selenium+Xpath
在与该ipynb文件同文件下新增一个111.xlsx，第一列放一堆需要爬虫的同样式网页
然后使用selenium+Xpath爬虫
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import openpyxl
import time
def crawl_data(driver, url):
driver.get(url)
time.sleep(5) # 等待页面加载
# 爬取指定的XPath内容
xpath1 = '//*[@id="main"]/div/div/div[2]/div[1]/div/div[1]/div'
xpath2 = '//*[@id="main"]/div/div/div[2]/div[1]/div/div[1]/p/span'
xpath3 = '//*[@id="descriptionDiv"]/p'
xpath4 = '//*[@id="introductionDiv"]/p'
content1 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, xpath1).text
content2 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, xpath2).text
content3 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, xpath3).text
content4 = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, xpath4).text
return content1, content2, content3, content4
# 启动Chrome浏览器
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
# 打开Excel文件
file_path = "111.xlsx"
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(file_path)
ws = wb.active
# 获取第一列的网址
urls = [cell.value for cell in ws["A"]]
# 逐个处理每个网址
for i, url in enumerate(urls, start=1):
print(f"处理第{i}个网址: {url}")
url_str = str(url) if url is not None else ""
# 爬取数据
data1, data2, data3, data4 = crawl_data(driver, url_str)
# 写回Excel文件
ws.cell(row=i, column=2, value=data1)
ws.cell(row=i, column=3, value=data2)
ws.cell(row=i, column=4, value=data3)
ws.cell(row=i, column=5, value=data4)
# 保存Excel文件
wb.save(file_path)
# 关闭浏览器
driver.quit()使用Xpath方法相比css定位的好处：如果页面的层级结构非常复杂，XPath提供了更复杂的选择和过滤方式，可以更灵活地定位元素
相比id、class定位的好处：XPath可以根据元素的属性值进行定位，这在某些情况下很有用，尤其是在没有独特标识符（如ID）的情况下
同样使用selenium其它定位的方法
按ID、类名
# 以ID定位元素
element_by_id = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'articleContentId')
print("Element by ID:", element_by_id.text)
# 以类名定位元素
element_by_class = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'title-article')
print("Element by Class Name:", element_by_class.text)按css选择器
# 以CSS选择器定位元素
element_by_css = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#articleContentId')
print("Element by CSS Selector:", element_by_css.text)不用selenium
Requests + BeautifulSoup
使用BeautifulSoup时，通常通过选择器（CSS选择器）而不是XPath来提取元素
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = "https://example.com"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
# 使用CSS选择器
title_element = soup.select_one('#articleContentId')
title = title_element.text if title_element else "Title not found"
paragraphs = soup.select('#articleContentId + div.content p')
# 输出结果
print(f"Title: {title}")
for paragraph in paragraphs:
print(paragraph.text)Scrapy
在Scrapy中，可以使用XPath或CSS选择器，具体取决于你的喜好或页面的结构。
XPath
import scrapy
class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'myspider'
start_urls = ['https://example.com']
def parse(self, response):
# 使用XPath
title = response.xpath('//*[@id="articleContentId"]/text()').get()
paragraphs = response.xpath('//*[@id="articleContentId"]/following-sibling::div[@class="content"]/p/text()').getall()
# 输出结果
print(f"Title: {title}")
for paragraph in paragraphs:
print(paragraph)css
import scrapy
class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'myspider'
start_urls = ['https://example.com']
def parse(self, response):
# 使用CSS选择器
title = response.css('#articleContentId::text').get()
paragraphs = response.css('#articleContentId + div.content p::text').getall()
# 输出结果
print(f"Title: {title}")
for paragraph in paragraphs:
print(paragraph)Pyppeteer / Playwright
使用Pyppeteer或Playwright时，你可以通过JavaScript在页面上执行脚本来获取数据，而不是直接使用XPath
XPath
from pyppeteer import launch
async def crawl_data(url):
browser = await launch()
page = await browser.newPage()
await page.goto(url)
# 使用JavaScript执行脚本获取内容
title = await page.evaluate('document.evaluate("//*[@id=\"articleContentId\"]", document, null, XPathResult.FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE, null).singleNodeValue.textContent')
paragraphs = await page.evaluate('Array.from(document.evaluate("//*[@id=\"articleContentId\"]//p", document, null, XPathResult.ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE, null)).map(p => p.textContent)')
# 输出结果
print(f"Title: {title}")
for paragraph in paragraphs:
print(paragraph)
await browser.close()
# 使用asyncio来运行异步代码
import asyncio
asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(crawl_data('https://example.com'))element选择器
Element选择器实际上是通过HTML元素的标签名来选择元素，而不是通过ID或类名。
HTML元素的标签名就是元素的名称，通常是由尖括号括起来的部分。下述h1、p、a就是HTML元素的标签名
<h1>这是一个标题</h1>
<p>这是一个段落</p>
<a href="https://www.example.com">这是一个链接</a>
所以，如果你想使用element选择器，你可以这样修改代码：
from pyppeteer import launch
async def crawl_data(url):
browser = await launch()
page = await browser.newPage()
await page.goto(url)
# 使用JavaScript执行脚本获取内容
title = await page.evaluate('document.querySelector("h1#articleContentId").textContent')
paragraphs = await page.evaluate('Array.from(document.querySelector("h1#articleContentId + div.content").querySelectorAll("p")).map(p => p.textContent)')
# 输出结果
print(f"Title: {title}")
for paragraph in paragraphs:
print(paragraph)
await browser.close()
# 使用asyncio来运行异步代码
import asyncio
asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(crawl_data('https://example.com'))在这个例子中，我们使用了document.querySelector("h1#articleContentId")来选择ID为articleContentId的h1元素，以及document.querySelector("h1#articleContentId + div.content").querySelectorAll("p")来选择与该h1元素相邻的div元素内的所有p元素。
css
from pyppeteer import launch
async def crawl_data(url):
browser = await launch()
page = await browser.newPage()
await page.goto(url)
# 使用JavaScript执行脚本获取内容
title = await page.evaluate('document.querySelector("#articleContentId").textContent')
paragraphs = await page.evaluate('Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("#articleContentId p")).map(p => p.textContent)')
# 输出结果
print(f"Title: {title}")
for paragraph in paragraphs:
print(paragraph)
await browser.close()
# 使用asyncio来运行异步代码
import asyncio
asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(crawl_data('https://example.com'))