Docker安装及简单使用

Tommy55532024-11-05 8:21

简介

提供一个标准化的解决方案：系统平滑移植，容器虚拟化技术。

虚拟机属于虚拟化技术，docker容器技术也是一种虚拟化技术，相对于虚拟机，更加轻便。

docker基于go语言开发

官网：

Docker: Accelerated Container Application Development

官方文档：

Docker Documentation

社区：

Docker Hub Container Image Library | App Containerization

虚拟机使用缺点

  1. 资源占用多
  2. 步骤繁琐
  3. 启动慢

容器化

  1. 容器并不是一个完整的操作系统
  2. 容器直接运行在宿主机的内核，容器没有自己的内核（与宿主机共享内核），没有虚拟硬件（传统虚拟机会虚拟出一套硬件，运行一个完整的操作系统）
  3. 每个容器间是互相隔离的
  4. 每个容器有自己的文件系统

优点：

  1. 应用更快速的交付和部署
    1. 打包镜像，发布，一键运行
  2. 更便捷的扩容、缩容
  3. 更简单的系统运维
    1. 开发、测试环境高度一致
  4. 更高效的资源利用

安装/卸载

centos7

# 系统内核版本
uname -r

# 查看系统信息
cat /etc/os-release

  • 删除之前的版本

    sudo yum remove docker \
    docker-client \
    docker-client-latest \
    docker-common \
    docker-latest \
    docker-latest-logrotate \
    docker-logrotate \
    docker-engine

  • 安装yum-utils

    sudo yum install -y yum-utils

  • 设置docker仓库国内镜像源

**http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo**

yum-config-manager \\
    --add-repo \\
    **<http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo**>

  • yum更新索引

    yum makecache

  • 安装 Docker Engine

    docker-ce 社区版

    docker-ee 企业版

    sudo yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-compose-plugin

  • 启动docker

    sudo systemctl start docker

    docker version

  • 测试hello-world

    sudo docker run hello-world

  • 卸载docker

bash 复制代码 
# 卸载依赖
sudo yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

# 删除目录  /var/lib/docker 为docker的默认工作路径
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/containerd

使用

  • 查看镜像

    [root@VM-8-5-centos tommy]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   7 months ago   13.3kB

  • 配置镜像加速器

    vim /etc/docker/daemon.json

# 添加内容
{
   "registry-mirrors": [
       "<https://mirror.ccs.tencentyun.com>"
  ]
}

# 重启docker
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

  • 运行流程

  • 原理

    Docker是一个client-server结构的系统，Docker的守护进程运行在主机上。客户端和服务端之间通过socket连接。（类似mysql）

  • Docker为什么比虚拟机快

  • Docker有着比虚拟机更少的抽象层。

    Docker利用的是宿主机的内核，而虚拟机需要初始化Guest OS。

    Docker不需要进行虚拟硬件的初始化，只需有一个Docker engine，即可初始化多个容器。

    新建一个容器的时候，Docker不需要重新加载一个操作系统，而虚拟机需要。

  • 常用命令

    # 帮助命令
docker 命令 --help
# 版本信息
docker version
# 详细信息
docker info

  • 镜像命令

    # 镜像列表
docker images

# -a 显示所有
# -q 只显示id


# 搜索镜像
docker search

[root@VM-8-5-centos /]# docker search mysql
NAME                             DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                            MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation...   12484     [OK]       
mariadb                          MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou...   4808      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server               Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create...   925                  [OK]
percona                          Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati...   575       [OK]       
phpmyadmin                       phpMyAdmin - A web interface for MySQL and M...   517       [OK]       
mysql/mysql-cluster              Experimental MySQL Cluster Docker images. Cr...   93                   
bitnami/mysql                    Bitnami MySQL Docker Image                      70                   [OK]
ubuntu/mysql                     MySQL open source fast, stable, multi-thread...   31                   
circleci/mysql                   MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation...   25                   
mysql/mysql-router               MySQL Router provides transparent routing be...   23                   
google/mysql                     MySQL server for Google Compute Engine          21                   [OK]

# 条件搜索 STARS > 9000
docker search mysql -f=STARS=9000

# 下载镜像
[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker pull openjdk:8
8: Pulling from library/openjdk
# 分层下载
6aefca2dc61d: Pull complete  
967757d56527: Pull complete 
c357e2c68cb3: Pull complete 
c766e27afb21: Pull complete 
a747e81e6111: Pull complete 
10af0cb495fd: Pull complete 
e8694e9cc467: Pull complete 
# 签名
Digest: sha256:bda4739c44b15f4a6ef4aa044e032809dd0ced24263c972bb728a0388275548b
Status: Downloaded newer image for openjdk:8
# 真实地址
docker.io/library/openjdk:8
# 等价于
docker pull docker.io/library/openjdk:8

# 删除镜像 -f 强制删除
docker rmi -f
# 删除多个容器
docker rmi -f 容器id 容器id 容器id ...
# 删除所有镜像 
docker rmi -f $(docker images -qa)

  • 容器命令

    有了镜像才可以创建容器

    # 拉取容器
docker pull 
# 测试 拉取一个centos镜像
docker pull centos 

# 启动容器
docker run [可选参数] image(镜像名)

--name="Name"  容器名 mysql01 mysql02
-d  后台方式运行
-it 使用交互方式启动容器，可进入容器查看内容
-p  指定容器端口 3306:3306
	-p 主机端口:容器端口 和主机端口映射 
	-p 容器端口
	容器端口(简写方式，省略-p)
-P  随机指定端口

# 测试，启动并进入容器
docker run -d --name="test" centos /bin/bash 
[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@bf855d7a48e4 /]# ls # 查看容器内的centos目录
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
# 退出容器 并停止
exit
[root@bf855d7a48e4 /]# exit
exit
[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]#
# 退出容器 不停止
control + p + q

    docker容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会停止

  • docker ps

    # 查看容器运行状态 docker ps
[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE         COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS                          PORTS     NAMES
81403451a39f   centos        "/bin/bash"              2 seconds ago        Exited (0) 1 second ago                   centos02
d8f703569143   centos        "/bin/bash"              About a minute ago   Exited (127) 59 seconds ago               centos01
096e267260b5   centos        "/bin/bash --name=ce..."   About a minute ago   Exited (2) About a minute ago             gracious_elgamal
4d6dc6ded48b   centos        "/bin/bash -name=cen..."   About a minute ago   Exited (1) About a minute ago             intelligent_torvalds
ba8cc6ff9dd3   centos        "/bin/bash --name=ce..."   2 minutes ago        Exited (2) 2 minutes ago                  clever_davinci
7bf580df146a   centos        "/bin/bash -name=cen..."   2 minutes ago        Exited (1) 2 minutes ago                  brave_goldstine
55b8f88982e4   centos        "-name=centos1"          2 minutes ago        Created                                   sharp_cerf
bf855d7a48e4   centos        "/bin/bash"              42 minutes ago       Exited (0) 35 minutes ago                 stupefied_burnell
7896a5b5ed08   centos        "/bin/bash"              42 minutes ago       Exited (0) 42 minutes ago                 gallant_almeida
2aa7de89ec6e   hello-world   "/hello"                 6 days ago           Exited (0) 6 days ago                     recursing_panini
19449585e90c   hello-world   "/hello"                 6 days ago           Exited (0) 6 days ago                     peaceful_nobel

  • docker rm

    # 删除容器
# 删除指定容器 不能删除正在运行的容器 
docker rm 容器id
# 删除所有容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)

  • docker start/restart/stop

    # 启动
docker start 容器id
# 重启
docker restart 容器id
# 停止正在运行的容器
docker stop 容器id
# 强制停止
docker kill 容器id

  • 查看日志

    # -f 格式化
# -t 时间戳
# --tail num 显示指定行数
docker logs -f -t --tail xxx

[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker run -d --name="cenots01" centos /bin/bash -c "while true;do echo tommy;sleep 1;done"
4a38847371a746c696d592e24d90d14a0a8021b995e0f82611e7f95dd2efb0dc
[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
4a38847371a7   centos    "/bin/bash -c 'while..."   8 seconds ago   Up 7 seconds             cenots01
[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker logs -tf --tail 10  4a38847371a7
2022-05-13T02:31:39.607913293Z tommy
2022-05-13T02:31:40.610043614Z tommy
2022-05-13T02:31:41.612341621Z tommy
2022-05-13T02:31:42.614418244Z tommy
2022-05-13T02:31:43.616457222Z tommy

  • 容器中进程信息

    docker top 容器id

[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker top 4a38847371a7
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                31509               31488               0                   10:38               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/bash -c while true;do echo tommy;sleep 1;done
root                31565               31509               0                   10:38               ?                   00:00:00            /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1

  • 查看容器元数据

    docker inspect 容器id

[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker inspect 4a38847371a7
[
    {
        "Id": "4a38847371a746c696d592e24d90d14a0a8021b995e0f82611e7f95dd2efb0dc",
        "Created": "2022-05-13T02:29:37.014454616Z",
        "Path": "/bin/bash",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo tommy;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 31509,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2022-05-13T02:38:07.725942472Z",
            "FinishedAt": "2022-05-13T02:32:38.091008451Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/4a38847371a746c696d592e24d90d14a0a8021b995e0f82611e7f95dd2efb0dc/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/4a38847371a746c696d592e24d90d14a0a8021b995e0f82611e7f95dd2efb0dc/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/4a38847371a746c696d592e24d90d14a0a8021b995e0f82611e7f95dd2efb0dc/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/4a38847371a746c696d592e24d90d14a0a8021b995e0f82611e7f95dd2efb0dc/4a38847371a746c696d592e24d90d14a0a8021b995e0f82611e7f95dd2efb0dc-json.log",
        "Name": "/cenots01",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ce9251d3af5baa01e7c9592b73f005cd67ca33a401f79a3807cdf9dbcc1e1e30-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/a75ed65e92dda7fa07ad103a8f02e236f650631c76b207044be48d19704fb5ad/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ce9251d3af5baa01e7c9592b73f005cd67ca33a401f79a3807cdf9dbcc1e1e30/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ce9251d3af5baa01e7c9592b73f005cd67ca33a401f79a3807cdf9dbcc1e1e30/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ce9251d3af5baa01e7c9592b73f005cd67ca33a401f79a3807cdf9dbcc1e1e30/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "4a38847371a7",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo tommy;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "bb5fe3acd88052302266383738d15c54694268db5c389397aaced1b812256909",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/bb5fe3acd880",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "1d2f536cdcbc0ab2388cf8ca7a2b69d33ee4503f563ffac9c04460761441b5bd",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "2534bfc35b4533fe5605b337be7804ea983c11aa60e6950175034068c4477cd5",
                    "EndpointID": "1d2f536cdcbc0ab2388cf8ca7a2b69d33ee4503f563ffac9c04460761441b5bd",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

  • 进入当前正在运行的容器

    docker exec -it

    进入容器后开启一个新的终端

    # 通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，如果需要进入正在运行的容器修改一些配置

	docker exec -it 容器id bashShell

[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker exec -it 4a38847371a7 /bin/bash
[root@4a38847371a7 /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@4a38847371a7 /]#

    docker attach

    进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程

    docker attach 容器id

[root@VM-8-5-centos ~]# docker attach 4a38847371a7
tommy
tommy
tommy
tommy

  • 从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

    docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的主机路径

# 将容器4a38847371a7内/home下的tommy.txt文件拷贝到主机的/tommy目录下
docker cp 4a38847371a7:/home/tommy.txt /tommy
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