MYSQL源码安装和备份
4.mysql 5.x源码安装
环境准备： 使用CentOS-7-template模板克隆mysql01
#设置主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname mysql01
#关闭防火墙
[root@mysql01 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld.service --nowmysql5.7稳定版安装
#安装依赖包，ncurses（操作终端） ncurses-devel（编译软件时用）bison（解析语法） cmake（源码
编译工具） gcc，gcc-c++（编译器）
[root@mysql01 ~]# yum -y install ncurses ncurses-devel bison cmake gcc gcc-c++
#配置程序用户（不允许终端登录）
[root@mysql01 ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin mysql
#解压mysql和boost包到指定目录，boost是支持mysql底层c++运行的仓库
[root@mysql01 ~]# tar zxvf mysql-5.7.17.tar.gz -C /opt/
[root@mysql01 ~]# tar zxvf boost_1_59_0.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@mysql01 ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@mysql01 ~]# mv boost_1_59_0 boost
#配置安装环境
[root@mysql01 ~]# cd /opt/mysql-5.7.17/
[root@mysql01 mysql-5.7.17]# cmake \
-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock \
-DSYSCONFDIR=/etc \
-DSYSTEMD_PID_DIR=/usr/local/mysql \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_PERFSCHEMA_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/usr/local/mysql/data \
-DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost \
-DWITH_SYSTEMD=1
#注释
cmake \
-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql \ #安装路径
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock \ #客户端连服务的通讯文件
-DSYSCONFDIR=/etc \ #mysql的配置文件
-DSYSTEMD_PID_DIR=/usr/local/mysql \ #pid进程文件存放位置
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \ #字符集格式
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \ #排序规则
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \ #开启支持的存储引擎
-DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_PERFSCHEMA_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/usr/local/mysql/data \ #数据存放位置
-DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost \ #底层的c++支持库位置
-DWITH_SYSTEMD=1 #id号
------注意：如果在CMAKE的过程中有报错，当报错解决后，需要把源码目录中的CMakeCache.txt文件删
除，然后再重新CMAKE，否则错误依旧------------
#编译和安装
[root@mysql01 mysql-5.7.17]# make && make install
#递归配置目录所属主和组
[root@mysql01 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql/
#编辑mysql的配置文件，直接全替换
[root@mysql01 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[client]
port = 3306
default-character-set=utf8
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
[mysql]
port = 3306
default-character-set=utf8
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
user = mysql
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data
port = 3306
character_set_server=utf8
pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/mysqld.pid
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
server-id = 1
sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_AUTO_V
ALUE_ON_ZERO,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,PIPES_AS_CON
CAT,ANSI_QUOTES
#配置文件所属主和组
[root@mysql01 ~]# chown mysql:mysql /etc/my.cnf
#配置环境变量
[root@mysql01 ~]# echo 'PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/mysql/lib:$PATH' >>
/etc/profile
[root@mysql01 ~]# echo 'export PATH' >> /etc/profile
#加载修改过的配置
[root@mysql01 ~]# source /etc/profile
#数据库初始化
[root@mysql01 ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/
[root@mysql01 mysql]# bin/mysqld \
--initialize-insecure \
--user=mysql \
--basedir=/usr/local/mysql \
--datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
[root@mysql01 mysql]# cp /usr/local/mysql/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/
[root@mysql01 mysql]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@mysql01 mysql]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@mysql01 mysql]# netstat -anpt | grep 3306
tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN
70276/mysqld
[root@mysql01 mysql]# systemctl enable mysqld
#给root账号设置密码为huawei，提示输入的是原始密码（密码为空）。
[root@mysql01 mysql]# mysqladmin -uroot -p password "huawei"
Enter password:
#登录mysql
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysql -uroot -phuawei
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
#授权远程登录
mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'%' identified by 'huawei' with
grant option;基础SQL-DDL语句
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:`huawei`
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.17 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases; #查看数据库
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)创建和使用数据库
mysql> create database school; #创建数据库school
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases; #查看数据库，看到新建的数据库school
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use school; #使用数据库school
Database changed
mysql> show tables; #查看表
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql>创建表结构
mysql> CREATE TABLE info (
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
score DECIMAL(5,2),
address CHAR(50) DEFAULT '南京',
hobby INT NOT NULL
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> describe info;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | char(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| score | decimal(5,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| address | char(50) | YES | | 南京 | |
| hobby | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)添加表信息
mysql> insert into info (name,score,address,hobby) values ('唐三',90,'广州',1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into info (name,score,address,hobby) values ('叶凡',91,'伦敦',2);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into info (name,score,address,hobby) values ('喜羊羊',92,'',3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 3 | 喜羊羊 | 92.00 | | 3 |
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into info (name,score,address,hobby) values ('曹操',93,default,4);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 3 | 喜羊羊 | 92.00 | | 3 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 93.00 | 南京 | 4 |
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)修改表内容
mysql> update info set address='华盛顿' where name='喜羊羊';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 3 | 喜羊羊 | 92.00 | 华盛顿 | 3 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 93.00 | 南京 | 4 |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update info set address='巴黎' where name='曹操';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 3 | 喜羊羊 | 92.00 | 华盛顿 | 3 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 93.00 | 巴黎 | 4 |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update info set score=66.5,address='合肥' where id=4;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 3 | 喜羊羊 | 92.00 | 华盛顿 | 3 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 66.50 | 合肥 | 4 |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info where name='喜羊羊' ;
+----+------+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+------+-------+-----------+-------+
| 3 | 喜羊羊 | 92.00 | 华盛顿 | 3 |
+----+------+-------+-----------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 3 | 喜羊羊 | 92.00 | 华盛顿 | 3 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 66.50 | 合肥 | 4 |
+----+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)删除表内容
mysql> delete from info where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 66.50 | 合肥 | 4 |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)5.mysql的备份与恢复
数据备份的重要性
在生产环境中，数据的安全性至关重要 任何数据的丢失都可能产生严重的后果 造成数据丢失的原因
程序错误 人为操作错误 运算错误 磁盘故障 灾难（如火灾、地震）和盗窃
数据库备份的分类
从物理与逻辑的角度，备份可分为
物理备份：对数据库操作系统的物理文件（如数据文件、日志文件等）的备份
物理备份方法
冷备份（脱机备份）：是在关闭数据库的时候进行的 热备份（联机备份）：数据库处于运行状态，依赖于数据库的日志文件 温备份：数据库锁定表格（不可写入但可读）的状态下进行备份操作
逻辑备份：对数据库逻辑组件（如：表等数据库对象）的备份
常见的备份方法
冷备份
# 备份（推荐写法）
[root@mysql01 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld # 先停止服务
[root@mysql01 ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/data
[root@mysql01 data]# mkdir /mysql_bak
[root@mysql01 data]# tar czf /mysql_bak/mysql-backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz *
[root@mysql01 data]# systemctl start mysqld # 备份完成后启动服务
#测试服务正常
# 删除数据
[root@mysql01 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld # 先停止服务
[root@mysql01 ~]# rm -rf /usr/local/mysql/data/* # 清空数据目录（谨慎操
作！）
#再次开启测试，发现数据库坏了
[root@mysql01 ~]# systemctl start mysqld
#停止数据库，恢复数据库
[root@mysql01 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
[root@mysql01 ~]# tar xzf /mysql_bak/mysql-backup-2025-10-15.tar.gz -C
/usr/local/mysql/data/
[root@mysql01 ~]# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql/data # 恢复权限
[root@mysql01 ~]# systemctl start mysqld # 启动服务
#再次测试，发现数据库恢复了逻辑备份
#备份数据库
[root@mysql01 ~]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqldump -u root -p school > /mysql_bak/school.sql
Enter password:
[root@mysql01 ~]# ls /mysql_bak/school.sql
mysql_bak/school.sql
[root@mysql01 ~]# cat /mysql_bak/school.sql
#备份多个数据库
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqldump -u root -p --databases school mysql >
/mysql_bak/school-mysql.sql
Enter password:
[root@mysql01 ~]# cat /mysql_bak/school-mysql.sql
#备份所有数据库
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqldump -u root -p --opt --all-databases > /mysql_bak/all.sql
Enter password:
[root@mysql01 ~]# cat /mysql_bak/all.sql
#备份整个表
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqldump -u root -p school info > /mysql_bak/info.sql
Enter password:
[root@mysql01 ~]# cat /mysql_bak/info.sql恢复数据
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
mysql> use school
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop table info;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> source /mysql_bak/info.sql
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)增量备份
[root@mysql01 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
------------------------
[mysqld]
log-bin=mysql-bin #这段下面最后加一行
[root@web-server ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
[root@mysql01 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql/data/
auto.cnf client-cert.pem ibdata1 ibtmp1 mysql-bin.index
public_key.pem server-key.pem
ca-key.pem client-key.pem ib_logfile0 mysql performance_schema
school sys
ca.pem ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000001 private_key.pem
server-cert.pem
#先进行完整性备份
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p school > /opt/school.sql
Enter password:
#日志刷新生效
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-logs
Enter password:
#新产生的mysql-bin.000002只记录上次刷新后的操作
[root@mysql01 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql/data/
auto.cnf client-cert.pem ibdata1 ibtmp1 mysql-bin.000002
private_key.pem server-cert.pem
ca-key.pem client-key.pem ib_logfile0 mysql mysql-bin.index
public_key.pem server-key.pem
ca.pem ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000001 performance_schema
school sys
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
----------------------------------------
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 66.50 | 合肥 | 4 |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#再次插入数据生产增量备份
mysql> insert into info (name,score,address,hobby) values ('美猴王',75,'武汉',1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-log
Enter password:
#新产生mysql-bin.000003日志记录insert操作
[root@mysql01 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql/data/
auto.cnf client-cert.pem ibdata1 ibtmp1 mysql-bin.000002
performance_schema school sys
ca-key.pem client-key.pem ib_logfile0 mysql mysql-bin.000003
private_key.pem server-cert.pem
ca.pem ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000001 mysql-bin.index
public_key.pem server-key.pem
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
---------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> insert into info (name,score,address,hobby) values ('超人',83,'上海',2);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 66.50 | 合肥 | 4 |
| 5 | 美猴王 | 75.00 | 武汉 | 1 |
| 6 | 超人 | 83.00 | 上海 | 2 |
+----+-----------+-------+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
#刷新日志生效
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -p flush-log
Enter password:
#环境准备
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
--------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> use school;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
#删除内容
mysql> delete from info where id=6;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from info where id=5;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 66.50 | 合肥 | 4 |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@mysql01 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql/data/
auto.cnf client-cert.pem ibdata1 ibtmp1 mysql-bin.000002
mysql-bin.index public_key.pem server-key.pem
ca-key.pem client-key.pem ib_logfile0 mysql mysql-bin.000003
performance_schema school sys
ca.pem ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile1 mysql-bin.000001 mysql-bin.000004
private_key.pem server-cert.pem
#查看日志文件，vim看日志是乱码
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v
/usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000003
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v
/usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000004
#恢复操作，恢复时如果被拒绝，是有其他mysql进程占用了
[root@mysql01 ~]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults /usr/local/mysql/data/mysqlbin.000003
| mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
#验证
[root@web-server ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
---------------------------------------------------------------
mysql> select * from info;
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| id | name | score | address | hobby |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
| 1 | 唐三 | 90.00 | 广州 | 1 |
| 2 | 叶凡 | 91.00 | 伦敦 | 2 |
| 4 | 曹操 | 66.50 | 合肥 | 4 |
| 6 | 超人 | 83.00 | 上海 | 2 |
+----+--------+-------+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)