SQL 语言
摘要：本文全面介绍了SQL（结构化查询语言）的核心概念与应用。首先概述了SQL的发展历史和标准化进程，然后详细讲解了SQL语言规范、数据库对象命名规则、字符集与排序规则。接着系统阐述了数据库管理操作（创建、查看、修改、删除），并深入解析了MySQL支持的数据类型。文章重点讲解了SQL的三大类语句：DDL（数据定义语言，包括表的创建、查看、修改和删除）、DML（数据操作语言，涵盖数据的插入、更新和删除）以及DQL（数据查询语言，包含单表查询、多表连接等高级查询技巧）。通过大量实际代码示例，帮助读者从基础到进阶全面掌握SQL语言的使用。
1.关系型数据库的构成
2.SQL语言介绍
SQL:（Structured Query Language）结构化查询语言。
-
SQL语言是对IBM公司San Jose,California研究实验室的埃德加·科德的关系模型的第一个商业化语言实现。尽管SQL并非完全按照科德的关系模型设计，但其依然成为最为广泛运用的数据库语言
-
1970年代初，由埃德加·科德发表将资料组成表格的应用原则（Codd's Relational Algebra）。
-
1974年，同一实验室的D.D.Chamberlin 和 R.F.Boyce对Codd's Relational Algebra在研制关系数据库管理系统System R中，研制出一套规范语言SEQUEL(Structured English Query Language)。
-
1976年11月的IBM Journal of R&D上公布新版本的 SQL(叫SEQUEL/2)。1980年改名为SQL。
-
1979年ORACLE公司首先提供商用的SQL，IBM公司在DB2和SQL/DS数据库系统中也实现了SQL。
-
1986年10月美国国家标准学会ANSI采用SQL作为关系数据库管理系统的标准语言（ANSIX3.1351986)。
-
1987年成为国际标准化组织（(ISO）采纳为国际标准。
-
1989年美国ANSI采纳在ANSIX3.135-1989报告中定义的关系数据库管理系统的SQL标准语言，称为 ANSI SQL 89。
-
后续SQL标准经过了一系列的增订，加入了大量新特性，有各种版本：ANSISQL，SQL-1986，SQL1989，SQL-1992，SQL-1999，SQL-2003，SQL-2008，SQL-2011。
-
目前，所有主要的关系数据库管理系统支持某些形式的SQL，大部分数据库至少遵守ANSISQL89标准。
-
虽然有这一标准的存在，但大部分的SQL代码在不同的数据库系统中并不具有完全的跨平台性。
-
业内标准微软和 Sybase 的T-SQL，Oracle 的 PL/SQL。
2.1 SQL 语言规范
- 在数据库系统中，SQL语句不区分大小写，建议用大写。
- SQL语句可单行或多行书写，默认以 ；结尾。
- 关键词不能跨多行或简写。
- 用空格和TAB缩进来提高语句的可读性。
- 子句通常位于独立行，便于编辑，提高可读性。
sql
-- 变量、关键字：不区分大小写
mysql> select @@hostname;
+-----------------------+
| @@hostname |
+-----------------------+
| localhost.localdomain |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELect @@HOSTname;
+-----------------------+
| @@HOSTname |
+-----------------------+
| localhost.localdomain |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 表名区分大小写(Linux环境)，字段名不区分大小写
mysql> SELect user,host from mysql.user;
+------------------+-----------+
| user | host |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql.infoschema | localhost |
| mysql.session | localhost |
| mysql.sys | localhost |
| root | localhost |
+------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> SELect user,host from mysql.USER;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'mysql.USER' doesn't exist
mysql> SELect user,HOST from mysql.USER;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'mysql.USER' doesn't exist
-- 字段名称不区分大小写
mysql> SELect user,HOST from mysql.user;
+------------------+-----------+
| user | HOST |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql.infoschema | localhost |
| mysql.session | localhost |
| mysql.sys | localhost |
| root | localhost |
+------------------+-----------+范例：跨行
sql
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> show-> databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 关键字不能中间跨行拆分
mysql> show data
-> bases;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'data
bases' at line 1SQL语言中的注释
SQL语言中的标准注释
sql
-- select version()\G #单行注释
/* #多行注释
select version()\G
select version()\G
*/
select version()\G范例：
sql
[root@localhost ~]# vim test.sql
-- select version()\G
/*
select version()\G
select version()\G
*/
select version()\G
[root@localhost ~]# mysql < test.sql
*************************** 1. row ***************************
version(): 8.0.26MySQL中的注释
sql
# select version()\G; #MySQL中的注释
select version()\G;范例：
sql
[root@localhost ~]# cat test.sql
# select version()\G;
# select version()\G;
select version()\G;
[root@localhost ~]# mysql < test.sql
*************************** 1. row ***************************
version(): 8.0.262.2数据库对象和命名
数据库中的组件（对象）
数据库、表、索引、视图、用户、存储过程、函数、触发器、事件调度器等组件命名规则
- 可以包括字母，数字和三个特殊字符（#_$）
- 不能使用MySQL的保留字
2.3 SQL 语句分类
2.4 SQL 语句构成
关键字keyword组成子句clause，多条clause组成语句
sql
mysql> SELECT host,user,authentication_string FROM mysql.user WHERE
authentication_string = '';
+-----------+------+-----------------------+
| host | user | authentication_string |
+-----------+------+-----------------------+
| localhost | root | |
+-----------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)说明：
sql
SELECT host,user,authentication_string #select子句
FROM mysql.user #from子句
WHERE authentication_string = ''; #where子句命令行下查看帮助
sql
mysql> help contents;
You asked for help about help category: "Contents"
For more information, type 'help <item>', where <item> is one of the following
categories:
Account Management
Administration
Components
Compound Statements
Contents
Data Definition
Data Manipulation
Data Types
Functions
Geographic Features
Help Metadata
Language Structure
Loadable Functions
Plugins
Prepared Statements
Replication Statements
Storage Engines
Table Maintenance
Transactions
Utility
mysql> help Data Definition
#查看DDL帮助
You asked for help about help category: "Data Definition"
For more information, type 'help <item>', where <item> is one of the following
topics:
ALTER DATABASE
ALTER EVENT
ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER INSTANCE
ALTER LOGFILE GROUP
ALTER PROCEDURE
ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SERVER
ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER VIEW
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE EVENT
CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE INDEX
CREATE LOGFILE GROUP
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SERVER
CREATE SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE VIEW
DROP DATABASE
DROP EVENT
DROP FUNCTION
DROP INDEX
DROP PROCEDURE
DROP SCHEMA
DROP SERVER
DROP SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TRIGGER
DROP VIEW
FOREIGN KEY
RENAME TABLE
TRUNCATE TABLE
mysql> help CREATE DATABASE;
Name: 'CREATE DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name
[create_option] ...
create_option: [DEFAULT] {
CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
| COLLATE [=] collation_name
| ENCRYPTION [=] {'Y' | 'N'}
}
CREATE DATABASE creates a database with the given name. To use this
statement, you need the CREATE privilege for the database. CREATE
SCHEMA is a synonym for CREATE DATABASE.
URL: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-database.html2.5字符集和排序
早期MySQL版本默认为latin1，从MySQL8.0开始默认字符集已经为utf8mb4
查看当前版本可用的字符集
sql
mysql> show CHARACTER SET;
#查看所有支持的字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show CHARSET;
#查看所有支持的字符集查看当前默认字符集
sql
mysql> show variables like 'character%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8mb4 |
| character_set_connection | utf8mb4 |
| character_set_database | utf8mb4 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8mb4 |
| character_set_server | utf8mb4 |
| character_set_system | utf8mb3 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)修改mariadb-server的默认字符集
sql
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mysql-server.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-error=/var/log/mysql/mysqld.log
pid-file=/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
character-set-server=latin1
#新加一行
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/client.cnf
[client]
default-character-set=latin1
#新加一行
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
#重启服务
mysql> show variables like 'character%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | latin1 |
| character_set_connection | latin1 |
| character_set_database | latin1 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | latin1 |
| character_set_server | latin1 |
| character_set_system | utf8mb3 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#再改回来，或者还原快照查看当前版本可用的排序规则
sql
mysql> SHOW COLLATION;
+----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
| Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen | Pad_attribute |
+----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
| armscii8_bin | armscii8 | 64 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| armscii8_general_ci | armscii8 | 32 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ascii_bin | ascii | 65 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ascii_general_ci | ascii | 11 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| binary | binary | 63 | Yes | Yes | 1 | NO PAD |
| cp1250_bin | cp1250 | 66 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_croatian_ci | cp1250 | 44 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_czech_cs | cp1250 | 34 | | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_general_ci | cp1250 | 26 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_polish_ci | cp1250 | 99 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_bin | cp1251 | 50 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_bulgarian_ci | cp1251 | 14 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_general_ci | cp1251 | 51 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_general_cs | cp1251 | 52 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_ukrainian_ci | cp1251 | 23 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1256_bin | cp1256 | 67 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1256_general_ci | cp1256 | 57 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1257_bin | cp1257 | 58 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1257_general_ci | cp1257 | 59 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1257_lithuanian_ci | cp1257 | 29 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp852_bin | cp852 | 81 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp852_general_ci | cp852 | 40 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp866_bin | cp866 | 68 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp866_general_ci | cp866 | 36 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp932_bin | cp932 | 96 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp932_japanese_ci | cp932 | 95 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| eucjpms_bin | eucjpms | 98 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| eucjpms_japanese_ci | eucjpms | 97 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| euckr_bin | euckr | 85 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| euckr_korean_ci | euckr | 19 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gb18030_bin | gb18030 | 249 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gb18030_chinese_ci | gb18030 | 248 | Yes | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE |
| gb18030_unicode_520_ci | gb18030 | 250 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| gb2312_bin | gb2312 | 86 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gb2312_chinese_ci | gb2312 | 24 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| geostd8_bin | geostd8 | 93 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| geostd8_general_ci | geostd8 | 92 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| greek_bin | greek | 70 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| greek_general_ci | greek | 25 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hebrew_bin | hebrew | 71 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hebrew_general_ci | hebrew | 16 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hp8_bin | hp8 | 72 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hp8_english_ci | hp8 | 6 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| keybcs2_bin | keybcs2 | 73 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| keybcs2_general_ci | keybcs2 | 37 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8r_bin | koi8r | 74 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8r_general_ci | koi8r | 7 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8u_bin | koi8u | 75 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8u_general_ci | koi8u | 22 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_bin | latin1 | 47 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_danish_ci | latin1 | 15 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_general_ci | latin1 | 48 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_general_cs | latin1 | 49 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_german1_ci | latin1 | 5 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_german2_ci | latin1 | 31 | | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_spanish_ci | latin1 | 94 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_swedish_ci | latin1 | 8 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_bin | latin2 | 77 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_croatian_ci | latin2 | 27 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_czech_cs | latin2 | 2 | | Yes | 4 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_general_ci | latin2 | 9 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_hungarian_ci | latin2 | 21 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin5_bin | latin5 | 78 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin5_turkish_ci | latin5 | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_bin | latin7 | 79 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_estonian_cs | latin7 | 20 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_general_ci | latin7 | 41 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_general_cs | latin7 | 42 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macce_bin | macce | 43 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macce_general_ci | macce | 38 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macroman_bin | macroman | 53 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macroman_general_ci | macroman | 39 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| sjis_bin | sjis | 88 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| sjis_japanese_ci | sjis | 13 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| swe7_bin | swe7 | 82 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| swe7_swedish_ci | swe7 | 10 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| tis620_bin | tis620 | 89 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| tis620_thai_ci | tis620 | 18 | Yes | Yes | 4 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_bin | ucs2 | 90 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_croatian_ci | ucs2 | 149 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_czech_ci | ucs2 | 138 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_danish_ci | ucs2 | 139 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_esperanto_ci | ucs2 | 145 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_estonian_ci | ucs2 | 134 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_general_ci | ucs2 | 35 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_general_mysql500_ci | ucs2 | 159 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_german2_ci | ucs2 | 148 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_hungarian_ci | ucs2 | 146 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_icelandic_ci | ucs2 | 129 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_latvian_ci | ucs2 | 130 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_lithuanian_ci | ucs2 | 140 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_persian_ci | ucs2 | 144 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_polish_ci | ucs2 | 133 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_romanian_ci | ucs2 | 131 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_roman_ci | ucs2 | 143 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_sinhala_ci | ucs2 | 147 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_slovak_ci | ucs2 | 141 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_slovenian_ci | ucs2 | 132 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_spanish2_ci | ucs2 | 142 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_spanish_ci | ucs2 | 135 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_swedish_ci | ucs2 | 136 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_turkish_ci | ucs2 | 137 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_unicode_520_ci | ucs2 | 150 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_unicode_ci | ucs2 | 128 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_vietnamese_ci | ucs2 | 151 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ujis_bin | ujis | 91 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ujis_japanese_ci | ujis | 12 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16le_bin | utf16le | 62 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16le_general_ci | utf16le | 56 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_bin | utf16 | 55 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_croatian_ci | utf16 | 122 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_czech_ci | utf16 | 111 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_danish_ci | utf16 | 112 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_esperanto_ci | utf16 | 118 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_estonian_ci | utf16 | 107 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_general_ci | utf16 | 54 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_german2_ci | utf16 | 121 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_hungarian_ci | utf16 | 119 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_icelandic_ci | utf16 | 102 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_latvian_ci | utf16 | 103 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_lithuanian_ci | utf16 | 113 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_persian_ci | utf16 | 117 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_polish_ci | utf16 | 106 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_romanian_ci | utf16 | 104 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_roman_ci | utf16 | 116 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_sinhala_ci | utf16 | 120 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_slovak_ci | utf16 | 114 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_slovenian_ci | utf16 | 105 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_spanish2_ci | utf16 | 115 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_spanish_ci | utf16 | 108 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_swedish_ci | utf16 | 109 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_turkish_ci | utf16 | 110 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_unicode_520_ci | utf16 | 123 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_unicode_ci | utf16 | 101 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_vietnamese_ci | utf16 | 124 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_bin | utf32 | 61 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_croatian_ci | utf32 | 181 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_czech_ci | utf32 | 170 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_danish_ci | utf32 | 171 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_esperanto_ci | utf32 | 177 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_estonian_ci | utf32 | 166 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_general_ci | utf32 | 60 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_german2_ci | utf32 | 180 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_hungarian_ci | utf32 | 178 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_icelandic_ci | utf32 | 161 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_latvian_ci | utf32 | 162 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_lithuanian_ci | utf32 | 172 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_persian_ci | utf32 | 176 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_polish_ci | utf32 | 165 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_romanian_ci | utf32 | 163 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_roman_ci | utf32 | 175 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_sinhala_ci | utf32 | 179 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_slovak_ci | utf32 | 173 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_slovenian_ci | utf32 | 164 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_spanish2_ci | utf32 | 174 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_spanish_ci | utf32 | 167 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_swedish_ci | utf32 | 168 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_turkish_ci | utf32 | 169 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_unicode_520_ci | utf32 | 182 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_unicode_ci | utf32 | 160 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_vietnamese_ci | utf32 | 183 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 255 | Yes | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_0900_as_ci | utf8mb4 | 305 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 278 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_0900_bin | utf8mb4 | 309 | | Yes | 1 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_bin | utf8mb4 | 46 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_croatian_ci | utf8mb4 | 245 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_cs_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 266 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_cs_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 289 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_czech_ci | utf8mb4 | 234 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_danish_ci | utf8mb4 | 235 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_da_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 267 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_da_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 290 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 256 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 279 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_eo_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 273 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_eo_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 296 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_esperanto_ci | utf8mb4 | 241 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_estonian_ci | utf8mb4 | 230 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_es_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 263 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_es_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 286 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 270 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 293 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_et_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 262 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_et_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 285 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_general_ci | utf8mb4 | 45 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_german2_ci | utf8mb4 | 244 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_hr_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 275 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_hr_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 298 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_hungarian_ci | utf8mb4 | 242 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_hu_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 274 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_hu_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 297 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_icelandic_ci | utf8mb4 | 225 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_is_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 257 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_is_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 280 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 303 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs_ks | utf8mb4 | 304 | | Yes | 24 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_latvian_ci | utf8mb4 | 226 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_la_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 271 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_la_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 294 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lithuanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 236 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_lt_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 268 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lt_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 291 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lv_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 258 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lv_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 281 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_persian_ci | utf8mb4 | 240 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_pl_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 261 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_pl_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 284 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_polish_ci | utf8mb4 | 229 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_romanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 227 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_roman_ci | utf8mb4 | 239 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_ro_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 259 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ro_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 282 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ru_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 306 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ru_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 307 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sinhala_ci | utf8mb4 | 243 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_sk_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 269 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sk_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 292 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_slovak_ci | utf8mb4 | 237 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_slovenian_ci | utf8mb4 | 228 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_sl_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 260 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sl_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 283 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_spanish2_ci | utf8mb4 | 238 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_spanish_ci | utf8mb4 | 231 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_sv_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 264 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sv_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 287 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_swedish_ci | utf8mb4 | 232 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_tr_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 265 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_tr_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 288 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_turkish_ci | utf8mb4 | 233 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_unicode_520_ci | utf8mb4 | 246 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_unicode_ci | utf8mb4 | 224 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_vietnamese_ci | utf8mb4 | 247 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_vi_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 277 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_vi_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 300 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_zh_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 308 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8_bin | utf8 | 83 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_croatian_ci | utf8 | 213 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_czech_ci | utf8 | 202 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_danish_ci | utf8 | 203 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_esperanto_ci | utf8 | 209 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_estonian_ci | utf8 | 198 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_general_ci | utf8 | 33 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_general_mysql500_ci | utf8 | 223 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_german2_ci | utf8 | 212 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_hungarian_ci | utf8 | 210 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_icelandic_ci | utf8 | 193 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_latvian_ci | utf8 | 194 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_lithuanian_ci | utf8 | 204 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_persian_ci | utf8 | 208 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_polish_ci | utf8 | 197 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_romanian_ci | utf8 | 195 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_roman_ci | utf8 | 207 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_sinhala_ci | utf8 | 211 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_slovak_ci | utf8 | 205 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_slovenian_ci | utf8 | 196 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_spanish2_ci | utf8 | 206 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_spanish_ci | utf8 | 199 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_swedish_ci | utf8 | 200 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_tolower_ci | utf8 | 76 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_turkish_ci | utf8 | 201 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_unicode_520_ci | utf8 | 214 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_unicode_ci | utf8 | 192 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_vietnamese_ci | utf8 | 215 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
+----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
272 rows in set (0.01 sec)
#utf8_general_ci 不区分大小写
#utf8_bin 区分大小写查看当前使用的排序规则
sql
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'collation%';
+----------------------+--------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------------+--------------------+
| collation_connection | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
| collation_database | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
| collation_server | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
+----------------------+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)生产环境中，使用uf8mb4编码，使用默认排序规则
3.管理数据库
3.1查看数据库列表
格式：
sql
SHOW DATABASES;范例：
sql
#默认这四个系统库，不能删除
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)3.2 创建数据库
格式：
sql
mysql> help create database;
Name: 'CREATE DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name
[create_option] ...
create_option: [DEFAULT] {
CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
| COLLATE [=] collation_name
| ENCRYPTION [=] {'Y' | 'N'}
}
CREATE DATABASE creates a database with the given name. To use this
statement, you need the CREATE privilege for the database. CREATE
SCHEMA is a synonym for CREATE DATABASE.
URL: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-database.html格式：查询数据库创建语句
sql
SHOW CREATE DATABASE DBNAME;范例：
sql
mysql> create database testdb1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
#如果已存在，再次创建会报错
mysql> create database testdb1;
ERROR 1007 (HY000): Can't create database 'testdb1'; database exists
#不报错，但也没有创建，if not exists表示如果不存在则创建
mysql> create database if not exists testdb1;
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
#查看数据库列表
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| testdb1 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
#查看创建语句，包含默认字符集
mysql> SHOW CREATE DATABASE testdb1;
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| testdb1 | CREATE DATABASE `testdb1` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */ |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#创建时指定字符集
mysql> create database testdb2 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
#查看创建语句
mysql> show create database testdb2;
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| testdb2 | CREATE DATABASE `testdb2` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */ |
+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)创建两个数据库，本质上是在硬盘上创建了两个目录
bash
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /var/lib/mysql/testdb*
/var/lib/mysql/testdb1 /var/lib/mysql/testdb23.3 修改数据库
sql
mysql> help ALTER DATABASE;
Name: 'ALTER DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
ALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [db_name]
alter_option ...
alter_option: {
[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
| [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name
| [DEFAULT] ENCRYPTION [=] {'Y' | 'N'}
| READ ONLY [=] {DEFAULT | 0 | 1}
}范例：修改字符集
sql
mysql> ALTER DATABASE testdb2 character set utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create database testdb2\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Database: testdb2
Create Database: CREATE DATABASE `testdb2` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */
1 row in set (0.00 sec)3.4删除数据库
格式：
sql
mysql> help DROP DATABASE
Name: 'DROP DATABASE'
Description:
Syntax:
DROP {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF EXISTS] db_name范例：
sql
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| testdb1 |
| testdb2 |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#删除数据库
mysql> DROP DATABASE testdb2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
#删除不存在的库
mysql> DROP DATABASE testdb2;
ERROR 1008 (HY000): Can't drop database 'testdb2'; database doesn't exist
#加if exists判断
mysql> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS testdb2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| testdb1 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#testdb2对应的目录已不存在
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /var/lib/mysql/testdb*
/var/lib/mysql/testdb1mysqladmin命令也可以创建和删除数据库
bash
#创建数据库db1
[root@localhost ~]# mysqladmin create db1
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| db1 |
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| testdb1 |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#删除数据库db1
[root@localhost ~]# mysqladmin drop testdb1
Dropping the database is potentially a very bad thing to do.
Any data stored in the database will be destroyed.
Do you really want to drop the 'testdb1' database [y/N] y
Database "testdb1" dropped
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| db1 |
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)4.数据类型
核心定义：数据库数据类型，是对数据库表中字段（列）所存储数据的类型、范围、格式进行的规范定义。简单说，就是规定"某一列只能存什么类型的数据"，比如只能存数字、只能存文字，目的是保证数据存储的规范性、节省存储空间、提高查询效率，避免无效数据插入。
核心作用
- 规范数据：限制字段可存储的数据种类（如手机号字段只能存数字，不能存文字），避免数据混乱；
- 节省空间：不同数据类型占用存储空间不同（如整数比字符串占用空间小），合理选择可减少资源浪费；
- 提升效率：数据库可根据数据类型优化查询、排序操作，加快数据处理速度；
- 保证数据完整性：避免插入不符合要求的数据（如给"年龄"字段插入文字），减少数据错误。
MySQL 中定义数据字段的类型对你数据库的优化是非常重要的。
MySQL 支持多种类型，大致可以分为三类：数值、日期/时间和字符串(字符)类型。
对于任何一个数据表，每一行的每一列对应的元素都是下列数据类型的一种。
| 类型 | 关键字 |
|---|---|
| 整数类型 | TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT (INTEGER) BIGINT |
| 浮点类型 | FLOAT DOUBLE |
| 定点数类型 | DECIMAL |
| 位类型 | BIT |
| 日期时间类型 | YEAR TIME DATE DATETIME TIMESTAMP |
| 文本字符串类型 | CHAR VARCHAR TINYTEXT TEXT MEDIUMTEXT LONGTEXT |
| 枚举类型 | ENUM |
| 集合类型 | SET |
| 二进制字符串类型 | BINARY VARBINARY TINYBLOB BLOB MEDIUMBLOB LONGBLOB |
| JSON 类型 | JSON对象 JSON数组 |
| 空间数据类型(单值类型) | GEOMETRY POINT LINESTRING POLYGON |
| 空间数据类型(集合类型) | MULTIPOINT MULTILINESTRING MULTIPOLYGON GEOMETRYCOLLECTION |
| 在常见数据表时，除了可以指定列的数据类型，还可以指定列的属性。 | |
 |
|
| 常见数据库（MySQL）核心数据类型（必考分类） |
- 数值类型（存储数字，最常用）
用于存储整数、小数等数值，按范围和精度分为两类：
- 整数类型：INT（最常用，存储-2147483648~2147483647，如年龄、学号）、TINYINT（小整数，如性别0/1）、BIGINT（大整数，如手机号、身份证号）；
- 小数类型：DECIMAL（高精度小数，如金额、价格，推荐使用，避免精度丢失）、FLOAT（单精度小数）、DOUBLE（双精度小数）。
- 字符串类型（存储文字、符号，最常用）
- VARCHAR(n)：可变长度字符串，n表示最大长度（如姓名、地址，推荐使用，节省空间）；
- CHAR(n)：固定长度字符串，n表示固定长度（如身份证号、手机号，长度固定的场景）；
- TEXT：存储长文本（如备注、简介，长度超过VARCHAR上限时使用）。
- 日期时间类型（存储时间相关数据）
- DATETIME：存储日期+时间（如注册时间、交易时间，格式：YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS）；
- DATE：只存储日期（如出生日期，格式：YYYY-MM-DD）；
- TIME：只存储时间（如打卡时间，格式：HH:MM:SS）；
- TIMESTAMP：时间戳，自动记录数据插入/更新时间，范围比DATETIME小。
- 其他常用类型
-BOOLEAN：布尔类型，存储TRUE（1）或FALSE（0），如"是否有效""是否审核"；
- ENUM：枚举类型，只能从预设的选项中选择一个值（如性别：'男','女'）。
4.1数值型
MySQL 支持所有标准 SQL 数值数据类型。
这些类型包括严格数值数据类型(INTEGER、SMALLINT、DECIMAL 和 NUMERIC)，以及近似数值数据类型(FLOAT、REAL 和 DOUBLE PRECISION)。
关键字INT是INTEGER的同义词，关键字DEC是DECIMAL的同义词。
BIT数据类型保存位字段值，并且支持 MyISAM、MEMORY、InnoDB 和 BDB表。
作为 SQL 标准的扩展，MySQL 也支持整数类型 TINYINT、MEDIUMINT 和 BIGINT。下面的表显示了需要的每个整数类型的存储和范围。
| 类型 | 大小 | 范围（有符号） | 范围（无符号） | 用途 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TINYINT | 1 Bytes | (-128, 127) | (0, 255) | 小整数值 |
| SMALLINT | 2 Bytes | (-32 768, 32 767) | (0, 65 535) | 大整数值 |
| MEDIUMINT | 3 Bytes | (-8 388 608, 8 388 607) | (0, 16 777 215) | 大整数值 |
| INT或INTEGER | 4 Bytes | (-2 147 483 648, 2 147 483 647) | (0, 4 294 967 295) | 大整数值 |
| BIGINT | 8 Bytes | (-9 223 372 036 854 775 808, 9 223 372 036 854 775 807) | (0, 18 446 744 073 709 551 615) | 极大整数值 |
| FLOAT | 4 Bytes | (-3.402 823 466 E+38, -1.175 494 351 E-38), 0, (1.175 494 351 E-38, 3.402 823 466 351 E+38) | 0, (1.175 494 351 E-38, 3.402 823 466 E+38) | 单精度浮点数值 |
| DOUBLE | 8 Bytes | (-1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308, -2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308), 0, (2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308, 1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) | 0, (2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308, 1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) | 双精度浮点数值 |
| DECIMAL | 对DECIMAL(M,D)，如果M>D，为M+2否则为D+2 | 依赖于M和D的值 | 依赖于M和D的值 | 小数值 |
4.2日期和时间型
表示时间值的日期和时间类型为DATETIME、DATE、TIMESTAMP、TIME和YEAR。
每个时间类型有一个有效值范围和一个"零"值，当指定不合法的MySQL不能表示的值时使用"零"值。
TIMESTAMP类型有专有的自动更新特性，将在后面描述。
| 类型 | 大小(bytes) | 范围 | 格式 | 用途 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DATE | 3 | 1000-01-01/9999-12-31 | YYYY-MM-DD | 日期值 |
| TIME | 3 | '-838:59:59'/'838:59:59' | HH:MM:SS | 时间值或持续时间 |
| YEAR | 1 | 1901/2155 | YYYY | 年份值 |
| DATETIME | 8 | '1000-01-01 00:00:00' 到 '9999-12-31 23:59:59' | YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss | 混合日期和时间值 |
| TIMESTAMP | 4 | '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC 到 '2038-01-19 03:14:07' UTC 结束时间是第2147483647秒，北京时间2038-1-19 11:14:07，格林尼治时间2038年1月19日凌晨03:14:07 | YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss | 混合日期和时间值，时间戳 |
4.3字符串类型
字符串类型指CHAR、VARCHAR、BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB、TEXT、ENUM和SET。该节描述了这些类型如何工作以及如何在查询中使用这些类型。
注意：char(n) 和 varchar(n) 中括号中 n 代表字符的个数，并不代表字节个数，比如 CHAR(30) 就可以存储 30 个字符。
CHAR 和 VARCHAR 类型类似，但它们保存和检索的方式不同。它们的最大长度和是否尾部空格被保留等方面也不同。在存储或检索过程中不进行大小写转换。
BINARY 和 VARBINARY 类似于 CHAR 和 VARCHAR，不同的是它们包含二进制字符串而不要非二进制字符串。也就是说，它们包含字节字符串而不是字符字符串。这说明它们没有字符集，并且排序和比较基于列值字节的数值值。
BLOB 是一个二进制大对象，可以容纳可变数量的数据。有 4 种 BLOB 类型：TINYBLOB、BLOB、MEDIUMBLOB 和 LONGBLOB。它们区别在于可容纳存储范围不同。
有 4 种 TEXT 类型：TINYTEXT、TEXT、MEDIUMTEXT 和 LONGTEXT。对应的这 4 种 BLOB 类型，可存储的最大长度不同，可根据实际情况选择。
5. DDL 语句
DDL语句主要用来操作数据库中的表。
同一个库中不同表可以使用不同的存储引擎，但建议使用同一种存储引擎。
5.1创建表
格式
sql
#帮助
mysql> help create table
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
(create_definition,...)
[table_options]
[partition_options]
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
[(create_definition,...)]
[table_options]
[partition_options]
[IGNORE | REPLACE]
[AS] query_expression
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
{ LIKE old_tbl_name | (LIKE old_tbl_name) }
.....直接创建
sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'tbl_name' (col1 type1 修饰符,col2 type2 修饰符,...)
#字段格式
col type1 #定义字段数据类型
PRIMARY KEY(col1,...) #将该字段设为主键
INDEX(col1,...) #设置为索引
UNIQUE KEY(COL1,...) #设置为联合主键
#表选项
ENGINE [=] engine_name
ROW_FORMAT [=] {DEFAULT|DYNAMIC|FIXED|COMPRESSED|REDUNDANT|COMPACT}范例
sql
CREATE TABLE student (
id int UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
age tinyint UNSIGNED,
#height DECIMAL(5,2),
gender ENUM('M','F') default 'M'
)ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=10 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
#选择数据库
mysql> use db1;
Database changed
#执行SQL语句
mysql> CREATE TABLE student (
-> id int UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
-> name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
-> age tinyint UNSIGNED,
-> #height DECIMAL(5,2),
-> gender ENUM('M','F') default 'M'
-> )ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=10 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
#查看
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| student |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#查看结构
mysql> desc student;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#插入一条数据
mysql> insert student (name,age)values('xiaoming',20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
#查询表中的所有数据
mysql> select * from student;
+----+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender |
+----+----------+------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 20 | M |
+----+----------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#再次插入一条数据
mysql> insert student(name,age,gender)values('xiaohong',18,'f');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender |
+----+----------+------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 20 | M |
| 11 | xiaohong | 18 | F |
+----+----------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)通过查询现存表创建，新表会被直接插入查询而来的数据
范例
sql
mysql> desc student;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#查询结果创建新表
mysql> create table student2 select name,age from student;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
#查看数据表
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| student |
| student2 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#查看student2表结构
mysql> desc student2;
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#数据也同步复制过来
mysql> select * from student2;
+----------+------+
| name | age |
+----------+------+
| xiaoming | 20 |
| xiaohong | 18 |
+----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)通过复制现存的表的表结构创建，但不复制数据
范例
sql
mysql> desc student;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table student3 like student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| student |
| student2 |
| student3 |
+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc student3;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student3;
Empty set (0.00 sec)5.2查看表
格式
sql
mysql> help show tables
Name: 'SHOW TABLES'
Description:
Syntax:
SHOW [EXTENDED] [FULL] TABLES
[{FROM | IN} db_name]
[LIKE 'pattern' | WHERE expr]列出数据库中的表
格式
sql
SHOW TABLES [FROM db_name]范例
sql
#查看当前库中所有表
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| student |
| student2 |
| student3 |
+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#查看指定库中的表
mysql> show tables from db1;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| student |
| student2 |
| student3 |
+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)查看建表语句
格式
sql
SHOW CREATE TABLE [db_name.]tbl_name范例
sql
mysql> show create table student;
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| student | CREATE TABLE `student` (
`id` int unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`age` tinyint unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
`gender` enum('M','F') DEFAULT 'M',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=12 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#查看指定数据库的数据表
mysql> show create table db1.student\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: student
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `student` (
`id` int unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`age` tinyint unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
`gender` enum('M','F') DEFAULT 'M',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=12 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)查看表结构
格式
sql
DESC [db_name.]tbl_name
SHOW COLUMNS FROM [db_name.]tbl_name范例
sql
mysql> desc student;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show columns from student;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)查看表状态
格式
sql
SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'tbl_name'范例
sql
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'student';
+---------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+--------------------+----------+----------------+---------+
| Name | Engine | Version | Row_format | Rows | Avg_row_length | Data_length | Max_data_length | Index_length | Data_free | Auto_increment | Create_time | Update_time | Check_time | Collation | Checksum | Create_options | Comment |
+---------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------+---------+
| student | InnoDB | 10 | Dynamic | 2 | 8192 | 16384 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 2025-09-18 22:10:21 | 2025-09-18 22:24:45 | NULL | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci | NULL | | |
+---------+--------+---------+------------+------+----------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------+-----------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'student'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: student
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: 2
Avg_row_length: 8192
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: 12
Create_time: 2025-09-18 22:10:21
Update_time: 2025-09-18 22:24:45
Check_time: NULL
Collation: utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
#不能在LIKE后面带上库名
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'db1.student'\G
Empty set (0.00 sec)查看库中所有表状态
格式
sql
SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM db_name范例
sql
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS FROM db1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: student
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: 2
Avg_row_length: 8192
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: 12
Create_time: 2025-09-18 22:10:21
Update_time: 2025-09-18 22:24:45
Check_time: NULL
Collation: utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Name: student2
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: 2
Avg_row_length: 8192
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2025-09-18 22:35:06
Update_time: 2025-09-18 22:35:06
Check_time: NULL
Collation: utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Name: student3
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: 0
Avg_row_length: 0
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: 1
Create_time: 2025-09-18 22:49:14
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)查看当前MySQL服务支持的引擎
格式
sql
SHOW ENGINES范例
sql
mysql> SHOW ENGINES;
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> SHOW ENGINES\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Engine: FEDERATED
Support: NO
Comment: Federated MySQL storage engine
Transactions: NULL
XA: NULL
Savepoints: NULL
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Engine: MEMORY
Support: YES
Comment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables
Transactions: NO
XA: NO
Savepoints: NO
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Engine: InnoDB
Support: DEFAULT
Comment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys
Transactions: YES
XA: YES
Savepoints: YES
*************************** 4. row ***************************
Engine: PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
Support: YES
Comment: Performance Schema
Transactions: NO
XA: NO
Savepoints: NO
*************************** 5. row ***************************
Engine: MyISAM
Support: YES
Comment: MyISAM storage engine
Transactions: NO
XA: NO
Savepoints: NO
*************************** 6. row ***************************
Engine: MRG_MYISAM
Support: YES
Comment: Collection of identical MyISAM tables
Transactions: NO
XA: NO
Savepoints: NO
*************************** 7. row ***************************
Engine: BLACKHOLE
Support: YES
Comment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears)
Transactions: NO
XA: NO
Savepoints: NO
*************************** 8. row ***************************
Engine: CSV
Support: YES
Comment: CSV storage engine
Transactions: NO
XA: NO
Savepoints: NO
*************************** 9. row ***************************
Engine: ARCHIVE
Support: YES
Comment: Archive storage engine
Transactions: NO
XA: NO
Savepoints: NO
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)5.3修改和删除表
sql
ALTER TABLE tbl_name
[alter_option [, alter_option] ...]
[partition_options]
{ ADD COLUMN <列名> <类型>
| CHANGE COLUMN <旧列名> <新列名> <新列类型>
| ALTER COLUMN <列名> { SET DEFAULT <默认值>丨DROP DEFAULT }
| MODIFY COLUMN <列名> <类型>
| DROP COLUMN <列名>
| RENAME TO <新表名> }范例
sql
#修改表名
mysql> ALTER TABLE student RENAME stu;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| stu |
| student2 |
| student3 |
+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc stu;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#添加表字段
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu ADD phone varchar(11) AFTER name;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc stu;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| phone | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#修改字段类型
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu MODIFY phone int;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc stu;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| phone | int | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#修改字段名称和类型
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu CHANGE COLUMN phone mobile char(11);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc stu;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| mobile | char(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#删除字段
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu DROP COLUMN mobile;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc stu;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#修改表字符集
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu character SET utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1
#同时修改数据类型和字符集，只修改字符集，类型也不能少
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu CHANGE name name char(30) character set utf8;
Query OK, 2 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1
#设置字段默认值
mysql> alter table stu alter column gender set default 'M';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
#添加字段和修改字段
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu ADD is_del bool DEFAULT false;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu modify is_del bool DEFAULT true;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0范例
sql
mysql> create table stu2 select * from stu;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc stu2;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | | 0 | |
| name | char(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
| is_del | tinyint(1) | YES | | 1 | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#添加主键
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu2 ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc stu2;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| name | char(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
| is_del | tinyint(1) | YES | | 1 | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#删除主键
mysql> ALTER TABLE stu2 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc stu2;
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int unsigned | NO | | 0 | |
| name | char(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | enum('M','F') | YES | | M | |
| is_del | tinyint(1) | YES | | 1 | |
+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)删除表
格式
sql
DROP [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF EXISTS]
tbl_name [, tbl_name] ...
[RESTRICT | CASCADE]范例
sql
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| stu |
| stu2 |
| student2 |
| student3 |
+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#多条删除语句同时执行
mysql> drop table student2;drop table db1.student3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| stu |
| stu2 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)6. DML 语句
DML语句包括INSERT，UDPATE，DELETE
6.1插入数据
INSERT可以一次往表中插入一条或多条记录
格式
sql
mysql> help INSERT
Name: 'INSERT'
Description:
Syntax:
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name
[PARTITION (partition_name [, partition_name] ...)]
[(col_name [, col_name] ...)]
{ {VALUES | VALUE} (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...
| VALUES row_constructor_list
}
[AS row_alias[(col_alias [, col_alias] ...)]]
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE assignment_list]
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name
[PARTITION (partition_name [, partition_name] ...)]
[AS row_alias[(col_alias [, col_alias] ...)]]
SET assignment_list
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE assignment_list
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name
[PARTITION (partition_name [, partition_name] ...)]
[(col_name [, col_name] ...)]
[AS row_alias[(col_alias [, col_alias] ...)]]
{SELECT ... | TABLE table_name}
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE assignment_list简化格式
sql
INSERT tbl_name [(col1,...)] VALUES (val1,...),(val21,...)范例
sql
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 20 | M | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 18 | F | 0 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#给出所有字段值(给出所有字段值，可以不用标明字段，只要顺序一一对应即可)
mysql> INSERT INTO stu VALUES(12,'xiaoli',19,'F',0);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
#只给出部分字段值，因为有些字段值有默认值
mysql> INSERT INTO stu(name,age)VALUES('xiaozhou',20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
#有默认值的用默认值，没有默认值的用NULL值
mysql> INSERT stu (age,is_del)VALUES(23,0);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
#一次插入多条
mysql> INSERT INTO stu (name,age)VALUES('test1',20),('test2',21),('test3',22);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
#查询
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 20 | M | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 18 | F | 0 |
| 12 | xiaoli | 19 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 20 | M | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 20 | M | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 22 | M | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | M | 0 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#如果记录不存在就新增，如果存在就更新
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu WHERE id=12;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+
| 12 | xiaoli | 19 | F | 0 |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO stu (id,name)VALUES(12,'zhangsan');
ERROR 1008 (23000): Duplicate entry '12' for key 'stu.PRIMARY'
mysql> INSERT INTO stu (id,name)VALUES(12,'zhangsan') ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE name='zhangsan';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM stu WHERE id=12;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 12 | zhangsan | 19 | F | 0 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#将查询结果当值插入
mysql> insert into stu (name,age,gender) select name,age,gender from stu where id=11;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 20 | M | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 18 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 19 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 20 | M | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 20 | M | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 22 | M | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | M | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 18 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into stu (name,age,gender) select name,age,gender from stu where id in (11,12);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 20 | M | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 18 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 19 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 20 | M | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 20 | M | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 22 | M | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | M | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 18 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 18 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 19 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)6.2 更新数据
更新数据一定要加条件限制，没有条件则会更新表中所有记录。
sql
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] table_reference
SET assignment_list
[WHERE where_condition]
[ORDER BY ...]
[LIMIT row_count]范例
sql
#不加条件表示更新所有
mysql> UPDATE stu set age=30,gender='F';
Query OK, 11 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 11 Changed: 11 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 30 | F | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 30 | F | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#根据条件更新
mysql> update stu set age=31 WHERE id>15;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 5 Changed: 5 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 30 | F | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 31 | F | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#多个条件，满足任何一个条件都更新 OR 可以写成 ||
mysql> update stu set age=21,gender='M' where (id=15 OR name is null);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 30 | F | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 21 | M | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#多个条件同时满足，AND 可以写成 &&
mysql> update stu set age=22,gender='M' WHERE (id=17 AND name is null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 30 | F | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 22 | M | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#NULL值判断必须使用 IS NULL，不能使用 = NULL
mysql> update stu set gender='F' where name=NULL;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 0 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> update stu set gender='F' where name IS NULL;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0保证无法在没有条件的情况下更新所有
sql
-U, --i-am-a-dummy Synonym for option --safe-updates, -U.
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -U
#该配置还可以写到配置文件中
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/client.cnf
[client]
safe-updates
#必须指定主键条件才能更新
mysql> UPDATE stu SET age=23 WHERE id=17;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
#不加WHERE条件，无法执行全表更新
mysql> update stu set age=22;
ERROR 1175 (HY000): You are using safe update mode and you tried to update a table without a WHERE that uses a KEY column.
#WHERE条件没有使用索引/主键，同样报错
mysql> update stu set age=23 where name='test3';
ERROR 1175 (HY000): You are using safe update mode and you tried to update a table without a WHERE that uses a KEY column.
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 30 | F | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | F | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)6.3 删除数据
格式
sql
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE]
tbl_name[.*] [, tbl_name[.*]] ...
FROM table_references
[WHERE where_condition]
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE]
FROM tbl_name[.*] [, tbl_name[.*]] ...
USING table_references
[WHERE where_condition]范例
sql
#查看全部数据
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | xiaoming | 30 | F | 0 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | F | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+-----+---------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#根据条件删除
mysql> delete from stu where id=10;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 0 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | F | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)在直实生产环境中，一般不会对数据做物理删除，而是用字段来标记为逻辑删除，将对应字段值设为某个特定项(is_del )，(is_del=1)认为是己删除
sql
mysql> UPDATE stu SET is_del=1 WHERE id=11;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 1 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | F | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)清空表
sql
TRUNCATE TABLE tbl_name; #DDL语句，不支持事务，效率更高
DELETE FROM tbl_name; #DML语句7. DQL 语句
格式
sql
mysql> help select
Name: 'SELECT'
Description:
Syntax:
SELECT
[ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ]
[HIGH_PRIORITY]
[STRAIGHT_JOIN]
[SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT]
[SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS]
select_expr [, select_expr] ...
[into_option]
[FROM table_references
[PARTITION partition_list]]
[WHERE where_condition]
[GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position}, ... [WITH ROLLUP]]
[HAVING where_condition]
[WINDOW window_name AS (window_spec)
[, window_name AS (window_spec)] ...]
[ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}
[ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
[into_option]
[FOR {UPDATE | SHARE}
[OF tbl_name [, tbl_name] ...]
[NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED]
| LOCK IN SHARE MODE]
[into_option]
into_option: {
INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
[CHARACTER SET charset_name]
export_options
| INTO DUMPFILE 'file_name'
| INTO var_name [, var_name] ...
}说明
字段显示可以使用别名：col1 AS alias1,col2 AS alias2，...
WHERE子句：指明过滤条件以实现"选择"的功能
过滤条件：布尔型表达式
算术操作符：+,-,*,/，%
比较操作符：=，<=>(相等或都为空）,<>，!=(非标准SQL，>，>=，<，<=
范围查询：BETWEEN min_num AND max_num
不连续的查询：IN(element1，element2，...)
空查询：IS NULL,，IS NOT NULL
DISTINCT去除重复行，范例：SELECT DISTINCT gender FROM students;
模糊查询：LIKE使用%表示任意长度的任意字符_表示任意单个字符
RLIKE：正则表达式，索引失效，不建议使用
REGEXP：匹配字符串可用正则表达式书写模式，同上
逻辑操作符：NOT，AND，OR，XOR
GROUPBY：根据指定的条件把查询结果进行"分组"以用于做"聚合"运算
常见聚合函数：count()，sum()，max(),min()，avg()，注意：聚合函数不对null统计
HAVING：对分组聚合运算后的结果指定过滤条件
一旦分组group by，select语句后只跟分组的字段，聚合函数
ORDERBY：根据指定的字段对查询结果进行排序
升序：ASC
降序：DESC
LIMIToffset,row_count]：对查询的结果进行输出行数数量限制，跳过offset，显示row_count 行，offset默为值为0。
对查询结果中的数据请求施加"锁"
FOR UPDATE：写锁，独占或排它锁，只有一个读和写操作
LOCK IN SHARE MODE：读锁，共享锁，同时多个读操作
7.1单表操作
范例：查字符串和变量
sql
#直接查询常量数字
mysql> select 123;
+-----+
| 123 |
+-----+
| 123 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#指定结果别名
mysql> select 'gqd' as 'laogao';
+--------+
| laogao |
+--------+
| gqd |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#数学表达式运算
mysql> select 1+2*3;
+-------+
| 1+2*3 |
+-------+
| 7 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
#查询系统变量
mysql> select @@port;
+--------+
| @@port |
+--------+
| 3306 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
#调用函数查询
mysql> select now();
+---------------------+
| now() |
+---------------------+
| 2025-09-21 20:52:19 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)范例：指定字段和查询条件
sql
#全表扫描
mysql> select * from stu;
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| id | name | age | gender | is_del |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 | F | 1 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 | F | 0 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 | F | 1 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 | F | 1 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 | M | 1 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 | F | 1 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 | F | 0 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 | F | 1 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 | F | 1 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#查询指定字段，设置中文别名
mysql> select id as 学号,name as 姓名,age as 年纪 from stu;
+--------+----------+--------+
| 学号 | 姓名 | 年纪 |
+--------+----------+--------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
+--------+----------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#根据条件查询单行
mysql> select id,name from stu where id=11;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
+----+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#匹配多个指定值 in()
mysql> select id,name from stu where id in(11,15,19);
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 15 | test2 |
| 19 | xiaohong |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#多条件同时满足 AND (等价 &&)
mysql> select id,name from stu where id>=11 and id <14;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 12 | zhangsan |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#多个条件满足其一 OR (等价 ||)
mysql> select id,name from stu where id<=12 or id>19;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 12 | zhangsan |
| 20 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)范例：NULL值
sql
# 错误写法，= NULL 无法匹配空值
mysql> select id,name,age from stu where name=NULL;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
# 查询NULL值，必须使用 IS NULL
mysql> select id,name,age from stu where name IS NULL;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 查询非NULL值，使用 IS NOT NULL
mysql> select id,name,age from stu where name is not null;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
+----+----------+------+------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)范例：模糊匹配
sql
# 以指定字符开头
mysql> select id,name from stu where name like 'x%';
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 19 | xiaohong |
+----+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 以指定字符串开头
mysql> select id,name from stu where name like 'xiao%';
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 19 | xiaohong |
+----+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 以指定字符结尾
mysql> select id,name from stu where name like '%ng';
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 19 | xiaohong |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 包含指定字符串
mysql> select id,name from stu where name like '%ou%';
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 13 | xiaozhou |
+----+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 多个模糊匹配条件 or
mysql> select id,name from stu where name like '%n%' or name like '%i%';
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 12 | zhangsan |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 19 | xiaohong |
| 20 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)范例：区域间过滤
sql
# BETWEEN AND 匹配连续区间（包含两端）
mysql> select id,name from stu where id between 12 and 15;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 12 | zhangsan |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
| 14 | test1 |
| 15 | test2 |
+----+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# NOT BETWEEN AND 区间取反
mysql> select id,name from stu where id not between 12 and 15;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 16 | test3 |
| 17 | NULL |
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 19 | xiaohong |
| 20 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# IN 匹配离散、不连续的值
mysql> select id,name from stu where id in(12,15,19);
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 12 | zhangsan |
| 15 | test2 |
| 19 | xiaohong |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
# NOT IN 离散值取反
mysql> select id,name from stu where id not in (12,15,19);
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
| 14 | test1 |
| 16 | test3 |
| 17 | NULL |
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 20 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)范例：统计和分组
sql
#统计表中的记录条数
mysql> select count(*) as total from stu;
+-------+
| total |
+-------+
| 10 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#count(字段)不会统计NULL值，name字段存在NULL，所以数量少一条
mysql> select count(name) from stu;
+-------------+
| count(name) |
+-------------+
| 9 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#id为主键，不存在NULL，统计全部记录
mysql> select count(id) from stu;
+-----------+
| count(id) |
+-----------+
| 10 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#最大值、最小值、平均值
mysql> select max(id),min(id),avg(age) from stu;
+---------+---------+----------+
| max(id) | min(id) | avg(age) |
+---------+---------+----------+
| 20 | 11 | 28.8000 |
+---------+---------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#求和
mysql> select sum(age) from stu;
+----------+
| sum(age) |
+----------+
| 288 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#按gender分组求和
mysql> select sum(age),gender from stu group by gender;
+----------+--------+
| sum(age) | gender |
+----------+--------+
| 183 | F |
| 105 | M |
+----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#分组统计行数
mysql> select count(*),gender from stu group by gender;
+----------+--------+
| count(*) | gender |
+----------+--------+
| 6 | F |
| 4 | M |
+----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#分组前使用WHERE过滤原始数据
mysql> select count(*),max(id),avg(age),gender from stu where name is not null group by gender;
+----------+---------+----------+--------+
| count(*) | max(id) | avg(age) | gender |
+----------+---------+----------+--------+
| 6 | 19 | 30.5000 | F |
| 3 | 20 | 27.3333 | M |
+----------+---------+----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#分组之后使用HAVING过滤聚合结果
mysql> select count(*) as total,max(id),avg(age),gender from stu where name is not null group by gender having total=3;
+-------+---------+----------+--------+
| total | max(id) | avg(age) | gender |
+-------+---------+----------+--------+
| 3 | 20 | 27.3333 | M |
+-------+---------+----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select count(*),max(id),avg(age),gender from stu group by gender;
+----------+---------+----------+--------+
| count(*) | max(id) | avg(age) | gender |
+----------+---------+----------+--------+
| 6 | 19 | 30.5000 | F |
| 4 | 20 | 26.2500 | M |
+----------+---------+----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)范例：排序
sql
# 默认按ID升序排列
mysql> select id,name,age from stu;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
+----+----------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# ORDER BY 指定字段升序（ASC可以省略，默认升序）
mysql> select id,name,age from stu order by id;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
+----+----------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id,name,age from stu order by id asc;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
+----+----------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 降序 DESC
mysql> select id,name,age from stu order by id desc;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
+----+----------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 通过负号反向排序
mysql> select id,name,age from stu order by -id desc;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
+----+----------+------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 对分组聚合结果排序
mysql> select sum(age) as sum_age,avg(age) avg_age,gender 性别 from stu where name is not null group by gender order by sum_age asc;
+---------+---------+--------+
| sum_age | avg_age | 性别 |
+---------+---------+--------+
| 82 | 27.3333 | M |
| 183 | 30.5000 | F |
+---------+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)范例：去重
sql
mysql> select id,name,age from stu order by age desc;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 16 | test3 | 31 |
| 18 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 19 | xiaohong | 31 |
| 20 | zhangsan | 31 |
| 11 | xiaohong | 30 |
| 12 | zhangsan | 30 |
| 13 | xiaozhou | 30 |
| 14 | test1 | 30 |
| 17 | NULL | 23 |
| 15 | test2 | 21 |
+----+----------+------+--------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# DISTINCT 去重
mysql> select distinct age from stu order by age desc;
+------+
| age |
+------+
| 31 |
| 30 |
| 23 |
| 21 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# DISTINCT 后面括号只是语法形式，DISTINCT不是函数，不推荐加括号
mysql> select distinct(age) from stu order by age desc;
+------+
| age |
+------+
| 31 |
| 30 |
| 23 |
| 21 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)范例：分页
sql
mysql> select id,name from stu;
+----+----------+
| id | name
|
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 12 | zhangsan |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
| 14 | test1
|
| 15 | test2
|
| 16 | test3
| 17 | NULL
|
|
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 19 | xiaohong |
| 20 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#第一页，每页3条记录
# 0,3 跳过第0条从第一条开始，显示3条
mysql> select id,name from stu limit 0,3;
+----+----------+
| id | name
|
+----+----------+
| 11 | xiaohong |
| 12 | zhangsan |
| 13 | xiaozhou |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#第二页，每页3条记录
mysql> select id,name from stu limit 3,3;
+----+-------+
| id | name |
+----+-------+
| 14 | test1 |
| 15 | test2 |
| 16 | test3 |
+----+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#第三页，每页3条记录
mysql> select id,name from stu limit 6,3;
+----+----------+
| id | name
|
+----+----------+
| 17 | NULL
|
| 18 | xiaohong |
| 19 | xiaohong |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)7.2 多表查询
简单案例
准备表：yuangong（员工）、bumen（部门）
一、创建表（只有 员工表、部门表）
sql
-- 部门表
CREATE TABLE bumen (
bumen_id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- 部门ID
bumen_name VARCHAR(20) -- 部门名称
);
-- 员工表
CREATE TABLE yuangong (
yuangong_id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- 员工ID
name VARCHAR(20), -- 员工姓名
bumen_id INT -- 所属部门ID（用来关联）
);二、插入测试数据
sql
-- 部门：技术部、产品部、运营部
INSERT INTO bumen VALUES
(1, '技术部'),
(2, '产品部'),
(3, '运营部');
-- 员工
INSERT INTO yuangong VALUES
(101, '张三', 1), -- 技术部
(102, '李四', 1), -- 技术部
(103, '王五', 2), -- 产品部
(104, '赵六', NULL); -- 没有部门数据情况：
- bumen： 1 技术、2 产品、3 运营
- yuangong： 张三、李四、王五（有部门），赵六（无部门）
三、7 种多表查询
交叉连接 CROSS JOIN
两张表所有行两两组合，不看任何关联条件，叫笛卡尔积。
语法
语法介绍 - 不需要 ON 条件
- 结果行数 = 表 1 行数 × 表 2 行数
- 实际开发几乎不用，容易产生巨量数据
sql
SELECT 列名
FROM 表1
CROSS JOIN 表2;完整SQL
sql
SELECT *
FROM bumen
CROSS JOIN yuangong;结果：3 部门 × 4 员工 = 12 条数据
实际开发极少用。
内连接 INNER JOIN
只显示两边表能匹配上的数据（交集）。
部门存在、员工也归属这个部门，才显示。
语法
语法介绍
- INNER JOIN：内连接关键字
- ON ：必须写关联条件
- 只保留两边都存在的数据
完整SQL
sql
SELECT *
FROM bumen
INNER JOIN yuangong
ON bumen.bumen_id = yuangong.bumen_id;结果：
张三、李四、王五 显示
赵六（无部门）、运营部（无人）都不显示
左连接 LEFT JOIN
左边表（bumen）全部保留
右边表（yuangong）能匹配就显示，不能匹配显示 NULL
语法
- LEFT JOIN = 左表全部保留
- ON 关联条件必须写
- 左表数据一条都不会少
sql
SELECT 列名
FROM 表1
LEFT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.关联字段 = 表2.关联字段;sql
sql
SELECT *
FROM bumen
LEFT JOIN yuangong
ON bumen.bumen_id = yuangong.bumen_id;结果：
技术部、产品部、运营部 全部显示
运营部没有员工 → 员工部分为 NULL
右连接 RIGHT JOIN
右边表（yuangong）全部保留
左边表（bumen）能匹配就显示，不能匹配显示 NULL
语法
- RIGHT JOIN = 右表全部保留
- 右表数据一条都不会少
sql
SELECT 列名
FROM 表1
RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.关联字段 = 表2.关联字段;sql
sql
SELECT *
FROM bumen
RIGHT JOIN yuangong
ON bumen.bumen_id = yuangong.bumen_id;结果：
张三、李四、王五、赵六 全部显示
赵六没有部门 → 部门部分为 NULL
全连接 FULL JOIN（MySQL 模拟）
左边全部 + 右边全部，一条数据都不丢（并集）
MySQL 不支持直接 FULL JOIN，用 LEFT JOIN + UNION + RIGHT JOIN 实现
语法
- UNION ：合并两个查询结果，自动去重
- 最终结果：所有部门 + 所有员工，一个不丢
SQL
sql
SELECT * FROM bumen LEFT JOIN yuangong ON bumen.bumen_id = yuangong.bumen_id
UNION
SELECT * FROM bumen RIGHT JOIN yuangong ON bumen.bumen_id = yuangong.bumen_id;结果：
所有部门 + 所有员工，全部显示，缺的部分为 NULL
自连接 SELF JOIN
一张表自己连接自己，把同一张表当两张表用
常用于：员工 - 领导、分类 - 父分类
语法
- 同一张表：yuangong e、yuangong l
- 必须起不同别名（e 员工，l 领导）
- 本质还是 JOIN，只是表是同一张
sql
SELECT 别名1.列名, 别名2.列名
FROM 表名 别名1
JOIN 表名 别名2
ON 别名1.字段 = 别名2.字段;先加领导字段：
sql
ALTER TABLE yuangong ADD leader_id INT;
UPDATE yuangong SET leader_id = 101 WHERE yuangong_id = 102;含义：张三是李四的领导
查询：员工姓名 + 领导姓名
sql
SELECT
e.name AS 员工,
l.name AS 领导
FROM yuangong e
LEFT JOIN yuangong l
ON e.leader_id = l.yuangong_id;结果：李四 → 领导张三
联合查询 UNION / UNION ALL
不是左右连接，是上下拼接结果
要求：列数相同、类型对应
- UNION：去重
- UNION ALL：不去重，速度更快
语法
- UNION ：合并结果，自动去重
- UNION ALL：合并结果，不去重，速度更快
- 字段数量必须一样
sql
查询1
UNION
查询2示例：把部门名和员工名合并成一列展示
sql
SELECT bumen_name AS name FROM bumen
UNION
SELECT name FROM yuangong;结果：
技术部、产品部、运营部、张三、李四、王五、赵六
（上下排成一列）
四、一句话终极总结（必背）
- CROSS JOIN：全组合，笛卡尔积
- INNER JOIN：两边匹配才显示（交集）
- LEFT JOIN：左表全保留
- RIGHT JOIN：右表全保留
- FULL JOIN：左右都保留（并集）
- SELF JOIN：自己连自己（层级关系）
- UNION：结果上下拼接