前言
Java的Lock机制是Java并发编程(JDK 1.5+)中用于控制多个线程访问共享资源的核心工具。它位于java.util.concurrent.locks包下,提供了比传统的synchronized关键字更灵活、更强大的锁定操作。
本文主要介绍以 ReentrantLock 和 ReentrantReadWriteLock 为代表的lock机制,文章内容包含一下几个:Java Lock 类继承关系、Lock 使用代码示例、Lock 原理。
类结构
Java的lock机制源头可以从Lock接口说起,这是lock机制的抽象类,规定了锁的相关协议,它定义了锁的获取和释放方法。相比于synchronized(隐式获取/释放锁),Lock需要显式地获取和释放锁。
Lock接口核心方法:
java
public interface Lock {
// 1. 基本锁操作
void lock();
void unlock();
// 2. 可中断锁
void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException;
// 3. 尝试获取锁
boolean tryLock();
boolean tryLock(long time, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
// 4. 条件变量
Condition newCondition();
}
Java同步机制里面涉及的接口层主要有下面三个核心接口:
- Lock 接口 - 所有锁的顶级接口,定义了 lock()、unlock() 等基本方法
- ReadWriteLock 接口 - 读写锁接口,定义了读锁和写锁的获取方法
- Condition 接口 - 条件变量接口,用于线程间的等待/通知机制
对上面几个接口类常用的主要有几个实现类:
- ReentrantLock:实现了 Lock 接口内部包含 Sync 同步器
- ReentrantReadWriteLock:实现了 ReadWriteLock 接口 内部包含 Sync、ReadLock、WriteLock几个内部类
- ConditionObject:实现了 Condition 接口,是 AQS 的内部类
简化版继承结构类图UML:
详细版继承结构类图UML:
使用方式
ReentrantLock 使用示例
java
package concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
public class ReentrantLockDemo {
private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private int counter = 0;
// 1. 基本 lock() 和 unlock()
public void basicLock() {
lock.lock();
try {
counter++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" [basicLock] 计数器: " + counter);
Thread.sleep(100); // 模拟工作
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/** 持锁一段时间,用于配合 lockInterruptibly 演示 */
public void holdLock(long millis) {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 持有锁 " + millis + "ms");
Thread.sleep(millis);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 释放锁");
}
}
// 2. tryLock(timeout) - 超时尝试获取锁
public void tryLockWithTimeout() {
try {
if (lock.tryLock(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" [tryLockTimeout] 在500ms内获取成功");
Thread.sleep(200); // 模拟工作
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
} else {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" [tryLockTimeout] 获取超时");
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
" [tryLockTimeout] 被中断");
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}
// 3. lockInterruptibly() - 可中断锁(在等待锁的过程中可被 interrupt 并抛出 InterruptedException)
public void lockInterruptiblyExample() throws InterruptedException {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 尝试 lockInterruptibly(),若锁被占用将阻塞等待...");
lock.lockInterruptibly(); // 阻塞等待期间若被 interrupt,会抛出 InterruptedException
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 获取锁成功,执行业务");
Thread.sleep(500);
} finally {
if (lock.isHeldByCurrentThread()) {
lock.unlock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 释放锁");
}
}
}
// 运行 ReentrantLock 所有示例
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.out.println("\n========== ReentrantLock 示例开始 ==========");
ReentrantLockDemo reentrantDemo = new ReentrantLockDemo();
// 1. 基本 lock() 示例
System.out.println("\n1. 基本 lock() 示例:");
Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> reentrantDemo.basicLock(), "Thread-1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> reentrantDemo.basicLock(), "Thread-2");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t1.join();
t2.join();
// 2. tryLock(timeout) 示例
System.out.println("\n2. tryLock(timeout) 示例:");
Thread t5 = new Thread(() -> reentrantDemo.tryLockWithTimeout(), "Thread-5");
Thread t6 = new Thread(() -> reentrantDemo.tryLockWithTimeout(), "Thread-6");
t5.start();
t6.start();
t5.join();
t6.join();
// 3. lockInterruptibly() 示例:先让一个线程持锁,另一个线程在 lockInterruptibly() 上阻塞,再中断阻塞线程
System.out.println("\n3. lockInterruptibly() 示例(在等待锁时被中断):");
Thread holder = new Thread(() -> reentrantDemo.holdLock(5000), "Holder");
Thread interruptible = new Thread(() -> {
try {
reentrantDemo.lockInterruptiblyExample();
System.out.println("Interruptible-Thread 正常结束");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Interruptible-Thread 在等待锁时被中断,抛出 InterruptedException");
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}, "Interruptible-Thread");
holder.start();
Thread.sleep(100); // 确保 Holder 先拿到锁
interruptible.start();
Thread.sleep(800); // 此时 Interruptible 正在 lockInterruptibly() 上阻塞
interruptible.interrupt(); // 中断正在等待锁的线程
interruptible.join();
holder.join();
System.out.println("\n========== ReentrantLock 示例结束 ==========");
}
}
代码运行结果:
text
========== ReentrantLock 示例开始 ==========
1. 基本 lock() 示例:
Thread-1 [basicLock] 计数器: 1
Thread-2 [basicLock] 计数器: 2
2. tryLock(timeout) 示例:
Thread-5 [tryLockTimeout] 在500ms内获取成功
Thread-6 [tryLockTimeout] 在500ms内获取成功
3. lockInterruptibly() 示例(在等待锁时被中断):
Holder 持有锁 5000ms
Interruptible-Thread 尝试 lockInterruptibly(),若锁被占用将阻塞等待...
Interruptible-Thread 在等待锁时被中断,抛出 InterruptedException
Holder 释放锁
========== ReentrantLock 示例结束 ==========
ReentrantLock 使用示例
java
package concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
/**
* ReentrantReadWriteLock 使用示例:
* - 读锁(readLock):共享,多线程可同时持有,与写锁互斥
* - 写锁(writeLock):独占,同一时刻仅一个线程可持有,与读锁、写锁均互斥
*/
public class ReentrantReadWriteLockDemo {
private final ReentrantReadWriteLock rwLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readLock = rwLock.readLock();
private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writeLock = rwLock.writeLock();
private String data = "initial";
// 1. 读锁:多个线程可同时读
public void readWithReadLock() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 尝试获取读锁");
readLock.lock(); // 若写锁被占用,会在此阻塞
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 获取到读锁(写锁已释放后才会执行到这里)");
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " [读锁] 读取: " + data);
Thread.sleep(200);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
} finally {
readLock.unlock();
}
}
// 2. 写锁:独占,同一时刻只有一个线程可写
public void writeWithWriteLock(String newData) {
writeLock.lock();
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " [写锁] 写入: " + newData);
data = newData;
Thread.sleep(300);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
} finally {
writeLock.unlock();
}
}
// 3. 持写锁一段时间,用于演示读/写互斥
public void holdWriteLock(long millis) {
writeLock.lock();
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 持有写锁 " + millis + "ms(此时读锁会阻塞)");
Thread.sleep(millis);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
} finally {
// 先打印再 unlock,保证控制台顺序能体现:先释放写锁,后读者才拿到读锁
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 释放写锁");
writeLock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
ReentrantReadWriteLockDemo demo = new ReentrantReadWriteLockDemo();
System.out.println("========== 1. 读锁共享:多个线程同时读 ==========");
Thread r1 = new Thread(() -> demo.readWithReadLock(), "Reader-1");
Thread r2 = new Thread(() -> demo.readWithReadLock(), "Reader-2");
Thread r3 = new Thread(() -> demo.readWithReadLock(), "Reader-3");
r1.start();
r2.start();
r3.start();
r1.join();
r2.join();
r3.join();
System.out.println("\n========== 2. 写锁独占:同一时刻只有一个写 ==========");
Thread w1 = new Thread(() -> demo.writeWithWriteLock("A"), "Writer-1");
Thread w2 = new Thread(() -> demo.writeWithWriteLock("B"), "Writer-2");
w1.start();
w2.start();
w1.join();
w2.join();
System.out.println("\n========== 3. 读与写互斥:写锁持有时,读锁阻塞 ==========");
Thread holder = new Thread(() -> demo.holdWriteLock(2000), "Writer-Holder");
Thread reader = new Thread(() -> demo.readWithReadLock(), "Reader-Blocked");
holder.start();
Thread.sleep(100);
reader.start();
holder.join();
reader.join();
System.out.println("\n========== ReentrantReadWriteLock 示例结束 ==========");
}
}
代码运行结果:
text
========== 1. 读锁共享:多个线程同时读 ==========
Reader-1 尝试获取读锁
Reader-2 尝试获取读锁
Reader-3 尝试获取读锁
Reader-1 获取到读锁(写锁已释放后才会执行到这里)
Reader-2 获取到读锁(写锁已释放后才会执行到这里)
Reader-3 获取到读锁(写锁已释放后才会执行到这里)
Reader-1 [读锁] 读取: initial
Reader-3 [读锁] 读取: initial
Reader-2 [读锁] 读取: initial
========== 2. 写锁独占:同一时刻只有一个写 ==========
Writer-1 [写锁] 写入: A
Writer-2 [写锁] 写入: B
========== 3. 读与写互斥:写锁持有时,读锁阻塞 ==========
Writer-Holder 持有写锁 2000ms(此时读锁会阻塞)
Reader-Blocked 尝试获取读锁
Writer-Holder 释放写锁
Reader-Blocked 获取到读锁(写锁已释放后才会执行到这里)
Reader-Blocked [读锁] 读取: B
========== ReentrantReadWriteLock 示例结束 ==========
Lock 原理
Java lock机制使用AQS来管理锁的状态,进而管理同步锁的获取和释放。
使用AQS管理锁状态
AQS (AbstractQueuedSynchronizer) 是一个抽象接口,核心代码如下:
java
// AQS 简化实现原理
public abstract class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
// 核心字段1: 同步状态(32位int)
private volatile int state;
// 核心字段2: CLH队列(双向链表)
private transient volatile Node head; // 队列头
private transient volatile Node tail; // 队列尾
// 队列节点
static final class Node {
volatile Node prev; // 前驱节点
volatile Node next; // 后继节点
volatile Thread thread; // 等待的线程
volatile int waitStatus; // 等待状态
Node nextWaiter; // 条件队列使用
}
// 核心方法:CAS操作
protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
}
}
ReentrantLock 使用 AQS 的 state 字段表示锁状态,类内部存在一个Sync内部类:
java
// ReentrantLock 使用 AQS 的 state 字段表示锁状态
public class ReentrantLock {
abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
// state 含义:
// 0: 无锁状态
// 1: 有线程持有锁(非重入)
// N: 同一个线程重入了 N-1 次
}
}
基于lock获取同步锁时,会经历以下流程:
这里内部类Sync实现主要有公平锁和非公平锁两种实现,本文不展开深入,可看下篇文章。另外,这里涉及到的CLH 队列是一种自旋锁的等待队列实现,全称为 Craig, Landin, and Hagersten queue,是 AQS(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer)中实现线程排队等待的核心数据结构。
读写锁获取的实现
读写锁这里用到了state字段做了些状态设计:
java
static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
// 使用 state 的高16位表示读锁数量,低16位表示写锁重入次数
// state = (读锁数量 << 16) | 写锁重入次数
static final int SHARED_SHIFT = 16;
static final int SHARED_UNIT = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT); // 读锁单位: 65536
static final int MAX_COUNT = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1; // 最大计数: 65535
static final int EXCLUSIVE_MASK = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1; // 写锁掩码: 0xFFFF
// 获取读锁数量
static int sharedCount(int c) { return c >>> SHARED_SHIFT; }
// 获取写锁重入次数
static int exclusiveCount(int c) { return c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK; }
}
写锁获取的核心方法如下:
java
// WriteLock 的 tryAcquire 方法
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
int w = exclusiveCount(c); // 获取写锁数量
if (c != 0) { // 有锁被持有
// 情况1: 有读锁 (w == 0 但 c != 0)
// 情况2: 有写锁但不是当前线程持有 (w != 0 && 持有者 != current)
if (w == 0 || current != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
return false; // 获取失败
// 情况3: 当前线程持有写锁(重入)
if (w + exclusiveCount(acquires) > MAX_COUNT)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(c + acquires);
return true;
}
// c == 0 无锁状态
if (writerShouldBlock() || // 公平性检查
!compareAndSetState(c, c + acquires))
return false;
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
读锁获取核心方法如下:
java
// ReadLock 的 tryAcquireShared 方法
protected final int tryAcquireShared(int unused) {
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
// 如果有写锁,并且不是当前线程持有的
if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0 &&
getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
return -1; // 获取失败
int r = sharedCount(c); // 当前读锁数量
// 检查是否应该阻塞(公平性检查)
if (!readerShouldBlock() &&
r < MAX_COUNT &&
compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
// 第一个读锁
if (r == 0) {
firstReader = current;
firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
}
// 当前线程是第一个读锁持有者
else if (firstReader == current) {
firstReaderHoldCount++;
}
// 其他线程持有读锁
else {
HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId())
cachedHoldCounter = rh = readHolds.get();
else if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.set(rh);
rh.count++;
}
return 1; // 获取成功
}
// CAS失败或应该阻塞,进入完整获取流程
return fullTryAcquireShared(current);
}