1 基本概念
1.1 大佬文章
1.2 知识汇总
(1)原型模式:先 new 一个实例,该实例符合需求,之后再根据这个实例为原型,重复构建新的对象;
(2)所属类型:创建型模式
(3)作用:重复创建对象;
(4)优点:可以重复获得对象的同时保持较高的性能;
1.3 基本构成
(1)抽象原型类:抽象原型类是定义具有克隆自己的方法接口,是所有具体原型类的公共父类,可以是抽象类,也可以是接口;在 Java 中 Cloneable 接口可以看作是抽象原型类;
(2)具体原型类:根据这个类可以获得一个原型对象,并且这个类中需要重现 clone 方法,可以根据这个 clone 方法复制对象;
(3)访问类:使用具体原型类中的 clone 方法,可以不断重复的复制对象;
2 Java 中的克隆
根据现有的对象复制一个新的对象的操作就是克隆,Java 中克隆分为浅克隆和深克隆(我个人更喜欢说浅拷贝和深拷贝);浅拷贝和深拷贝的区别主要在重写 clone 方法上有所区别;但是,虽然之前有了解过拷贝的相关问题,但是发今天发现其实这里面还是有一些细节需要注意的。
2.1 拷贝的必要条件
(1)实现 Cloneable 接口:这个接口其实是一个标记接口,想要使用 clone 方法,就必须先实现这个接口,否则该类的 clone 方法是不可用的。
(2)重写 clone 方法:仅仅实现 Cloneable 接口还不能达到要求,还需要重写这个方法,否则依然不能使用 clone 方法;
2.2 浅拷贝
浅拷贝是将某个对象的所有成员属性都赋值给 clone 得到的对象;
(1)简单数据类型,如 int 等等的数据类型,直接将值拷贝过去;
(2)非简单数据类型,如引用类型的数据,是将引用的地址赋值给拷贝得到的对象,也就是说并没有新建一个成员对象,而是简单的将引用复制一遍;
java
package se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 9:07
* @description 演示浅拷贝
*/
public class Teacher {
private String name;
private String idNo;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getIdNo() {
return idNo;
}
public void setIdNo(String idNo) {
this.idNo = idNo;
}
}
java
package se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 9:08
* @description 演示clone
*/
public class Student implements Cloneable{
private String idNo;
private String name;
private Teacher teacher;
public String getIdNo() {
return idNo;
}
public void setIdNo(String idNo) {
this.idNo = idNo;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
@Override
public Student clone() {
try {
Student clone = (Student) super.clone();
// TODO: copy mutable state here, so the clone can't change the internals of the original
return clone;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
}
java
package se.wangs.clonedemo;
import se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Student;
import se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Teacher;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/4 16:37
* @description 浅拷贝
*/
public class ShallowClone {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Teacher teacher1 = new Teacher();
teacher1.setIdNo("001");
teacher1.setName("teacher_001");
Student student1 = new Student();
student1.setIdNo("101");
student1.setName("student_101");
student1.setTeacher(teacher1);
Student cloneStudent = student1.clone();
System.out.println("---------------------------");
System.out.println(student1);
System.out.println("idNo = " + student1.getIdNo());
System.out.println("name = " + student1.getName());
System.out.println("teacher = " + student1.getTeacher());
System.out.println("---------------------------");
System.out.println(cloneStudent);
System.out.println("idNo = " + cloneStudent.getIdNo());
System.out.println("name = " + cloneStudent.getName());
System.out.println("teacher = " + cloneStudent.getTeacher());
}
}
运行测试类得到的结果如下:
---------------------------
se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Student@41629346
idNo = 101
name = student_101
teacher = se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Teacher@214c265e
---------------------------
se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Student@448139f0
idNo = 101
name = student_101
teacher = se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Teacher@214c265e
说明:
- student1:原对象
- cloneStudent:浅拷贝得到的对象
可以看到,student 中有一个引用类型的成员变量 teacher,浅拷贝得到的 cloneStudent 中的 teacher 变量与 student1 指向的对象相同;
2.3 深拷贝
深拷贝就是会将引用类型的变量做进一步处理,clone 出的对象的引用数据类型的成员变量,会指向一个新的变量
java
package se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 9:07
* @description 演示浅拷贝
*/
public class Teacher implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private String idNo;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getIdNo() {
return idNo;
}
public void setIdNo(String idNo) {
this.idNo = idNo;
}
@Override
public Teacher clone() {
try {
Teacher clone = (Teacher) super.clone();
// TODO: copy mutable state here, so the clone can't change the internals of the original
return clone;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
}
java
package se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 9:08
* @description 演示clone
*/
public class Student implements Cloneable{
private String idNo;
private String name;
private Teacher teacher;
public String getIdNo() {
return idNo;
}
public void setIdNo(String idNo) {
this.idNo = idNo;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
@Override
public Student clone() {
try {
Student clone = (Student) super.clone();
// 获得原来的 teacher 对象,并clone出一个新的teacher对象
Teacher newTeacher = clone.getTeacher().clone();
// 重新设置teacher
clone.setTeacher(newTeacher);
return clone;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
}
java
package se.wangs.clonedemo;
import se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Student;
import se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Teacher;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 10:09
* @description 深拷贝
*/
public class DeepClone {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Teacher teacher1 = new Teacher();
teacher1.setIdNo("001");
teacher1.setName("teacher_001");
Student student1 = new Student();
student1.setIdNo("101");
student1.setName("student_101");
student1.setTeacher(teacher1);
Student cloneStudent = student1.clone();
System.out.println("---------------------------");
System.out.println(student1);
System.out.println("idNo = " + student1.getIdNo());
System.out.println("name = " + student1.getName());
System.out.println("teacher = " + student1.getTeacher());
System.out.println("---------------------------");
System.out.println(cloneStudent);
System.out.println("idNo = " + cloneStudent.getIdNo());
System.out.println("name = " + cloneStudent.getName());
System.out.println("teacher = " + cloneStudent.getTeacher());
}
}
运行得到
---------------------------
se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Student@41629346
idNo = 101
name = student_101
teacher = se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Teacher@214c265e
---------------------------
se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Student@448139f0
idNo = 101
name = student_101
teacher = se.wangs.clonedemo.pojo.Teacher@7cca494b
可以看到,得到的 teacher 对象的地址变了;
2.4 总结
浅拷贝和深拷贝的主要区别就是对引用类型的变量的处理
(1)浅拷贝:引用类型的变量拷贝前后指向同一个对象;
(2)深拷贝:引用类型的变量拷贝后指向新的对象;
(3)核心:重写 clone 方法时对引用类型变量的处理不同;
参考资料:
Java深入理解深拷贝和浅拷贝区别_java深拷贝浅拷贝-CSDN博客
3 原型设计模式
3.1 设计模式体验
(1)抽象原型类:Cloneable 接口
(2)具体原型类:可以 new 原型实例,实现 Cloneable 接口,重写了 clone() 方法;
java
package se.wangs.prototype;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 9:07
* @description
*/
public class Teacher implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private String idNo;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getIdNo() {
return idNo;
}
public void setIdNo(String idNo) {
this.idNo = idNo;
}
@Override
public Teacher clone() {
try {
Teacher clone = (Teacher) super.clone();
// TODO: copy mutable state here, so the clone can't change the internals of the original
return clone;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
}
java
package se.wangs.prototype;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 9:08
* @description 具体原型类
*/
public class Student implements Cloneable{
private String idNo;
private String name;
private Teacher teacher;
public String getIdNo() {
return idNo;
}
public void setIdNo(String idNo) {
this.idNo = idNo;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
@Override
public Student clone() {
try {
Student clone = (Student) super.clone();
// 获得原来的 teacher 对象,并clone出一个新的teacher对象
Teacher newTeacher = clone.getTeacher().clone();
// 重新设置teacher
clone.setTeacher(newTeacher);
return clone;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
}
(3)访问类:实例化原型,通过 clone 复制原型对象;
java
package se.wangs.prototype;
/**
* -- coding: UTF-8 -- *
*
* @author wangs
* @date 2023/12/6 10:30
* @description 访问类
*/
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
teacher.setName("okay");
teacher.setIdNo("0001");
Student student = new Student();
student.setIdNo("stu_001");
student.setName("onesun");
student.setTeacher(teacher);
System.out.println("---------------------------");
System.out.println(student);
System.out.println("idNo = " + student.getIdNo());
System.out.println("name = " + student.getName());
System.out.println("teacher = " + student.getTeacher());
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("---------------------------");
Student cloneStudent = student.clone();
System.out.println(cloneStudent);
System.out.println("idNo = " + cloneStudent.getIdNo());
System.out.println("name = " + cloneStudent.getName());
System.out.println("teacher = " + cloneStudent.getTeacher());
}
}
}
3.2 总结
(1)原型设计模式的思想就是拿到一个对象,将该对象当作一个标准,然后使用 clone 方法不断重复的去复制这个标准(原型对象),从而得到大量同类型的对象,在游戏等等场景中应用广泛。
(2)使用原型模式而不是 new 对象的优点是,节约 new 需要消耗的资源,提高系统的性能。
(3)原型模式的应用
Spring 框架对 bean 对象进行管理,而默认的 bean 对象是单例模式的,也可以使用 scope 属性指定为非单例模式,当 scope 属性为"socpe=prototype"
时,就是非单例模式,其实这里使用的就是原型模式;