel {
        private JPanel contentPanel;
        
        public JPanel getContentPanel() {
            if (contentPanel == null) {
                contentPanel = createContentPanel();
            }
            return contentPanel;
        }
    }
}

6.2 最佳实践清单

类别	建议	优先级
布局	优先使用 MigLayout 或 GridBagLayout	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
主题	使用 FlatLaf 替代默认 Look & Feel	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
字体	使用微软雅黑等现代字体	⭐⭐⭐⭐
颜色	遵循 Material Design 色彩规范	⭐⭐⭐⭐
间距	统一使用 8px 倍数间距	⭐⭐⭐⭐
图标	使用 SVG 矢量图标	⭐⭐⭐⭐
响应式	支持窗口大小自适应	⭐⭐⭐
深色模式	提供主题切换功能	⭐⭐⭐⭐

---

七、常用美化库对比

库名称	特点	适用场景	GitHub Stars
FlatLaf	扁平化、多主题、HiDPI	通用首选	3,500+
Substance	高度可定制、动画效果	高端应用	1,200+
FlatLaf Extras	FlatLaf 扩展组件	需要额外组件	集成 FlatLaf
Material UI Swing	Material Design 风格	移动风格应用	800+
Darklaf	深色主题优化	开发者工具	600+

---

八、总结

核心要点回顾

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    Swing 界面美化路线图                      │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  1️⃣ 集成 FlatLaf 库（5 分钟）                                 │
│  2️⃣ 选择合适的布局管理器（MigLayout 推荐）                    │
│  3️⃣ 统一组件样式规范（颜色、字体、间距）                      │
│  4️⃣ 添加主题切换功能（浅色/深色）                            │
│  5️⃣ 优化响应式布局（适配不同屏幕）                           │
│  6️⃣ 性能调优（双缓冲、懒加载）                               │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘