数据结构：
线性结构：
顺序存储方式，顺序表
常见的顺序存储结构有：数组、队列、链表、栈
链式存储方式，链表
队列：
队列可以使用数组结构或者链表结构来存储，先入先出，后进后出。
数组结构的队列：
java
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
CircleArrayQueue arrayQueue = new CircleArrayQueue(3);
char key;
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
boolean loop = true;
while (loop) {
System.out.println("s(show)：显示队列");
System.out.println("e(exit)：退出程序");
System.out.println("a(add)：添加数据到队列");
System.out.println("g(get)：从队列取出数据");
System.out.println("h(head)：查看队列头的数据");
key = scanner.next().charAt(0);
switch (key) {
case 's':
arrayQueue.showQueue();
break;
case 'a':
System.out.println("请输入一个数字");
int value = scanner.nextInt();
arrayQueue.addQueue(value);
break;
case 'g':
try {
int res = arrayQueue.getQueue();
System.out.println("取出的数据为=" + res);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
break;
case 'e':
loop = false;
scanner.close();
System.out.println("程序退出...");
break;
case 'h':
try {
int res = arrayQueue.headQueue();
System.out.println("查看的数据为=" + res);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
}
class CircleArrayQueue {
private int maxSize;
// 指向队列头的位置
private int front;
// 指向队列尾的数据的下一个的位置，它指向的队尾的数据代表有值的
private int rear;
private int[] arr;
public CircleArrayQueue(int arrMaxSize) {
// 实际上队列有maxSize个元素，因为空出了一个位置
maxSize = arrMaxSize + 1;
arr = new int[maxSize];
front = rear = 0;
}
public boolean isFull() {
return (rear + 1) % maxSize == front;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return front == rear;
}
public void addQueue(int n) {
if (isFull()) {
System.out.println("队列为满，不能加入数据");
return;
}
arr[rear] = n;
rear++;
if (rear % maxSize == 0) {
rear = 0;
}
}
public int getQueue() {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new RuntimeException("队列为空，不能取值");
}
int res = arr[front];
front++;
if (front % maxSize == 0) {
front = 0;
}
return res;
}
public void showQueue() {
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("队列为空，没有数据");
return;
}
// for (int i = front; i != rear; i = (i + 1) % maxSize) {
for (int i = front; i < front + size(); i++) {
System.out.printf("arr[%d]=%d\n", i % maxSize, arr[i % maxSize]);
}
}
public int headQueue() {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new RuntimeException("队列为空，没有头数据");
}
return arr[front];
}
private int size() {
return (rear + maxSize - front) % maxSize;
}
}链表结构的队列：
java
public class SingleLinkListDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HeroNode hero1 = new HeroNode(1, "宋江", "及时雨");
HeroNode hero2 = new HeroNode(2, "卢俊义", "玉麒麟");
HeroNode hero3 = new HeroNode(3, "吴用", "智多星");
SingleLinkList singleLinkList = new SingleLinkList();
singleLinkList.add(hero3);
singleLinkList.add(hero2);
singleLinkList.add(hero1);
// singleLinkList.add(hero3);
// HeroNode newHero = new HeroNode(3, "张三", "法外狂徒");
// singleLinkList.update(newHero);
HeroNode delHero1 = new HeroNode(1, "", "");
singleLinkList.del(delHero1);
singleLinkList.reverse();
singleLinkList.list();
}
}
class SingleLinkList {
private HeroNode headNode = new HeroNode(0, "", "");
// 非递归反转
public void reverse3() {
if (headNode.getNext() == null || headNode.getNext().getNext() == null) {
return;
}
HeroNode nextNode1, nextNode2, nextNode3;
nextNode1 = headNode.getNext();
nextNode2 = nextNode1.getNext();
nextNode3 = nextNode2.getNext();
nextNode2.setNext(nextNode1);
nextNode1.setNext(null);
while (nextNode3 != null) {
nextNode1 = nextNode2;
nextNode2 = nextNode3;
nextNode3 = nextNode3.getNext();
nextNode2.setNext(nextNode1);
}
headNode.setNext(nextNode2);
}
// 递归反转
public void reverse() {
HeroNode nextNode = headNode.getNext();
headNode.setNext(reverse2(headNode.getNext()));
nextNode.setNext(null);
}
private HeroNode reverse2(HeroNode heroNode) {
if (heroNode.getNext() != null) {
HeroNode lastNode = reverse2(heroNode.getNext());
heroNode.getNext().setNext(heroNode);
return lastNode;
}
return heroNode;
}
public void del(HeroNode delHeroNode) {
if (headNode.getNext() == null) {
System.out.println("链表为空");
return;
}
HeroNode preNode, nextNode;
preNode = headNode;
nextNode = headNode.getNext();
while (nextNode != null) {
if (nextNode.getNo() == delHeroNode.getNo()) {
preNode.setNext(nextNode.getNext());
// nextNode.setNext(null);
return;
}
preNode = nextNode;
nextNode = nextNode.getNext();
}
System.out.println("删除编号= " + delHeroNode.getNo() + " 的元素没有找到");
}
public void update(HeroNode newHeroNode) {
if (headNode.getNext() == null) {
System.out.println("链表为空");
return;
}
HeroNode preNode, nextNode;
preNode = headNode;
nextNode = headNode.getNext();
while (nextNode != null) {
if (nextNode.getNo() == newHeroNode.getNo()) {
newHeroNode.setNext(nextNode.getNext());
preNode.setNext(newHeroNode);
return;
}
preNode = nextNode;
nextNode = nextNode.getNext();
}
System.out.println("编号= " + newHeroNode.getNo() + " 的元素没有找到");
}
public void add(HeroNode heroNode) {
HeroNode nextNode, preNode;
preNode = headNode;
nextNode = headNode.getNext();
// 头插法
if (nextNode == null) {
headNode.setNext(heroNode);
heroNode.setNext(null);
return;
}
// 中插法
while (nextNode != null) {
if (heroNode.getNo() < nextNode.getNo()) {
preNode.setNext(heroNode);
heroNode.setNext(nextNode);
return;
}
// 相同的数据不能进行插入
if (heroNode.getNo() == nextNode.getNo()) {
System.out.println("编号=" + heroNode.getNo() + " 已存在，不能添加");
return;
}
preNode = nextNode;
nextNode = nextNode.getNext();
}
// 尾插法
preNode.setNext(heroNode);
heroNode.setNext(null);
}
public void list() {
HeroNode tmpNode = headNode.getNext();
if (tmpNode == null) {
System.out.println("链表为空");
return;
}
while (tmpNode != null) {
System.out.println("node= " + tmpNode + " -->");
tmpNode = tmpNode.getNext();
}
}
}
@Data
class HeroNode {
private int no;
private String name;
private String nickName;
private HeroNode next;
public HeroNode(int hNo, String hName, String hNickName) {
this.no = hNo;
this.name = hName;
this.nickName = hNickName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "HeroNode{" +
"no=" + no +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
", nickName='" + nickName + '\'' +
'}';
}
}链表的面试题：
单向链表应用场景：
约瑟夫环问题：
代码：
java
package org.example.josephu;
public class Josephu {
public static void main(String[] args) {
CircleSingleLinkedList list = new CircleSingleLinkedList();
list.addBoy(5);
list.countBoy(1, 2, 5);
// list.showBoy();
}
}
class CircleSingleLinkedList {
private Boy first = null;
public void addBoy(int nums) {
if (nums < 2) {
System.out.println("nums的值不正确");
return;
}
Boy curBoy = null;
for (int i = 0; i < nums; i++) {
Boy boy = new Boy(i + 1);
if (i == 0) {
first = boy;
first.setNext(first);
curBoy = first;
} else {
curBoy.setNext(boy);
boy.setNext(first);
curBoy = boy;
}
}
}
public void showBoy() {
if (first == null) {
System.out.println("链表为空");
return;
}
Boy curBoy = first;
do {
System.out.println("编号= " + curBoy.getNo() + " -->");
curBoy = curBoy.getNext();
} while (curBoy != first);
}
/**
* @param startNo 从第几个开始
* @param countNum 数几下
* @param nums 最初有多少个小孩
*/
public void countBoy(int startNo, int countNum, int nums) {
if (first == null || startNo < 1 || startNo > nums) {
System.out.println("参数输入有误，请重新输入");
return;
}
Boy helper = first;
while (helper.getNext() != first) {
helper = helper.getNext();
}
for (int i = 0; i < startNo - 1; i++) {
first = first.getNext();
helper = helper.getNext();
}
while (helper != first) {
for (int i = 0; i < countNum - 1; i++) {
first = first.getNext();
helper = helper.getNext();
}
System.out.println("小孩 " + first.getNo() + " 出圈");
first = first.getNext();
helper.setNext(first);
// nums--;
}
System.out.println("最后留在圈中的小孩编号 " + first.getNo());
}
}
class Boy {
private int no;
private Boy next;
public Boy(int no) {
this.no = no;
}
//#region get|set
public int getNo() {
return no;
}
public void setNo(int no) {
this.no = no;
}
public Boy getNext() {
return next;
}
public void setNext(Boy next) {
this.next = next;
}
//#endregion
}栈结构：
代码：
java
package org.example.stack;
import java.sql.SQLOutput;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ArrayStackDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayStack stack = new ArrayStack(4);
String key;
boolean loop = true;
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
while (loop) {
System.out.println("show：表示显示栈");
System.out.println("exit：表示退出栈");
System.out.println("push：表示压栈");
System.out.println("pop：表示出栈");
System.out.println("请输入你的选择：");
key = scanner.next();
switch (key) {
case "s":
stack.list();
break;
case "e":
loop = false;
break;
case "pu":
try {
System.out.println("请输入要压栈的数据");
int value = scanner.nextInt();
stack.push(value);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
break;
case "po":
try {
System.out.println(stack.pop());
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
break;
default:
System.out.println("输入有误");
break;
}
}
System.out.println("程序退出了...");
}
}
class ArrayStack {
private int maxSize;
private int[] stack;
private int top = -1;
public ArrayStack(int maxSize) {
this.maxSize = maxSize;
stack = new int[maxSize];
}
public boolean isFull() {
return top == maxSize - 1;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return top == -1;
}
public void push(int value) {
if (isFull()) {
System.out.println("栈满");
return;
}
top++;
stack[top] = value;
}
public int pop() {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new RuntimeException("栈空，没有数据");
}
int res = stack[top];
top--;
return res;
}
public void list() {
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("栈空，没有数据");
return;
}
for (int i = top; i >= 0; i--) {
System.out.printf("a[%d]=%d\n", i, stack[i]);
}
}
}用栈实现一个简单的计算器：
中缀表达式：人阅读的表达式。
java
package org.example.stack;
public class Calculator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String expression = "7*2*2-5+1-5+3-4";
ArrayStack2 numStack = new ArrayStack2(10);
ArrayStack2 operStack = new ArrayStack2(10);
int index = 0;
int num1 = 0;
int num2 = 0;
int oper = 0;
int res = 0;
char ch = ' ';
while (true) {
ch = expression.substring(index, index + 1).charAt(0);
if (operStack.isOper(ch)) {
if (!operStack.isEmpty()) {
if (operStack.priority(ch) <= operStack.priority(operStack.peek())) {
num1 = numStack.pop();
num2 = numStack.pop();
oper = operStack.pop();
res = numStack.cal(num1, num2, (char) oper);
numStack.push(res);
operStack.push(ch);
} else {
operStack.push(ch);
}
} else {
operStack.push(ch);
}
} else {
// numStack.push(ch - '0');
int keepNum = ch - '0';
while (index < expression.length() - 1) {
index++;
ch = expression.substring(index, index + 1).charAt(0);
if (!operStack.isOper(ch)) {
keepNum = keepNum * 10 + (ch - '0');
} else {
index--;
break;
}
}
numStack.push(keepNum);
}
index++;
if (index == expression.length()) {
break;
}
}
while (true) {
if (operStack.isEmpty()) {
break;
}
num1 = numStack.pop();
num2 = numStack.pop();
oper = operStack.pop();
res = numStack.cal(num1, num2, (char) oper);
numStack.push(res);
}
System.out.printf("表达式 %s = %d\n", expression, numStack.pop());
}
}
class ArrayStack2 {
private int maxSize;
private int[] stack;
private int top = -1;
public ArrayStack2(int maxSize) {
this.maxSize = maxSize;
stack = new int[maxSize];
}
public boolean isFull() {
return top == maxSize - 1;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return top == -1;
}
public void push(int value) {
if (isFull()) {
System.out.println("栈满");
return;
}
top++;
stack[top] = value;
}
public int pop() {
if (isEmpty()) {
throw new RuntimeException("栈空，没有数据");
}
int res = stack[top];
top--;
return res;
}
public void list() {
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("栈空，没有数据");
return;
}
for (int i = top; i >= 0; i--) {
System.out.printf("a[%d]=%d\n", i, stack[i]);
}
}
public int priority(int oper) {
if (oper == '*' || oper == '/') {
return 1;
} else if (oper == '+' || oper == '-') {
return 0;
}
return -1;
}
public boolean isOper(char val) {
return val == '+' || val == '-' || val == '*' || val == '/';
}
public int cal(int num1, int num2, char oper) {
int res = 0;
switch (oper) {
case '+':
res = num1 + num2;
break;
case '-':
res = num2 - num1;
break;
case '*':
res = num1 * num2;
break;
case '/':
res = num2 / num1;
break;
default:
break;
}
return res;
}
public int peek() {
return stack[top];
}
}非线性结构：
常见的非线性结构有：二维数组、多维数组、广义表、树结构、图结构