1. 决策树的三部分
决策树学习算法包括3部分：特征选择、树的生成和树的剪枝。常用的算法有ID3、 C4.5和CART。
1.1特征选择
特征选择的目的在于选取对训练数据能够分类的特征。特征选择的关键是其准则。常用的准则如下：
1.2决策树的生成
决策树的生成。通常使用信息增益最大、信息增益比最大或基尼指数最小作为特征选择的准则。决策树的生成往往通过计算信息增益或其他指标，从根结点开始，递归地产生决策树。这相当于用信息增益或其他准则不断地选取局部最优的特征，或将训练集分割为能够基本正确分类的子集。
1.3决策树的剪枝
决策树的剪枝。由于生成的决策树存在过拟合问题，需要对它进行剪枝，以简化学到的决策树。决策树的剪枝，往往从已生成的树上剪掉一些叶结点或叶结点以上的子树，并将其父结点或根结点作为新的叶结点，从而简化生成的决策树。
2. ID3生成决策树代码实例
2.1计算信息增益
计算各个特征的信息增益选取决策树的根节点（ID3)
python
# 熵
def calc_ent(datasets):
data_length = len(datasets)
label_count = {}
for i in range(data_length):
label = datasets[i][-1]
if label not in label_count:
label_count[label] = 0
label_count[label] += 1
ent = -sum([(p / data_length) * log(p / data_length, 2)
for p in label_count.values()])
return ent
# def entropy(y):
# """
# Entropy of a label sequence
# """
# hist = np.bincount(y)
# ps = hist / np.sum(hist)
# return -np.sum([p * np.log2(p) for p in ps if p > 0])
# 经验条件熵
def cond_ent(datasets, axis=0):
data_length = len(datasets)
feature_sets = {}
for i in range(data_length):
feature = datasets[i][axis]
if feature not in feature_sets:
feature_sets[feature] = []
feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i])
cond_ent = sum(
[(len(p) / data_length) * calc_ent(p) for p in feature_sets.values()])
return cond_ent
# 信息增益
def info_gain(ent, cond_ent):
return ent - cond_ent
def info_gain_train(datasets):
count = len(datasets[0]) - 1
ent = calc_ent(datasets)
# ent = entropy(datasets)
best_feature = []
for c in range(count):
c_info_gain = info_gain(ent, cond_ent(datasets, axis=c))
best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain))
print('特征({}) - info_gain - {:.3f}'.format(labels[c], c_info_gain))
# 比较大小
best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1])
return '特征({})的信息增益最大，选择为根节点特征'.format(labels[best_[0]])比较结果：
特征(年龄) - info_gain - 0.083
特征(有工作) - info_gain - 0.324
特征(有自己的房子) - info_gain - 0.420
特征(信贷情况) - info_gain - 0.363
'特征(有自己的房子)的信息增益最大，选择为根节点特征'
2.2利用ID3算法生成决策树
python
# 定义节点类 二叉树
class Node:
def __init__(self, root=True, label=None, feature_name=None, feature=None):
self.root = root
self.label = label
self.feature_name = feature_name
self.feature = feature
self.tree = {}
self.result = {
'label:': self.label,
'feature': self.feature,
'tree': self.tree
}
def __repr__(self):
return '{}'.format(self.result)
def add_node(self, val, node):
self.tree[val] = node
def predict(self, features):
if self.root is True:
return self.label
return self.tree[features[self.feature]].predict(features)
class DTree:
def __init__(self, epsilon=0.1):
self.epsilon = epsilon
self._tree = {}
# 熵
@staticmethod
def calc_ent(datasets):
data_length = len(datasets)
label_count = {}
for i in range(data_length):
label = datasets[i][-1]
if label not in label_count:
label_count[label] = 0
label_count[label] += 1
ent = -sum([(p / data_length) * log(p / data_length, 2)
for p in label_count.values()])
return ent
# 经验条件熵
def cond_ent(self, datasets, axis=0):
data_length = len(datasets)
feature_sets = {}
for i in range(data_length):
feature = datasets[i][axis]
if feature not in feature_sets:
feature_sets[feature] = []
feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i])
cond_ent = sum([(len(p) / data_length) * self.calc_ent(p)
for p in feature_sets.values()])
return cond_ent
# 信息增益
@staticmethod
def info_gain(ent, cond_ent):
return ent - cond_ent
def info_gain_train(self, datasets):
count = len(datasets[0]) - 1
ent = self.calc_ent(datasets)
best_feature = []
for c in range(count):
c_info_gain = self.info_gain(ent, self.cond_ent(datasets, axis=c))
best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain))
# 比较大小
best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1])
return best_
def train(self, train_data):
"""
input:数据集D(DataFrame格式)，特征集A，阈值eta
output:决策树T
"""
_, y_train, features = train_data.iloc[:, :
-1], train_data.iloc[:,
-1], train_data.columns[:
-1]
# 1,若D中实例属于同一类Ck，则T为单节点树，并将类Ck作为结点的类标记，返回T
if len(y_train.value_counts()) == 1:
return Node(root=True, label=y_train.iloc[0])
# 2, 若A为空，则T为单节点树，将D中实例树最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记，返回T
if len(features) == 0:
return Node(
root=True,
label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values(
ascending=False).index[0])
# 3,计算最大信息增益 同5.1,Ag为信息增益最大的特征
max_feature, max_info_gain = self.info_gain_train(np.array(train_data))
max_feature_name = features[max_feature]
# 4,Ag的信息增益小于阈值eta,则置T为单节点树，并将D中是实例数最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记，返回T
if max_info_gain < self.epsilon:
return Node(
root=True,
label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values(
ascending=False).index[0])
# 5,构建Ag子集
node_tree = Node(
root=False, feature_name=max_feature_name, feature=max_feature)
feature_list = train_data[max_feature_name].value_counts().index
for f in feature_list:
sub_train_df = train_data.loc[train_data[max_feature_name] ==
f].drop([max_feature_name], axis=1)
# 6, 递归生成树
sub_tree = self.train(sub_train_df)
node_tree.add_node(f, sub_tree)
# pprint.pprint(node_tree.tree)
return node_tree
def fit(self, train_data):
self._tree = self.train(train_data)
return self._tree
def predict(self, X_test):
return self._tree.predict(X_test)生成决策树：
ID3算法产生的决策树容易产生过拟合现象
3 分类与回归树模型（CART）
3.1 CART算法
CATR算法假设决策树是二叉树，内部节点的取值特征为是或否。CART算法又两个部分组成：
（1）决策树的生成：基于训练集生成决策树，生成的决策树要尽可能的大
（2）决策树的剪枝：用验证数据集对生成的决策树进行剪枝并选择最优的子树，这时用损失函数最小最为剪枝的标准。
3.2 CART生成
3.2.1 回归树的生成
3.2.2 分类树的生成
3.3 CART算法生成决策树exp
训练数据集：
计算各个特征的基尼指数（A1:年龄 A2：有工作 A3：有房子 A4:信贷情况）
选择基尼指数小的为最优切分点
计算剩余特征的基尼系数，A3特征的基尼指数最小选为根节点，A3=1为最优切分点，在剩余特征中继续比较，最后得到决策树
3.4 CART剪枝算法
