nerdctl 实战全解：替代 docker 的 containerd 客户端，镜像 / 容器 / 网络 / 存储 / Namespace 一把抓

闲云自留地2026-09-19 8:55

文章目录

  • [nerdctl 实践](#nerdctl 实践)

nerdctl 实践

nerdctl 安装

我们推荐使用 nerdctl 管理containerd，命令语法与 docker 一致。

截止 2023-05-24 最新版本是 v 1.4.0

github项目地址：https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases

cni插件项目地址：https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases

bash 复制代码 
# 使用wget下载nerdctl二进制安装包
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases/download/v1.4.0/nerdctl-1.4.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz

# 解压nerdctl安装包到/usr/bin目录，-xf解压文件，-C指定目标目录
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf nerdctl-1.4.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/bin/

# 生成nerdctl的bash自动补全脚本，输出到/etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl completion bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl
# 加载自动补全脚本，使补全功能立即生效
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl

# 使用wget下载nerdctl所需的CNI网络插件
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.3.0/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.3.0.tgz

# 创建CNI插件目录，-p递归创建父目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin
# 解压CNI插件到/opt/cni/bin目录，-xf解压文件，-C指定目标目录
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.3.0.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin
bash 复制代码 
如果nerdctl补全是报错信息如下：
_get_comp_words_by_ref: command not found
解决方法：安装 bash-completion
# 安装bash-completion软件包，解决nerdctl补全报错
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y bash-completion

配置镜像加速

bash 复制代码 
#编辑containerd的配置文件config.toml，如果不存在，需要手动生成，方法 containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml，在配置文件中搜索关键字"config_path"，在其下面添加镜像加速参数
# 生成containerd默认配置文件，重定向输出到/etc/containerd/config.toml
[root@docker ~]# containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml
# 编辑containerd配置文件，搜索config_path关键字添加镜像加速参数
[root@control ~]# vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
146    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
147      config_path = "/etc/containerd/certs.d"              #配置这里
# 创建docker.io镜像加速配置目录，-p递归创建父目录
[root@control ~]# mkdir -p /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io
# 编辑docker.io镜像加速的hosts.toml配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/hosts.toml
server = "https://054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"
[host."https://054b8ac70e8010d90f2ac00ef29e6580.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"]
capabilities = ["pull", "resolve"]
#重启containerd服务生效

# 重启containerd服务，使镜像加速配置生效
[root@control ~]# systemctl restart containerd

nerdctl 管理镜像

bash 复制代码 
# 按两次Tab键触发nerdctl image子命令自动补全，查看可用的子命令
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image <按tab键><按tab键>
build    (Build an image from a Dockerfile. Needs buildkitd to be running.)
convert  (convert an image)
decrypt  (decrypt an image)
encrypt  (encrypt image layers)
history  (Show the history of an image)
inspect  (Display detailed information on one or more images.)
load     (Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN)
ls       (List images)
prune    (Remove unused images)
pull     (Pull an image from a registry. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or
"ipns://" scheme to pull image from IPFS.)
push     (Push an image or a repository to a registry. Optionally specify
"ipfs://" or "ipns://" scheme to push image to IPFS.)
rm       (Remove one or more images)
save     (Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by
default))
tag      (Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE)

ls

作用：查看本地镜像清单。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image ls
REPOSITORY    TAG    IMAGE ID    CREATED    PLATFORM    SIZE    BLOB SIZE
# 可简写如下
# 简写形式查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images

pull

作用：从网络上下载镜像。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 从网络下载busybox镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image pull busybox

# 简写形式(pull)下载httpd镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl pull httpd

# 查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image ls
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID        CREATED           PLATFORM       SIZE BLOB SIZE
busybox       latest    f9a104fddb33    19 minutes ago    linux/amd64    4.1 MiB 2.1 MiB
httpd         latest    fbc12199ccad    44 seconds ago    linux/amd64    152.4 MiB    55.8 MiB

rm

作用：删除本地不用的镜像。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 删除httpd镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image rm httpd

# 简写形式(rmi)删除busybox镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl rmi busybox

# 简写形式查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID        CREATED           PLATFORM       SIZE BLOB SIZE
busybox       latest    f9a104fddb33    19 minutes ago    linux/amd64    4.1 MiB 2.1 MiB

tag

作用：给镜像打标签。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 为busybox镜像打上busybox_containerd标签
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl tag busybox busybox_containerd

# 简写形式查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY            TAG       IMAGE ID        CREATED           PLATFORM SIZE       BLOB SIZE
busybox               latest    f9a104fddb33    34 minutes ago    linux/amd64 4.1 MiB    2.1 MiB
busybox_containerd    latest    f9a104fddb33    3 seconds ago     linux/amd64 4.1 MiB    2.1 MiB

save

作用：将本地镜像导出为文件。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 将busybox镜像导出为busybox.tar文件，-o指定输出文件
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image save busybox -o busybox.tar

# 可简写为
# 简写形式(save)导出busybox镜像为tar文件
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl save busybox -o busybox.tar

# 删除busybox镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image rm busybox

# 简写形式查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY            TAG       IMAGE ID        CREATED           PLATFORM SIZE       BLOB SIZE
busybox_containerd    latest    f9a104fddb33    57 seconds ago    linux/amd64 4.1 MiB    2.1 MiB

load

作用：导入tar文件中镜像。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 从busybox.tar文件导入镜像，-i指定输入文件
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image load -i busybox.tar

# 可简写为
# 简写形式(load)导入busybox.tar镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl load -i busybox.tar

# 简写形式查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY            TAG       IMAGE ID        CREATED               PLATFORM SIZE       BLOB SIZE
busybox               latest    f9a104fddb33    7 seconds ago         linux/amd64 4.1 MiB    2.1 MiB
busybox_containerd    latest    f9a104fddb33    About a minute ago    linux/amd64 4.1 MiB    2.1 MiB

history

作用：查看镜像构建时的历史命令层次结构。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看busybox镜像构建的历史命令层次结构
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image history busybox
SNAPSHOT
CREATED          CREATED BY                           SIZE       COMMENT
sha256:65014c70e84b6817fac42bb201ec5c1ea460a8da246cac0e481f5c9a9491eac0    10
months ago    BusyBox 1.37.0 (glibc), Debian 12    4.1 MiB

inspect

作用：查看镜像详细信息。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看busybox镜像的详细信息
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image inspect busybox
[
{
"Id":
"sha256:6d3e4188a38af91b0c1577b9e88c53368926b2fe0e1fb985d6e8a70040520c4d",
"RepoTags": [
"busybox:latest"
],
"RepoDigests": [
"busybox@sha256:f9a104fddb33220ec80fc45a4e606c74aadf1ef7a3832eb0b05be9e90cd61f5f
"
],
"Comment": "",
"Created": "2024-09-26T21:31:42Z",
"Author": "",
"Config": {
"AttachStdin": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [
"sh"
]
},
"Architecture": "amd64",
"Os": "linux",
"Size": 4337664,
"RootFS": {
"Type": "layers",
"Layers": [
"sha256:65014c70e84b6817fac42bb201ec5c1ea460a8da246cac0e481f5c9a9491eac0"
]
},
"Metadata": {
"LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
}
}
]

prune

作用：删除所有未使用的镜像。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 删除所有未使用的镜像，--all删除全部未使用镜像，--force不提示确认
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image prune --all --force

# 查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl image ls
REPOSITORY    TAG    IMAGE ID    CREATED    PLATFORM    SIZE    BLOB SIZE

[root@localhost ~]#

nerdctl 管理容器

帮助信息

bash 复制代码 
# 查看nerdctl container容器管理子命令帮助
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container --help
Manage containers
Usage: nerdctl container [flags]
Commands:
commit   Create a new image from a container's changes
cp       Copy files/folders between a running container and the local
filesystem.
create   Create a new container. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or "ipns://"
scheme to pull image from IPFS.
exec     Run a command in a running container
inspect  Display detailed information on one or more containers.
kill     Kill one or more running containers
logs     Fetch the logs of a container. Expected to be used with 'nerdctl run -
d'.
ls       List containers
pause    Pause all processes within one or more containers
port     List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
prune    Remove all stopped containers
rename   rename a container
restart  Restart one or more running containers
rm       Remove one or more containers
run      Run a command in a new container. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or
"ipns://" scheme to pull image from IPFS.
start    Start one or more running containers
stop     Stop one or more running containers
unpause  Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update   Update one or more running containers
wait     Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes.
Flags:
-h, --help   help for container
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

ls

作用：查看容器清单。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看容器列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE    COMMAND    CREATED    STATUS    PORTS    NAMES
# 可简写为
# 简写形式(ps)查看容器列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl ps
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE    COMMAND    CREATED    STATUS    PORTS    NAMES
# 查看所有容器，-a/--all包含未运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE    COMMAND    CREATED    STATUS    PORTS    NAMES

常用选项：

  • -a, --all Show all containers (default shows just running)
  • -f, --filter strings Filter matches containers based on given conditions
  • --format string Format the output using the given Go template, e.g, '{{json .}}', 'wide'

run

作用：创建并运行容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 语法：
# 查看nerdctl run命令帮助，了解运行容器的语法和选项
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run --help
Run a command in a new container. Optionally specify "ipfs://" or "ipns://"
scheme to pull image from IPFS.
Usage: nerdctl run [flags] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]

# 创建并运行ubuntu容器，-i保持标准输入打开，-t分配终端，进入容器交互
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run -it ubuntu
root@0da9aad32119:/# exit
exit

# 可简写为
# 简写形式(run)创建并运行ubuntu容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -it ubuntu

# 容器状态为Exited
# 查看容器列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE    COMMAND    CREATED    STATUS    PORTS    NAMES

# 查看所有容器，-a/--all包含未运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE                              COMMAND        CREATED
STATUS                         PORTS    NAMES
0da9aad32119    docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest    "/bin/bash"    3 minutes ago
Exited (130) 2 minutes ago              ubuntu-0da9a

常用选项：

  • --cpu-shares uint CPU shares (relative weight)
  • --cpus float Number of CPUs
  • -d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID
  • --dns strings Set custom DNS servers
  • -e, --env stringArray Set environment variables
  • -h, --hostname string Container host name
  • -i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached
  • --ip string Pv4 address to assign to the container
  • --mac-address string MAC address to assign to the container
  • -m, --memory string Memory limit
  • --name string Assign a name to the container
  • --net strings Connect a container to a network ("bridge"|"host"|"none"|) (default bridge)
  • --network strings Connect a container to a network ("bridge"|"host"|"none"|"container:"|)
    (default bridge)
  • --privileged Give extended privileges to this container
  • --pull string Pull image before running ("always"|"missing"|"never") (default "missing")
  • --restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (implemented values:
    "no"|"always|on-failure:n|unless-stopped") (default "no")
  • --rm Automatically remove the container when it exits
  • --runtime string Runtime to use for this container, e.g.
  • --stop-signal string Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
  • --stop-timeout Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
  • -t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY
  • -v, --volume Bind mount a volume

rm

作用：删除容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 删除指定容器ID的容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container rm 0da9aad32119
0da9aad32119

# 查看所有容器，-a/--all包含未运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE    COMMAND    CREATED    STATUS    PORTS    NAMES

prune

作用：删除所有未运行的容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 创建并运行ubuntu容器(前台运行，exit后退出)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run ubuntu
# 创建并运行ubuntu容器(前台运行，exit后退出)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run ubuntu
# 查看所有容器，-a/--all包含未运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE                              COMMAND        CREATED
STATUS                       PORTS    NAMES
3778651cfacb    docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest    "/bin/bash"    5 seconds ago
Exited (0) 5 seconds ago              ubuntu-37786
3e8221845ab4    docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest    "/bin/bash"    11 seconds ago
Exited (0) 11 seconds ago             ubuntu-3e822

# 删除所有已停止的容器，--force不提示确认
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container prune --force
Deleted Containers:
3778651cfacba1cd489b065ff7017b272b9edddc71211e2a6e567d9d0ec8ac54
3e8221845ab479f18a091c04443d26632946c9ced264c21a490f6b3052bde0b2

rename

作用：重命名容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 创建并运行ubuntu容器，--name指定容器名为ubuntu-1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run --name ubuntu-1 ubuntu
# 查看所有容器，-a/--all包含未运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE                              COMMAND        CREATED
STATUS                       PORTS    NAMES
61384145427a    docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest    "/bin/bash"    13 seconds ago
Exited (0) 13 seconds ago             ubuntu-1

# 将容器ubuntu-1重命名为ubuntu
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container rename ubuntu-1 ubuntu
# 查看所有容器，-a/--all包含未运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE                              COMMAND        CREATED
STATUS                       PORTS    NAMES
61384145427a    docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest    "/bin/bash"    26 seconds ago
Exited (0) 26 seconds ago             ubuntu

# 删除ubuntu容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container rm ubuntu
ubuntu

stop 和 start

作用：停止和启动容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 后台运行nginx容器，-d后台运行，--name指定容器名为nginx1
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run -d --name nginx1 nginx
# 查看容器列表，--format自定义输出格式，只显示容器名和状态
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}"
nginx1 Up

# 停止nginx1容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container stop nginx1
nginx1

# 查看所有容器状态，--format自定义输出格式，确认nginx1已暂停(Paused)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}" -a
nginx1 Exited (0) 13 seconds ago

# 启动nginx1容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container start nginx1
nginx1

# 查看容器列表，--format自定义输出格式，只显示容器名和状态
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}"
nginx1 Up

restart

作用：重启容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 重启nginx1容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container restart nginx1
nginx1

pause 和 unpause

作用：暂停和取消挂起容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 暂停nginx1容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container pause nginx1
nginx1

# 查看所有容器状态，--format自定义输出格式，确认nginx1已暂停(Paused)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}" -a
nginx1 Paused

# 取消暂停(恢复)nginx1容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container unpause nginx1
nginx1

# 查看所有容器状态，--format自定义输出格式，确认nginx1已暂停(Paused)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}" -a
nginx1 Up

kill

作用：给容器发信号，默认发KILL信号。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 给nginx1容器发送信号，默认发送KILL信号强制终止
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container kill nginx1
945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf337b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1

# 查看所有容器状态，--format自定义输出格式，确认nginx1被强制终止
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls -a --format "{{.Names}} {{.Status}}"
nginx1 Exited (137) 8 seconds ago

exec

作用：在运行的容器内部执行命令。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 启动nginx1容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container start nginx1
nginx1

# 在运行中的nginx1容器内执行bash命令，-it交互式终端
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container exec -it nginx1 bash
root@945c89b61aaf:/# exit
exit

cp

作用：将宿主机文件复制给容器。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 将宿主机/etc/hostname文件复制到nginx1容器内
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container cp /etc/hostname nginx1:
# 在nginx1容器内执行ls命令查看hostname文件
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container exec nginx1 ls hostname
hostname

思考：如果容器中的文件拷贝给宿主机该如何操作

inspect

作用：查看容器详细信息。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看nginx1容器的详细信息
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container inspect nginx1
[
{
"Id": "945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf337b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1",
"Created": "2025-08-02T14:07:36.213384887Z",
"Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh",
"Args": [
"nginx",
"-g",
"daemon off;"
],
"State": {
"Status": "running",
"Running": true,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"Pid": 49359,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
"Image": "docker.io/library/nginx:latest",
"ResolvConfPath":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1/hostname",
"LogPath":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf337b038bfa315472e
4c723bf5406f1-json.log",
"Name": "nginx1",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlayfs",
"Platform": "linux",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"Mounts": null,
"Config": {
"Hostname": "945c89b61aaf",
"AttachStdin": false,
"Labels": {
"containerd.io/restart.explicitly-stopped": "false",
"io.containerd.image.config.stop-signal": "SIGQUIT",
"nerdctl/extraHosts": "null",
"nerdctl/hostname": "945c89b61aaf",
"nerdctl/log-uri": "binary:///usr/bin/nerdctl?
_NERDCTL_INTERNAL_LOGGING=%2Fvar%2Flib%2Fnerdctl%2F1935db59",
"nerdctl/name": "nginx1",
"nerdctl/namespace": "default",
"nerdctl/networks": "[\"bridge\"]",
"nerdctl/platform": "linux/amd64",
"nerdctl/state-dir":
"/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/containers/default/945c89b61aafc3475317e8801ad8526fdf3
37b038bfa315472e4c723bf5406f1"
}
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "10.4.0.15",
"IPPrefixLen": 24,
"MacAddress": "32:81:21:fb:b4:72",
"Networks": {
"unknown-eth0": {
"IPAddress": "10.4.0.15",
"IPPrefixLen": 24,
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "32:81:21:fb:b4:72"
}
}
}
}
]

[root@localhost ~]#

logs

作用：显示容器console终端内容。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看nginx1容器的日志(console终端输出)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container logs nginx1
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to
perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-
default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: IPv6 listen already enabled
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Sourcing /docker-entrypoint.d/15-local-resolvers.envsh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.29.0
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 12.2.0 (Debian 12.2.0-14+deb12u1)
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 4.18.0-553.6.1.el8.x86_64
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1024:1024
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 22
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 23
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 24
2025/08/02 14:10:40 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 25

port

作用：显示宿主机和容器之间端口映射关系。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 后台运行nginx容器，-p 8080:80将宿主机8080端口映射到容器80端口，--name指定容器名nginx
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container run --name nginx -d -p 8080:80 nginx
2d0923e9f7c816d9fc8f5fa30b1be332c90fff0e354c981b919fc67bd1f97101

# 查看nginx容器的端口映射关系
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container port nginx
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:8080

commit

作用：将容器提交为镜像。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 将nginx容器提交(commit)为nginx_containerd镜像
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl commit nginx nginx_containerd
sha256:6e60d18c9e7f7968f49edfacae16e39df2a995d3119b0b23356fd501cd8348a6

# 简写形式查看本地镜像列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl images
REPOSITORY          TAG       IMAGE ID        CREATED           PLATFORM SIZE         BLOB SIZE
nginx               latest    84ec966e61a8    17 minutes ago    linux/amd64 194.4 MiB    68.9 MiB
nginx_containerd    latest    d59a30a56f7f    3 seconds ago     linux/amd64 194.4 MiB    68.9 MiB
ubuntu              latest    a08e551cb338    26 minutes ago    linux/amd64 81.1 MiB     28.4 MiB

nerdctl 管理网络

Containerd 中的网络与Docker类似，所有网络接口默认都是虚拟接口。

当使用nerdctl创建容器时，nerdctl命令会创建一个名称为bridge的Linux网桥（其上有一个nerdctl0内部接口），利用了Linux虚拟网络技术，在本地主机和容器内分别创建一个虚拟接口，并让它们彼此连通（这样的一对接口叫做veth pair）。Containerd 默认指定了nerdctl0接口的IP地址和子网掩码，让主机和容器之间可以通过网桥相互通信。

示例

bash 复制代码 
# 后台运行busybox容器，-- sleep infinity让容器保持运行不退出
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d busybox -- sleep infinity
b721795e02103578656152662f414e88f32191e64976ccafe60c4af10a8fa8c8

# 查看容器列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl container ls
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE                               COMMAND             CREATED
STATUS    PORTS    NAMES
b721795e0210    docker.io/library/busybox:latest    "sleep infinity"    12
seconds ago    Up                 busybox-b7217

# 在busybox容器内执行ip a命令，查看容器内网卡信息
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-b7217 -- ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0@if5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue
link/ether f6:fc:0b:35:5e:2c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.4.0.18/24 brd 10.4.0.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::f4fc:bff:fe35:5e2c/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

[root@localhost ~]#

容器内看到的网卡名：2: eth0@if5 ，@if5代表对端是5号网卡。

bash 复制代码 
# 查看宿主机网卡信息，与容器内网卡对比(veth pair成对出现)
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group
default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:a7:b8:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
altname enp3s0
inet 192.168.108.30/24 brd 192.168.108.255 scope global noprefixroute ens160
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea7:b8a7/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: nerdctl0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
group default qlen 1000
link/ether 3a:1a:93:b7:ea:d7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.4.0.1/24 brd 10.4.0.255 scope global nerdctl0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::381a:93ff:feb7:ead7/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: veth790d9140@if2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue
master nerdctl0 state UP group default
link/ether 3a:fa:0e:fd:27:5b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
inet6 fe80::38fa:eff:fefd:275b/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

对应容器主机的网卡：5: veth790d9140@if2 ，@if2 代表对端容器内对应2号网卡。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看网络列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl network ls
NETWORK ID      NAME      FILE
17f29b073143    bridge    /etc/cni/net.d/nerdctl-bridge.conflist
host
none

# 查看bridge网络的详细信息(子网、网关等)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl network inspect bridge
[
{
"Name": "bridge",
"Id": "17f29b073143d8cd97b5bbe492bdeffec1c5fee55cc1fe2112c8b9335f8b6121",
"IPAM": {
"Config": [
{
"Subnet": "10.4.0.0/24",
"Gateway": "10.4.0.1"
}
]
bash 复制代码 
# 查看nerdctl0网桥接口的IP地址，主机中nerdctl0是容器的网关
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show nerdctl0
3: nerdctl0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
group default qlen 1000
link/ether 3a:1a:93:b7:ea:d7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.4.0.1/24 brd 10.4.0.255 scope global nerdctl0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

目前 Containerd 网桥是Linux网桥，用户可以使用brctl show 命令查看网桥和端口连接信息。

bash 复制代码 
# 查看Linux网桥和端口连接信息
[root@localhost ~]# brctl show
bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces
nerdctl0                8000.3a1a93b7ead7       no              veth790d9140

nerdctl network 命令使用帮助

bash 复制代码 
# 查看nerdctl network网络管理命令帮助
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl network --help
Manage networks
Usage: nerdctl network [flags]
Commands:
create   Create a network
inspect  Display detailed information on one or more networks
ls       List networks
prune    Remove all unused networks
rm       Remove one or more networks
Flags:
-h, --help   help for network
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

nerdctl 管理存储

nerdctl volume 命令使用帮助

bash 复制代码 
# 查看nerdctl volume卷管理命令帮助
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl volume --help
Manage volumes
Usage: nerdctl volume [flags]
Commands:
create   Create a volume
inspect  Display detailed information on one or more volumes
ls       List volumes
prune    Remove all unused local volumes
rm       Remove one or more volumes
Flags:
-h, --help   help for volume
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

nerdctl 命令创建容器的时候，可以使用 -v 选项将本地目录挂载给容器实现数据持久化。

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 创建/data目录，作为挂载源目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /data
# 后台运行busybox容器，-v /data:/data将宿主机/data目录挂载到容器/data目录，实现数据持久化
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d -v /data:/data busybox -- sleep infinity
d00a1646169a199e3038851f86b82bff03ac2db6ffd8ea3e875789d2a6d1a000

# 在宿主机/data目录创建f1文件
[root@localhost ~]# touch /data/f1
# 在容器内执行ls查看/data目录，确认f1文件同步到容器
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-d00a1 -- ls /data
f1

nerdctl 命令创建容器的时候，也可以使用 -v 选项指定volume。

bash 复制代码 
# 后台运行busybox容器，-v /data只写容器目录，会自动生成匿名卷目录
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d -v /data busybox -- sleep infinity
29c94622886a219c93b5f6cd1c1ab190f998c66e3b4cbce75437507803b82eea

# 在容器内创建f2文件(实际存储在宿主机匿名卷目录)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-29c94 -- touch /data/f2
#在/var/lib/nerdctl/xx/volumes/default/xx/_data/f2

# 后台运行busybox容器，-v data:/data指定宿主机生成名为data的卷
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl run -d -v data:/data busybox -- sleep infinity
1b1fc00e88471a5abd8787bae438ab8d5ab08f4ec4fa073805407f9fffe2fe73

# 在容器内创建f3文件(存储在data卷中)
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl exec busybox-1b1fc -- touch /data/f3

# 生成data名字的卷
# 查看卷列表，确认data卷已生成
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl volume ls
VOLUME NAME                                                         DIRECTORY
0c70033c26bcf456d9a0dc3f7dfe723f232e48dee2c8898bf987f8aeebacc1c7
/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/0c70033c26bcf456d9a0dc3f7dfe723f232e48d
ee2c8898bf987f8aeebacc1c7/_data
data
/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/data/_data

# 查看当前目录下的文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls
/var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/0c70033c26bcf456d9a0dc3f7dfe723f232e48d
ee2c8898bf987f8aeebacc1c7/_data
f2

# 查看data卷目录内容，确认f3文件存在
[root@localhost ~]# ls /var/lib/nerdctl/1935db59/volumes/default/data/_data
f3

nerdctl 管理命名空间

示例：

bash 复制代码 
# 查看nerdctl namespace命名空间命令帮助
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl namespace
Unrelated to Linux namespaces and Kubernetes namespaces
Usage: nerdctl namespace [flags]
Aliases: namespace, ns
Commands:
create   Create a new namespace
inspect  Display detailed information on one or more namespaces.
ls       List containerd namespaces
remove   Remove one or more namespaces
update   Update labels for a namespace
Flags:
-h, --help   help for namespace
See also 'nerdctl --help' for the global flags such as '--namespace', '--
snapshotter', and '--cgroup-manager'.

# 查看命名空间列表
[root@localhost ~]# nerdctl namespace ls
NAME       CONTAINERS    IMAGES    VOLUMES    LABELS
default    10            4         2
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