Linux的管理程序

1.1 源码安装

当你需要定制化程序的时候

cd /opt/
wget   -c  https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz
tar  -xvf nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz
yum install gcc  pcre-devel zlib-devel  -y
./configure  #检测环境
make && make install   #make编译，make install安装编译好的程序到系统
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@rhel93 html]# echo "hello world" > /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html
[root@rhel93 html]# curl  192.168.168.197
hello world

1.2 yum安装

1.2.1 本地仓库file://

本地路径里面需要有被安装的软件包

rhel7+

[root@rhel79 yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/base.repo
[base]
name=base
baseurl=file:///mnt/
gpgcheck=0
[root@rhel79 ~]# mount  /dev/sr0  /mnt

rhel9+

[root@rhel93 ~]# cat  /etc/yum.repos.d/base.repo
[baseos]
name=baseos
baseurl=file:///media/BaseOS
gpgcheck=0
[App]
name=app
baseurl=file:///media/AppStream
gpgcheck=0
[root@rhel93 ~]# mount  /dev/sr0  /media/

1.2.2 网络仓库http://

网站里有需要被安装的软件包

rhel7+

[root@rhel79 yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/aliyun.repo
[aliyun]
name=aliyun
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos-vault/7.9.2009/os/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
[root@rhel79 yum.repos.d]# ping -c2 www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (183.2.172.177) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 183.2.172.177 (183.2.172.177): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=78.3 ms
64 bytes from 183.2.172.177 (183.2.172.177): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=43.3 ms

rhel9+

[root@rhel93 ~]# cat  /etc/yum.repos.d/aliyun.repo
[aliyun-base]
name=aliyun-baseos
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos-stream/9-stream/BaseOS/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0
[aliyun-app]
name=aliyun-app
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos-stream/9-stream/AppStream/x86_64/os/
gpgcheck=0
[root@rhel93 ~]# ping  -c2 www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (183.2.172.177) 56(84) 比特的数据。
64 比特，来自 183.2.172.177 (183.2.172.177): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 时间=60.0 毫秒
64 比特，来自 183.2.172.177 (183.2.172.177): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 时间=35.1 毫秒

1.3 自建yum仓库

下载某软件包制作仓库：

#download只下载不安装httpd软件包，--resolve是解决依赖
[root@rhel93 ~]# yum  download  httpd --resolve --destdir /yum_repo/httpd/Packages
[root@rhel93 ~]# tree  /yum_repo/httpd/
/yum_repo/httpd/
└── Packages
    ├── apr-1.7.0-11.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── apr-util-1.6.1-23.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-23.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-23.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── httpd-2.4.57-5.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── httpd-core-2.4.57-5.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── httpd-filesystem-2.4.57-5.el9.noarch.rpm
    ├── httpd-tools-2.4.57-5.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── mod_http2-1.15.19-5.el9.x86_64.rpm
    ├── mod_lua-2.4.57-5.el9.x86_64.rpm
    └── redhat-logos-httpd-90.4-2.el9.noarch.rpm
# createrepo为一堆 RPM 软件包创建一个元数据仓库（repodata/目录），使其成为一个可被 yum或 dnf包管理器识别和使用的正式软件仓库。
[root@rhel93 yum.repos.d]# yum install  createrepo_c -y
[root@rhel93 ~]# createrepo  /yum_repo/httpd/
[root@rhel93 ~]# tree -L 1  /yum_repo/httpd/
/yum_repo/httpd/
├── Packages
└── repodata
[root@rhel93 ~]# cat  /etc/yum.repos.d/httpd.repo
[httpd]
name=httpd
baseurl=file:///yum_repo/httpd
gpgcheck=0
​
#查看httpd仓库中的软件包
[root@rhel93 ~]# yum  repo-pkgs httpd list

下载epel源中软件制作仓库：

[root@rhel93 ~]# yum install yum-utils createrepo -y
[root@rhel93 ~]# reposync  --repoid=epel  -p /yum_repo/
[root@rhel93 ~]# tree -L 2 /yum_repo/
/yum_repo/
└── epel
    └── Packages
[root@rhel93 ~]# createrepo /yum_repo/epel/
[root@rhel93 ~]# tree -L 2  /yum_repo/
/yum_repo/
└── epel
    ├── Packages
    └── repodata
​
[root@rhel93 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/bendi-epel.repo
[bendi-epel]
name=bendi-epel
baseurl=file:///yum_repo/epel
gpgcheck=0
#列出bendi-epel这个id仓库中的可用软件包
[root@rhel93 ~]# yum repo-pkgs bendi-epel list available

2、运行程序

安装nginx程序

yum install nginx -y

2.1 直接执行命令

先找到nginx程序文件

#查询nginx程序生成了哪些文件，主要找bin/sbin目录下的程序文件
[root@rhel93 ~]# rpm  -ql   nginx | grep bin
/usr/bin/nginx-upgrade
[root@rhel93 ~]# echo $PATH
/root/.local/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
[root@rhel93 ~]# man nginx-upgrade
#查询nginx程序依赖的包生成了哪些文件，主要找bin/sbin目录下的程序文件
[root@rhel93 ~]# rpm -ql   nginx-core | grep bin
/usr/sbin/nginx
[root@rhel93 ~]# man  nginx
#运行nginx
[root@rhel93 ~]# nginx
#查询nginx的配置文件，主要找conf结尾的文件
#-qc表示查询nginx-core包生成的所有的配置文件
[root@rhel93 ~]# rpm -qc  nginx-core  | grep conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf.default
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf.default
[root@rhel93 ~]# rpm -ql nginx-core  | grep conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf.default
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf.default
#-qa查询所有已经安装了的软件包
[root@rhel93 ~]# rpm -qa | grep nginx
nginx-filesystem-1.20.1-14.el9_2.1.noarch
nginx-core-1.20.1-14.el9_2.1.x86_64
nginx-1.20.1-14.el9_2.1.x86_64
​
[root@rhel93 ~]# nginx -h
nginx version: nginx/1.20.1
Usage: nginx [-?hvVtTq] [-s signal] [-p prefix]
             [-e filename] [-c filename] [-g directives]
​
Options:
  -?,-h         : this help
  -v            : show version and exit
  -V            : show version and configure options then exit
  -t            : test configuration and exit
  -s signal     : send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen, reload
#查看nginx是否正常运行  
[root@rhel93 ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       35915       1  0 09:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx      35916   35915  0 09:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      35917   35915  0 09:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      35918   35915  0 09:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      35919   35915  0 09:36 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       36035    8241  0 09:37 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
#查看nginx是否正常运行 
[root@rhel93 ~]# ps  aux | grep nginx
root       35915  0.0  0.0  10052   948 ?        Ss   09:36   0:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx      35916  0.0  0.2  13940  4984 ?        S    09:36   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      35917  0.0  0.2  13940  4984 ?        S    09:36   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      35918  0.0  0.2  13940  4984 ?        S    09:36   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      35919  0.0  0.2  13940  4984 ?        S    09:36   0:00 nginx: worker process
root       36181  0.0  0.1   6636  2336 pts/0    R+   09:37   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx
#查看nginx是否正常监听且监听端口是多少
[root@rhel93 ~]# ss -lntup | grep 80
tcp   LISTEN 0      511          0.0.0.0:80        0.0.0.0:*    users:(("nginx",pid=35919,fd=6),("nginx",pid=35918,fd=6),("nginx",pid=35917,fd=6),("nginx",pid=35916,fd=6),("nginx",pid=35915,fd=6))
tcp   LISTEN 0      511             [::]:80           [::]:*    users:(("nginx",pid=35919,fd=7),("nginx",pid=35918,fd=7),("nginx",pid=35917,fd=7),("nginx",pid=35916,fd=7),("nginx",pid=35915,fd=7))
#查看nginx是否正常监听且监听端口是多少
[root@rhel93 ~]# netstat  -lntup | grep 80
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      35915/nginx: master
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      35915/nginx: master

2.2 systemctl管理服务

#本次启动nginx
[root@rhel93 ~]# systemctl  start  nginx
#查看nginx的状态
[root@rhel93 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sun 2025-08-31 10:10:10 CST; 6s ago   #主要看当前行中的active（running）表示运行中
    Process: 2088 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Process: 2089 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Process: 2090 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 2091 (nginx)
      Tasks: 5 (limit: 10816)
     Memory: 6.3M
        CPU: 18ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
             ├─2091 "nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx"
             ├─2092 "nginx: worker process"
             ├─2093 "nginx: worker process"
             ├─2094 "nginx: worker process"
             └─2095 "nginx: worker process"
​
8月 31 10:10:10 rhel93 systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
8月 31 10:10:10 rhel93 nginx[2089]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
8月 31 10:10:10 rhel93 nginx[2089]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
8月 31 10:10:10 rhel93 systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
#停止本次nginx的运行
[root@rhel93 ~]# systemctl stop nginx
#设置nginx的开机自动启动，--now表示现在立马就启动
[root@rhel93 ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx
[root@rhel93 ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sun 2025-08-31 10:11:07 CST; 1s ago
    Process: 2463 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Process: 2464 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    Process: 2465 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 2466 (nginx)
      Tasks: 5 (limit: 10816)
     Memory: 4.8M
        CPU: 16ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
             ├─2466 "nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx"
             ├─2467 "nginx: worker process"
             ├─2468 "nginx: worker process"
             ├─2469 "nginx: worker process"
             └─2470 "nginx: worker process"
​
8月 31 10:11:07 rhel93 systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
8月 31 10:11:07 rhel93 nginx[2464]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
8月 31 10:11:07 rhel93 nginx[2464]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
8月 31 10:11:07 rhel93 systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
#重启验证nginx是否开机自动运行
[root@rhel93 ~]# reboot
​
​
#关闭nginx的开机自动启动，--now表示现在立马关闭nginx
[root@rhel93 ~]# systemctl disable --now nginx
​
​
#查询nginx的service文件是哪个包生成的
[root@rhel93 ~]# rpm -qf   /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
nginx-1.20.1-14.el9_2.1.x86_64

3、查看进程

3.1 静态查看

#ps -ef查看进程某一刻的状态，使用awk可以匹配nginx进程信息
[root@rhel93 ~]# ps -ef |  awk   ' NR==1  {print $0 } /nginx/ {print $0}'
UID          PID    PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root       13089       1  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx      13090   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13091   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13092   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13093   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
​
#ps aux查看进程某一刻的状态，使用awk可以匹配nginx进程信息
[root@rhel93 ~]# ps aux  | awk   ' NR==1  {print $0 } /nginx/ {print $0}'
USER         PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root       13089  0.0  0.0  10052   944 ?        Ss   10:43   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx      13090  0.0  0.2  13940  5012 ?        S    10:43   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13091  0.0  0.2  13940  5012 ?        S    10:43   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13092  0.0  0.2  13940  5012 ?        S    10:43   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13093  0.0  0.2  13940  5012 ?        S    10:43   0:00 nginx: worker process
​

3.2 动态查看

#动态查看进程信息，默认每3秒刷新一次
top

3.3 进程树方式查看进程

[root@rhel93 ~]# pstree
[root@rhel93 ~]# pstree -p
systemd(1)─┬─NetworkManager(866)─┬─{NetworkManager}(869)
           │                     └─{NetworkManager}(870)
           ├─VGAuthService(838)
           ├─anacron(19695)
           ├─atd(903)
           ├─auditd(800)─┬─sedispatch(802)
           │             ├─{auditd}(801)
           │             └─{auditd}(803)
           ├─chronyd(853)
           ├─crond(905)
           ├─dbus-broker-lau(826)───dbus-broker(828)
           ├─firewalld(832)───{firewalld}(1097)
           ├─irqbalance(834)───{irqbalance}(851)
           ├─login(916)───bash(1657)
           ├─lsmd(835)
           ├─mcelog(836)
           ├─nginx(13089)─┬─nginx(13090)
           │              ├─nginx(13091)
           │              ├─nginx(13092)
           │              └─nginx(13093)

4、查看进程监听端口

[root@rhel93 ~]#  netstat  -lntup
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      13089/nginx: master
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      893/sshd: /usr/sbin
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      13089/nginx: master
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      893/sshd: /usr/sbin
udp        0      0 127.0.0.1:323           0.0.0.0:*                           853/chronyd
udp6       0      0 ::1:323                 :::*                                853/chronyd
[root@rhel93 ~]# ss -lntup
Netid         State          Recv-Q         Send-Q                 Local Address:Port                  Peer Address:Port         Process
udp           UNCONN         0              0                          127.0.0.1:323                        0.0.0.0:*             users:(("chronyd",pid=853,fd=5))
udp           UNCONN         0              0                              [::1]:323                           [::]:*             users:(("chronyd",pid=853,fd=6))
tcp           LISTEN         0              511                          0.0.0.0:80                         0.0.0.0:*             users:(("nginx",pid=13093,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13092,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13091,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13090,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13089,fd=6))
tcp           LISTEN         0              128                          0.0.0.0:22                         0.0.0.0:*             users:(("sshd",pid=893,fd=3))
tcp           LISTEN         0              511                             [::]:80                            [::]:*             users:(("nginx",pid=13093,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13092,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13091,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13090,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13089,fd=7))
tcp           LISTEN         0              128                             [::]:22                            [::]:*             users:(("sshd",pid=893,fd=4))
​

#过滤进程的监听端口
[root@rhel93 ~]# ss -lntup  |  grep 80
tcp   LISTEN 0      511          0.0.0.0:80        0.0.0.0:*    users:(("nginx",pid=13093,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13092,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13091,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13090,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13089,fd=6))
tcp   LISTEN 0      511             [::]:80           [::]:*    users:(("nginx",pid=13093,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13092,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13091,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13090,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13089,fd=7))
#过滤进程的命令查看进程的监听信息
[root@rhel93 ~]# ss -lntup  |  grep nginx
tcp   LISTEN 0      511          0.0.0.0:80        0.0.0.0:*    users:(("nginx",pid=13093,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13092,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13091,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13090,fd=6),("nginx",pid=13089,fd=6))
tcp   LISTEN 0      511             [::]:80           [::]:*    users:(("nginx",pid=13093,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13092,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13091,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13090,fd=7),("nginx",pid=13089,fd=7))
​

5、杀死进程

5.1 关闭正常进程

[root@rhel93 ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       13089       1  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx      13090   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13091   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13092   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      13093   13089  0 10:43 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       23649    1688  0 11:11 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@rhel93 ~]# kill 13089
[root@rhel93 ~]# killall nginx

5.2 非正常进程的关闭

[root@rhel93 ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       24322       1  0 11:13 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
nginx      24323   24322  0 11:13 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      24324   24322  0 11:13 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      24325   24322  0 11:13 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
nginx      24326   24322  0 11:13 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       24382    1688  0 11:13 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@rhel93 ~]# kill -9  24322