// 前文所说的g结构体，它代表了一个goroutine
type g struct {
// Stack parameters.
// stack describes the actual stack memory: [stack.lo, stack.hi).
// stackguard0 is the stack pointer compared in the Go stack growth prologue.
// It is stack.lo+StackGuard normally, but can be StackPreempt to trigger a preemption.
// stackguard1 is the stack pointer compared in the C stack growth prologue.
// It is stack.lo+StackGuard on g0 and gsignal stacks.
// It is ~0 on other goroutine stacks, to trigger a call to morestackc (and crash).
// 记录该goroutine使用的栈
stack stack // offset known to runtime/cgo
// 下面两个成员用于栈溢出检查，实现栈的自动伸缩，抢占调度也会用到stackguard0
stackguard0 uintptr // offset known to liblink
stackguard1 uintptr // offset known to liblink
......
// 此goroutine正在被哪个工作线程执行
m *m // current m; offset known to arm liblink
// 保存调度信息，主要是几个寄存器的值
sched gobuf
stktopsp uintptr // 期望 sp 位于栈顶，用于回溯检查
param unsafe.Pointer // wakeup 唤醒时候传递的参数
......
// schedlink字段指向全局运行队列中的下一个g，
//所有位于全局运行队列中的g形成一个链表
schedlink guintptr
......
// 抢占调度标志，如果需要抢占调度，设置preempt为true
preempt bool // preemption signal, duplicates stackguard0 = stackpreempt
......
}
g结构体中两个主要的子结构体（stack和gobuf）介绍如下：
stack结构体
stack结构体主要用来记录goroutine所使用的栈的信息，包括栈顶和栈底位置：
go复制代码
// Stack describes a Go execution stack.
// The bounds of the stack are exactly [lo, hi),
// with no implicit data structures on either side.
//用于记录goroutine使用的栈的起始和结束位置
type stack struct {
lo uintptr // 栈顶，指向内存低地址
hi uintptr // 栈底，指向内存高地址
}
gobuf结构体
gobuf结构体用于保存goroutine的调度信息，主要包括CPU的几个寄存器的值：
go复制代码
type gobuf struct {
// The offsets of sp, pc, and g are known to (hard-coded in) libmach.
//
// ctxt is unusual with respect to GC: it may be a
// heap-allocated funcval, so GC needs to track it, but it
// needs to be set and cleared from assembly, where it's
// difficult to have write barriers. However, ctxt is really a
// saved, live register, and we only ever exchange it between
// the real register and the gobuf. Hence, we treat it as a
// root during stack scanning, which means assembly that saves
// and restores it doesn't need write barriers. It's still
// typed as a pointer so that any other writes from Go get
// write barriers.
sp uintptr // 保存CPU的rsp寄存器的值
pc uintptr // 保存CPU的rip寄存器的值
g guintptr // 记录当前这个gobuf对象属于哪个goroutine
ctxt unsafe.Pointer
// 保存系统调用的返回值，因为从系统调用返回之后如果p被其它工作线程抢占，
// 则这个goroutine会被放入全局运行队列被其它工作线程调度，其它线程需要知道系统调用的返回值。
ret sys.Uintreg
lr uintptr
// 保存CPU的rip寄存器的值
bp uintptr // for GOEXPERIMENT=framepointer
}
type schedt struct {
// accessed atomically. keep at top to ensure alignment on 32-bit systems.
goidgen uint64
lastpoll uint64
lock mutex
// When increasing nmidle, nmidlelocked, nmsys, or nmfreed, be
// sure to call checkdead().
// 由空闲的工作线程组成链表
midle muintptr // idle m's waiting for work
// 空闲的工作线程的数量
nmidle int32 // number of idle m's waiting for work
nmidlelocked int32 // number of locked m's waiting for work
mnext int64 // number of m's that have been created and next M ID
// 最多只能创建maxmcount个工作线程
maxmcount int32 // maximum number of m's allowed (or die)
nmsys int32 // number of system m's not counted for deadlock
nmfreed int64 // cumulative number of freed m's
ngsys uint32 // number of system goroutines; updated atomically
// 由空闲的p结构体对象组成的链表
pidle puintptr // idle p's
// 空闲的p结构体对象的数量
npidle uint32
nmspinning uint32 // See "Worker thread parking/unparking" comment in proc.go.
// Global runnable queue.
// goroutine全局运行队列
runq gQueue
runqsize int32
......
// Global cache of dead G's.
// gFree是所有已经退出的goroutine对应的g结构体对象组成的链表
// 用于缓存g结构体对象，避免每次创建goroutine时都重新分配内存
gFree struct {
lock mutex
stack gList // Gs with stacks
noStack gList // Gs without stacks
n int32
}
......
}
type p struct {
lock mutex
status uint32 // one of pidle/prunning/...
link puintptr
schedtick uint32 // incremented on every scheduler call
syscalltick uint32 // incremented on every system call
sysmontick sysmontick // last tick observed by sysmon
m muintptr // back-link to associated m (nil if idle)
......
// Queue of runnable goroutines. Accessed without lock.
//本地goroutine运行队列
runqhead uint32 // 队列头
runqtail uint32 // 队列尾
runq [256]guintptr //使用数组实现的循环队列
// runnext, if non-nil, is a runnable G that was ready'd by
// the current G and should be run next instead of what's in
// runq if there's time remaining in the running G's time
// slice. It will inherit the time left in the current time
// slice. If a set of goroutines is locked in a
// communicate-and-wait pattern, this schedules that set as a
// unit and eliminates the (potentially large) scheduling
// latency that otherwise arises from adding the ready'd
// goroutines to the end of the run queue.
runnext guintptr
// Available G's (status == Gdead)
gFree struct {
gList
n int32
}
......
}
最多有 GOMAXPROCS 个活跃线程（M）同时运行，默认情况下 GOMAXPROCS 的值等于 CPU 核心数。
每个 M 对应一个 runtime.m 结构体实例。
为什么线程数等于 CPU 核数?
每个线程分配到一个 CPU 核心，可以避免线程的上下文切换，从而减少系统开销，提高性能。
m 结构体用来代表工作线程，它保存了g p m 三方的信息：
m 自身使用的栈信息
当前 m 上正在运行的 goroutine
m 绑定的 p 的信息等
详见下面定义中的注释：
go复制代码
type m struct {
// g0主要用来记录工作线程使用的栈信息，在执行调度代码时需要使用这个栈
// 执行用户goroutine代码时，使用用户goroutine自己的栈，调度时会发生栈的切换
g0 *g // goroutine with scheduling stack
// 通过TLS实现m结构体对象与工作线程之间的绑定
tls [6]uintptr // thread-local storage (for x86 extern register)
mstartfn func()
// 指向工作线程正在运行的goroutine的g结构体对象
curg *g // current running goroutine
// 记录与当前工作线程绑定的p结构体对象
p puintptr // attached p for executing go code (nil if not executing go code)
nextp puintptr
oldp puintptr // the p that was attached before executing a syscall
// spinning状态：表示当前工作线程正在试图从其它工作线程的本地运行队列偷取goroutine
spinning bool // m is out of work and is actively looking for work
blocked bool // m is blocked on a note
// 没有goroutine需要运行时，工作线程睡眠在这个park成员上，
// 其它线程通过这个park唤醒该工作线程
park note
// 记录所有工作线程的一个链表
alllink *m // on allm
schedlink muintptr
// Linux平台thread的值就是操作系统线程ID
thread uintptr // thread handle
freelink *m // on sched.freem
......
}
