系统间复制文档
一、windows与Linux
1. 使用 ftp 相关工具
提示：前提条件是Linux服务器开启了sshd 服务。
2. 使用 lrzsz
提示：前提条件是Linux服务器安装了lrzsz工具。
适合传送小文件，因为速度慢。
-
sz file，传输文件到windows中。
-
rz file，上传到Linux中，直接拖拽方式更方便。
二、Linux与Linux
全量传输：每次传输都是完整的传输，不支持比对传输。
bash
# 系统主机名存储位置
[root@server1 ~ 11:33:49]# cat /etc/hostname
server1.jiang.cloud
# 将文件传输到server2的/root目录
# server2要能够解析成ip
[root@server1 ~ 14:52:08]# scp /etc/hostname server2:/root
root@server2's password:
hostname 100% 20 20.7KB/s 00:00
[root@server1 ~ 14:52:35]# ssh server2 cat /root/hostname
root@server2's password:
server1.jiang.cloud
# 如果之前配置过秘钥登录，则不需要输入密码就可以同步
# 复制目录，需要-r选项
[root@server1 ~ 14:52:56]# scp -r /etc/yum server2:/tmp
root@server2's password:
contentdir 100% 7 3.6KB/s 00:00
infra 100% 6 2.5KB/s 00:00
fastestmirror.conf 100% 279 394.1KB/s 00:00
langpacks.conf 100% 385 47.8KB/s 00:00
systemd.conf 100% 8 4.9KB/s 00:00
version-groups.conf 100% 444 235.6KB/s 00:00
# 也可以拉取文件
[root@server1 ~ 14:53:23]# scp server2:/etc/hostname /tmp
root@server2's password:
hostname 100% 20 15.8KB/s 00:00
[root@server1 ~ 14:53:56]# cat /tmp/hostname
server2.jiang.cloud
[root@server1 ~ 14:54:04]# 1. rsync
全量和增量同步：每次传输的时候，比对目标位置是否有相同的文件。如果有相同的文件，不传输。
推荐创建免密登录！！！！！！！！！！
bash
# 准备文件
[root@server1 ~ 15:00:51]# mkdir Picturs
[root@server1 ~ 15:11:10]# touch Picturs/snap-{1..6}.jpg
#同步目录
[root@server1 ~ 15:11:31]# rsync -av Picturs server2:/root
root@server2's password:
sending incremental file list
Picturs/
Picturs/snap-1.jpg
Picturs/snap-2.jpg
Picturs/snap-3.jpg
Picturs/snap-4.jpg
Picturs/snap-5.jpg
Picturs/snap-6.jpg
# 选项 -a 归档模式
# 选项 -v 显示详细过程
sent 407 bytes received 134 bytes 360.67 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
# 第二次同步：没有变化，所以不用同步
[root@server1 ~ 15:11:58]# rsync -av Picturs server2:/root
sending incremental file list
sent 166 bytes received 17 bytes 122.00 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
# 更新文件时间戳
[root@server1 ~ 15:12:44]# touch Picturs/snap-3.jpg
# 只同步变化的文件
[root@server1 ~ 15:12:59]# rsync -av Picturs server2:/root
sending incremental file list
Picturs/snap-3.jpg
sent 217 bytes received 36 bytes 101.20 bytes/sec
total size is 0 speedup is 0.00
# 同步内容发生变化的文件
[root@server1 ~ 15:13:25]# echo hello world >> Picturs/snap-6.jpg
[root@server1 ~ 15:13:48]# rsync -av Picturs server2:/root
sending incremental file list
Picturs/snap-6.jpg
sent 236 bytes received 36 bytes 181.33 bytes/sec
total size is 12 speedup is 0.04
# rsync也支持拉取文件。
[root@server1 ~ 15:14:07]# rsync -av server2:/root/Picturs /tmp
root@server2's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
root@server2's password:
receiving incremental file list
Picturs/
Picturs/snap-1.jpg
Picturs/snap-2.jpg
Picturs/snap-3.jpg
Picturs/snap-4.jpg
Picturs/snap-5.jpg
Picturs/snap-6.jpg
sent 142 bytes received 434 bytes 76.80 bytes/sec
total size is 12 speedup is 0.02
[root@server1 ~ 15:14:43]# 三、周期性计划作业
定个闹钟：每天 7:00 起床。
计算机也要定时要完成自己的事情：
-
每天巡检系统资源使用情况。
-
每小时检查一次异常日志。
-
每天夜里 0:00 备份数据。
crond 服务，提供定制任务功能，定期触发执行相应命令。
实践：每分钟同步一次上一章节创建的Pictures目录到server2.
步骤1：确保crond服务启动
bash
[root@server1 ~ 15:14:43]# systemctl is-active crond
active步骤2：设置定时任务
bash
# 查看当前定时任务
[root@server1 ~ 15:45:55]# crontab -l
no crontab for root
# 设置vim作为默认编辑器
[root@server1 ~ 15:46:07]# export EDITOR=vim
# 编辑定时任务
[root@server1 ~ 15:46:30]# crontab -e
# 弹出vim编辑文件
* * * * * rsync -av Pictures server2:/root
# 提前配置好密钥登陆
[root@server1 ~ 16:05:15]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
/root/.ssh/id_rsa already exists.
Overwrite (y/n)?
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@server1 ~ 16:06:17]# ssh-copy-id root@server2
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are promptto install the new keys
root@server2's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
root@server2's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@server2'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
# 验证密钥登陆
[root@server1 ~ 16:06:46]# ssh server2 hostname
server2.jiang.cloud
# 查看默认编辑文件
[root@server1 ~ 15:48:56]# crontab -l
* * * * * rsync -av Pictures server2:/root
# 创建一个文件
[root@server1 ~ 16:07:09]# touch Pictures/snap-7.jpg
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
# 验证-l： 查看执行日志
[root@server1 ~ 16:07:18]# tail -f /var/log/cron
Apr 7 16:01:01 server1 CROND[2133]: (root) CMD (rsync -av Pictures server2:/roo
Apr 7 16:01:01 server1 CROND[2134]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Apr 7 16:01:01 server1 run-parts(/etc/cron.hourly)[2134]: starting 0anacron
Apr 7 16:01:01 server1 run-parts(/etc/cron.hourly)[2144]: finished 0anacron
Apr 7 16:02:01 server1 CROND[2150]: (root) CMD (rsync -av Pictures server2:/roo
Apr 7 16:03:02 server1 CROND[2162]: (root) CMD (rsync -av Pictures server2:/roo
Apr 7 16:04:01 server1 CROND[2168]: (root) CMD (rsync -av Pictures server2:/roo
Apr 7 16:05:01 server1 CROND[2176]: (root) CMD (rsync -av Pictures server2
# 验证-2：目标服务器查看
[root@server1 ~ 16:07:39]# ssh server2 ls Pictures/snap-7.jpg
Pictures/snap-7.jpg
# 默认位置
[root@server1 ~ 16:07:42]# cat /etc/crontab
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
# For details see man 4 crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,f
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed步骤三： 下载mailx
bash
[root@server1 ~ 15:59:00]# yum install -y mailx
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mailx.x86_64 0:12.5-19.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository
================================================================================
Installing:
mailx x86_64 12.5-19.el7 base
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 245 k
Installed size: 466 k
Downloading packages:
mailx-12.5-19.el7.x86_64.rpm | 245 kB
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : mailx-12.5-19.el7.x86_64
Verifying : mailx-12.5-19.el7.x86_64
Installed:
mailx.x86_64 0:12.5-19.el7
Complete!
# 查找邮件
[root@server1 ~ 16:02:09]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 14 messages 14 new
>N 1 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:49 29/1132 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 2 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:50 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 3 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:51 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 4 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:52 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 5 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:53 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 6 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:54 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 7 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:55 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 8 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:56 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 9 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:57 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 10 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:58 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 11 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 15:59 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 12 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 16:00 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 13 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 16:01 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
N 14 (Cron Daemon) Tue Apr 7 16:02 29/1133 "Cron <root@server1> rsyn
& 31
Message 31:
Message 31:
From root@server1.jiang.cloud Tue Apr 7 16:19:01 2026
Return-Path: <root@server1.jiang.cloud>
X-Original-To: root
Delivered-To: root@server1.jiang.cloud
From: "(Cron Daemon)" <root@server1.jiang.cloud>
To: root@server1.jiang.cloud
Subject: Cron <root@server1> rsync -av Pictures server2:/root
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Auto-Submitted: auto-generated
Precedence: bulk
X-Cron-Env: <XDG_SESSION_ID=40>
X-Cron-Env: <XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/0>
X-Cron-Env: <LANG=en_US.UTF-8>
X-Cron-Env: <SHELL=/bin/sh>
X-Cron-Env: <HOME=/root>
X-Cron-Env: <PATH=/usr/bin:/bin>
X-Cron-Env: <LOGNAME=root>
X-Cron-Env: <USER=root>
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 2026 16:19:01 +0800 (CST)
Status: R
sending incremental file list
sent 203 bytes received 17 bytes 440.00 bytes/sec
total size is 12 speedup is 0.05
& q
Held 31 messages in /var/spool/mail/root
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root其他示例：
-
每年2月2日上午9点执行年度备份脚本：
0 9 2 2 * /usr/local/bin/yearly_backup
-
7月每周五9:00-16:00，每5分钟发送包含「Chime」的邮件给任务所有者：
bash
*/5 9-16 * Jul 5 echo "Chime"- 每个工作日（周一至周五）23:58执行每日报告脚本：
bash
58 23 * * 1-5 /usr/local/bin/daily_report- 每个工作日9:00发送邮件给老板（% 表示换行，后续内容为邮件正文）：
bash
0 9 * * 1-5 mutt -s "Checking in" boss@example.com % Hi boss, just checking in.