更加详细的只找得到pdf版本
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| 填空10分 判断并改错10分 计算8分 综合20分 | |----------------------|---------------| | 客观题 | | | 填空10分 判断并改错10分--错的要改 | mooc中的--尤其考试题 | | | | |
| 名词解释12分 | |---------|-----------| | 4个，每个3分 | 经常碰到的专业术语 | |
| 简答题40分 | |---------|---| | 5个，每道8分 | | |
| 综合 | |-------------|---| | 画roc曲线 | | | 类似于和计算相关的题目 | | |
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| C1 | |----------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 什么是数据挖掘？概念是什么？ | 哪些操作属于数据挖掘操作，哪些操作不属于 数据：海量、多源异构 操作：从大量的数据中提取出有趣的（重要、隐含、以前未知、潜在有用）模式或知识。 数据分析与数据挖掘有区别 数据挖掘AKA知识发现KDD | | 数据挖掘的流程 | 在数据管理的视角下，数据挖掘的流程是什么？有哪些环节？一定要注意是一个迭代反馈的过程 |----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 数据集成 | 不同数据源中描述同一条数据对象《变成一个比较统一的数据信息 | | 数据清理 | 错误、异常、冗余、缺失 | | 进入数据仓库 | 按主题存储数据 | | 选择、变换 | 把数据仓库中的数据变成与数据挖掘任务相关的数据集 选择：选择相关数据、属性特征 变换：格式可能不满足算法要求、数据量纲；特征转换--相乘相除etc... | | 得到和任务相关的数据集，可供我们使用算法 | | | 数据挖掘 | 设计或选择合适的模型，用于任务相关的数据上，得到模式 | | 知识评估 | 若不满足，考虑到之前所有步骤--哪个或哪几个步骤不合适 | 
反复试验的过程 | | 数据挖掘的任务 | |-------------------|--------------------| | 分类回归 | 利用历史记录预测未来的值--预测问题 | | 聚类 | | | 相关性分析与关联分析-关联规则挖掘 | | | 异常检测 | | |-------|-----------------| | 预测性任务 | | | 描述性任务 | 关联规则挖掘-物品之间共线关系 | | |
| C2 | 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| 数据集的主要特征 | 维度、分辨率、稀疏性 | | 识别数据属性值中的异常的方法 | 画图【箱线图】、统计的3σ原则 | | 标称【标称属性中的二分属性->对称二分与不对称二分】、序数、数值，如何计算这些数据类型的相似度？如果数据的属性是混合类型的数据类型的相似度怎么计算？【核心】 | 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| 数据对象的相似性度量问题【两个行的相似性】【属性之间的相似性是两个列】 | 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| 相似性和相异性此涨彼消 | | | 标称 | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 
p为属性个数，m是两个对象属性取值相等的个数，p-m两个对象取值不相等的个数 | | 二分 需要四个指标 
非对称： 取0的可能性更高：尽管差异性很大但是因为取0概率高导致差异性不准 
| | | 序数 | 取值转换为数值类型--把级别从低到高排序； 取值按公式转换 
| | 数值 | 用距离衡量 
常用距离 |------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 闵氏距离 | 
曼哈顿距离-出租车距离-沿着街道走走折线--高维 
上确界距离 | | | 文档 | 余弦相似度 
| | 混合类型 | 
f:每个属性 dij(f):在f属性上的相异度 前面为权重 | | | 属性之间的相关性 | |----------------|---| | 单相关和复相关 | | | 正相关和负相关 | | | 线性相关和非线性相关 | | | 不相关、完全相关、不完全相关 | | 
画散点图 相关系数 线性： |---------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 协方差 | 
| | 皮尔森相关系数 | 
| | 等级 | 
| 最大信息系数MIC：用于度量高维数据中属性变量之间强相关性 | | | 属性和属性间的计算属于相关性分析--方法 | | |
| C3 | |-------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 数据预处理主要包括哪些步骤？ | 数据清理、数据集成、数据转换、数据约减 
| | 简述数据清理的主要任务、常用方法、流程 | 处理缺失数据、平滑噪声、识别或移除异常（属性值的异常）、解决数据不一致的问题... 常用方法 |-----|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 缺失值 | 删除； 插补 
| | 异常值 | 
| | 噪音 | 
| | 不一致 | 实体识别技术 | | | | 流程 
流程： 
右侧是数据清理的过程，首先import data导入数据，集中相关数据，处理缺失值，标准化【max-min这种，目标是统一特征维度的量纲】、规范化【变换后吻合一个分布zscore】，重复性检测、修正错误与丰富，导出 | | 常用离散化方法有哪些？【看下游任务】 | |-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 无监督 | |-------------|---| | 分箱 | | | 直方图 | | | 聚类（k-means） | | | | 有监督--类标签指导下 | |--------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 基于熵的方法 | 
不断离散化 | | | | 如何识别冗余属性？ | 通过相关性分析发现冗余属性 
数值属性：相关系数、协方差 标称类型：卡方检验 
| | 常用的约减方法--前三个对数据量压缩，PCA是无监督的降维 | |-----|---| | 回归 | | | 聚类 | | | 抽样 | | | PCA | | |--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 数据量的压缩 | |----|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 有参 | |----|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 回归 | 
只保留参数wb，想生成数据集的时候直接在x上随机采样生成y值 | | | | | | 无参 | |----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 聚类 | 对每个簇抽样 | | 抽样 | 
有放回、无放回、分层 | | | | 维度压缩 | |--------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 无监督pca | 把原始的属性描述的特征空间映射为正交矩阵空间，尽可能多的保留原始数据信息 消除冗余--维度彼此独立 pca通过做正交矩阵分解，得到主成分，选前k个重要特征作为新的空间中的特征，把所有数据对象由前k个特征的线性组合表示 | | 属性子集选择 | Method1:删除冗余属性、删除不重要的...得到子集 Method2:添加最重要的、次重要的...得到子集 | | Vs | 属性选择得到的特征有具体含义，PCA没有【黑箱】-可能可以得到非常好的特征提取但是可解释性差 | | | |
| olap | |-----------------|---| | 数仓的基本架构 | | | 简述数仓的数据模型及各模型特点 | | | 数据仓库与数据库的区别 | | |
| 关联规则挖掘 | |----------------------------------|------------------| | 方法与评估指标 | | | | | | 两阶段 | 频繁项集的产生--关联规则的产生 | | 频繁项集的实现 | 用了性质缩小频繁项集的空间 | | 关联规则挖掘的内容 | | | 评估指标--常用支持度和置信度，并不一定是一个有意义的关联规则， | 提升度 | |
| 聚类 | |-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 聚类和分类的区别 | | | kmeans和DBSCAN的原理和流程和优缺点特点，对kmeans的缺点有哪些办法可以解决 | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | k值需要确定 | 
设置不同k值求sse，考虑拐点附近的k值 | | 初始聚类中心的选择 | 
第一个随机选，下一个选离当前选择的最远的 | | 对噪声点和异常敏感【因为均值敏感】 | 使用k-medoids用真实数据对象作为中心-复杂度高-由簇中的数据对象替代；用k中位数 | | 球形簇【基于距离】 | | | 空簇 | 选sse贡献最大的点作为簇中心，从簇中选一个对sse贡献最大的点， 
| | 
| 尺寸： 
密度： 
非凸： 
解决： 
k取较大值分为多个小簇再合并 | 
纵轴：第k个最近邻距离的变化范围 横轴：数据对象按最近邻距离编码 大部分数据对象的第k个最近邻的变化变化幅度不大，拐点飙升-异常点，当k取大，距离大 由此判断k | | 聚类的评估指标--有监督【和分类一样】和无监督【规范化的互信息与轮廓系数】 | 
标准化的互信息-Y是聚类标签，C是真实标签-I(Y,C)互信息=H(C )-H(Y|C)yc依赖性越高越好 
| |
| 分类 | |---------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | roc怎么画 | 
tpr是召回率 
| | 评估指标--精度召回率fscore | 
| | 决策树、贝叶斯、集成 | 
贝叶斯：易于实现，结果比较好，鲁棒的 有可能有依赖 集成 
对于不稳定的分类器才有提升效果 | | 评估框架--bootstrap cosostation？？交叉验证的bootstrap | 
二分类问题 
正事例 
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| 异常 | |-------------|---| | 异常的类型 | | | 异常的方法 | | | 基于统计、距离、密度、 | | |