软件测试接口测试从入门到精通：Python接口自动化 - requests库

文章目录

[13 Python接口自动化 - requests库](#13 Python接口自动化 - requests库)
- [13.1 环境准备](#13.1 环境准备)
- - 安装Python和requests
  - 验证安装
- [13.2 requests 基础用法](#13.2 requests 基础用法)
- [13.3 请求配置](#13.3 请求配置)
- [13.4 响应处理](#13.4 响应处理)
- - 响应属性
  - 错误处理
- [13.5 会话（Session）](#13.5 会话（Session）)
- - 为什么用Session
  - Session示例
- [13.6 完整的测试示例](#13.6 完整的测试示例)
- - 用户管理接口测试
- [13.7 本章小结](#13.7 本章小结)
- - requests核心
  - [课后练习 📝](#课后练习 📝)
- [13.8 下章预告](#13.8 下章预告)

13 Python接口自动化 - requests库

🎯 本章目标：掌握Python requests库的使用，能够编写接口自动化测试脚本。

13.1 环境准备

安装Python和requests

bash 复制代码

# 检查Python版本
python --version

# 安装requests库
pip install requests

# 安装pytest（测试框架）
pip install pytest

# 安装pytest-html（HTML报告）
pip install pytest-html

验证安装

python 复制代码

import requests
print(requests.__version__)

13.2 requests 基础用法

GET请求

python 复制代码

import requests

# 简单GET请求
response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1")
print(response.status_code)  # 200
print(response.json())       # JSON数据

# 带参数GET请求
params = {
    "userId": 1,
    "_limit": 5
}
response = requests.get("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts", params=params)
print(response.url)  # https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts?userId=1&_limit=5

POST请求

python 复制代码

import requests

# POST JSON数据
url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts"
data = {
    "title": "foo",
    "body": "bar",
    "userId": 1
}
response = requests.post(url, json=data)
print(response.status_code)  # 201
print(response.json())

# POST表单数据
response = requests.post(url, data={"key": "value"})

# POST文件
files = {"file": open("test.txt", "rb")}
response = requests.post(url, files=files)

其他HTTP方法

python 复制代码

# PUT请求
response = requests.put(url, json={"title": "updated"})

# PATCH请求
response = requests.patch(url, json={"title": "patched"})

# DELETE请求
response = requests.delete(url)

13.3 请求配置

Headers设置

python 复制代码

headers = {
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
    "Authorization": "Bearer eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs...",
    "User-Agent": "MyApp/1.0"
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

超时设置

python 复制代码

# 连接超时5秒，读取超时10秒
response = requests.get(url, timeout=(5, 10))

SSL验证

python 复制代码

# 忽略SSL证书验证（开发环境）
response = requests.get(url, verify=False)

# 指定CA证书
response = requests.get(url, verify="/path/to/ca.crt")

代理设置

python 复制代码

proxies = {
    "http": "http://proxy.example.com:8080",
    "https": "https://proxy.example.com:8080"
}
response = requests.get(url, proxies=proxies)

13.4 响应处理

响应属性

python 复制代码

response = requests.get("https://api.example.com/users/1")

# 状态码
print(response.status_code)      # 200
print(response.ok)               # True (2xx)

# 响应头
print(response.headers["Content-Type"])

# 响应体
print(response.text)             # 字符串
print(response.json())           # JSON转字典
print(response.content)          # 二进制

# 编码
print(response.encoding)         # utf-8

# 响应时间（毫秒）
print(response.elapsed.total_seconds() * 1000)

错误处理

python 复制代码

from requests.exceptions import RequestException, Timeout, ConnectionError

try:
    response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)
    response.raise_for_status()  # 4xx/5xx时抛出异常
except Timeout:
    print("请求超时")
except ConnectionError:
    print("连接错误")
except RequestException as e:
    print(f"请求异常: {e}")

13.5 会话（Session）

为什么用Session

python 复制代码

# 不用Session：每次请求都新建连接
requests.get(url1)  # 新建连接
requests.get(url2)  # 新建连接

# 用Session：连接复用，自动处理Cookie
session = requests.Session()
session.get(url1)   # 新建连接
session.get(url2)   # 复用连接

Session示例

python 复制代码

import requests

session = requests.Session()

# 设置全局Header
session.headers.update({
    "User-Agent": "MyApp/1.0",
    "Accept": "application/json"
})

# 登录（自动保存Cookie）
login_response = session.post("https://api.example.com/login", json={
    "username": "admin",
    "password": "123456"
})

# 后续请求自动携带Cookie
user_response = session.get("https://api.example.com/users/me")
print(user_response.json())

13.6 完整的测试示例

用户管理接口测试

python 复制代码

import requests
import pytest

BASE_URL = "https://api.example.com"

class TestUserAPI:
    
    @pytest.fixture
    def session(self):
        """创建会话"""
        s = requests.Session()
        s.headers.update({"Content-Type": "application/json"})
        return s
    
    def test_create_user(self, session):
        """测试创建用户"""
        url = f"{BASE_URL}/api/v1/users"
        data = {
            "username": "testuser001",
            "email": "test001@example.com",
            "password": "123456"
        }
        
        response = session.post(url, json=data)
        
        assert response.status_code == 201
        result = response.json()
        assert result["code"] == 0
        assert result["data"]["username"] == "testuser001"
        
        # 保存用户ID供后续使用
        self.user_id = result["data"]["id"]
    
    def test_get_user(self, session):
        """测试获取用户"""
        url = f"{BASE_URL}/api/v1/users/{self.user_id}"
        
        response = session.get(url)
        
        assert response.status_code == 200
        result = response.json()
        assert result["data"]["id"] == self.user_id
    
    def test_update_user(self, session):
        """测试更新用户"""
        url = f"{BASE_URL}/api/v1/users/{self.user_id}"
        data = {"email": "updated@example.com"}
        
        response = session.put(url, json=data)
        
        assert response.status_code == 200
        result = response.json()
        assert result["data"]["email"] == "updated@example.com"
    
    def test_delete_user(self, session):
        """测试删除用户"""
        url = f"{BASE_URL}/api/v1/users/{self.user_id}"
        
        response = session.delete(url)
        
        assert response.status_code == 204
        
        # 验证已删除
        get_response = session.get(url)
        assert get_response.status_code == 404

13.7 本章小结

requests核心

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path,#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .section-root circle,#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .section-root polygon{fill:hsl(240, 100%, 46.2745098039%);}#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .section-root text{fill:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .section-root span{color:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .section-2 span{color:#ffffff;}#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .icon-container{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .edge{fill:none;}#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr .mindmap-node-label{dy:1em;alignment-baseline:middle;text-anchor:middle;dominant-baseline:middle;text-align:center;}#mermaid-svg-B6bgWqIWuqztT0mr :root{--mermaid-font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;} requests
请求方法
GET/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE
请求配置
Headers
Params
Timeout
SSL
响应处理
status_code
json
headers
elapsed
会话管理
Session
Cookie自动处理
连接复用

课后练习 📝

基础题 ：用requests调用 https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com 的接口，完成CRUD操作。
进阶题：封装一个HTTP请求类，支持自动重试、日志记录、响应验证。

13.8 下章预告

下一章我们将学习pytest测试框架，让接口自动化测试更专业！

"requests是Python世界中最优雅的HTTP库，掌握它，你就掌握了与网络对话的能力。"