自制虚拟机(C/C++)(一、分析语法和easyx运用，完整虚拟机实现)

linhhanpy2025-02-08 1:10

网上对虚拟机的解释很多，其实本质就一句话

虚拟机就是机器语言解释器

我们今天要实现汇编语言解释器，下一次再加上ndisasm反汇编器就是真正虚拟机了

注:这里的虚拟机指的是VMware一类的，而不是JVM，python一样的高级语言解释器

上代码

cpp 复制代码 
#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <commdlg.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <algorithm>

// 寄存器声明
unsigned char al = 0, ah = 0, bl = 0, bh = 0, cl = 0, ch = 0, dl = 0, dh = 0;
unsigned short ax = 0, bx = 0, cx = 0, dx = 0, sp = 0x8000, bp = 0;
unsigned int org = 0, end_times = 0, end_AA55 = 0;
bool ZF = false, CF = false, SF = false; // 标志寄存器

// 标签和指令指针
std::unordered_map<std::string, size_t> labels;
size_t current_line = 0;
size_t new_current_line;
std::vector<std::string> program_lines;

// 内存模拟
std::vector<unsigned char> memory(0x10000, 0); // 64KB内存

// 图形输出参数
int textX = 0;
int textY = 48;
const int CHAR_WIDTH = 8;
const int LINE_HEIGHT = 16;
bool graphicsInitialized = false;

// 指令解析错误枚举
enum class InstructionError {
    INVALID_OPCODE,
    INVALID_OPERAND,
    LABEL_NOT_FOUND,
    UNKNOWN_INTERRUPT,
    OTHER_ERROR
};

// 输出错误信息到终端
void printError(const InstructionError& error, const std::string& details = "") {
    std::cerr << "ERROR: ";
    switch (error) {
    case InstructionError::INVALID_OPCODE:
        std::cerr << "无效的操作码";
        break;
    case InstructionError::INVALID_OPERAND:
        std::cerr << "无效的操作数";
        break;
    case InstructionError::LABEL_NOT_FOUND:
        std::cerr << "标签未找到";
        break;
    case InstructionError::UNKNOWN_INTERRUPT:
        std::cerr << "未知的中断号";
        break;
    case InstructionError::OTHER_ERROR:
        std::cerr << "其他错误";
        break;
    }
    if (!details.empty()) {
        std::cerr << " - " << details;
    }
    std::cerr << std::endl;
}


int parseImmediate(const std::string& immediateStr) {
    std::string result;
    bool inQuote = false;
    char quoteChar = '\0';

    for (size_t i = 0; i < immediateStr.size(); ++i) {
        const char c = immediateStr[i];
        if (c == '\'' || c == '"') {
            if (!inQuote) {
                inQuote = true;
                quoteChar = c;
                result += c;
            } else if (c == quoteChar) {
                inQuote = false;
                result += c;
            } else {
                result += c;
            }
        } else if (inQuote) {
            // 直接将引号内的字符添加到结果中，包括空格
            result += c;
        } else if (!std::isspace(c)) {
            // 非空格且不在引号内，将字符添加到结果中
            result += c;
        } else if (i > 0 &&!std::isspace(result.back())) {
            // 如果前一个字符不是空格，添加当前字符以保留中间的空格
            result += c;
        }
    }

    // 去除结果字符串两端可能残留的空格
    while (!result.empty() && std::isspace(result.front())) {
        result.erase(result.begin());
    }
    while (!result.empty() && std::isspace(result.back())) {
        result.erase(result.length() - 1);
    }

    if (result.empty()) return 0;
    if (result.length() == 3 && result[0] == '\'' && result[2] == '\'') {
        return static_cast<int>(result[1]);
    }
    else if (result.find("0x") == 0) {
        try {
            return std::stoi(result.substr(2), nullptr, 16);
        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("无效的十六进制立即数：" + result);
        } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
            throw std::out_of_range("十六进制立即数超出范围：" + result);
        }
    }
    else if (result.back() == 'h') {
        try {
            return std::stoi(result.substr(0, result.length() - 1), nullptr, 16);
        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("无效的十六进制立即数（以h结尾）：" + result);
        } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
            throw std::out_of_range("十六进制立即数（以h结尾）超出范围：" + result);
        }
    }
    else {
        try {
            return std::stoi(result);
        } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("无效的立即数：" + result);
        } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
            throw std::out_of_range("立即数超出范围：" + result);
        }
    }
}


std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned char*>& createRegister8BitMap() {
    static std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned char*> map = {
        {"al", &al}, {"ah", &ah}, {"bl", &bl}, {"bh", &bh},
        {"cl", &cl}, {"ch", &ch}, {"dl", &dl}, {"dh", &dh}
    };
    return map;
}

std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned short*>& createRegister16BitMap() {
    static std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned short*> map = {
        {"ax", &ax}, {"bx", &bx}, {"cx", &cx}, {"dx", &dx},
        {"sp", &sp}, {"bp", &bp}
    };
    return map;
}

void UpdateTextPosition() {
    textX += CHAR_WIDTH;
    if (textX > 620) {
        textX = 20;
        textY += LINE_HEIGHT;
    }
    if (textY + LINE_HEIGHT > 480) {
        cleardevice();
        textX = 0;
        textY = 0;
    }
}

void MovInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::string processedLine = line;
    std::replace(processedLine.begin(), processedLine.end(), ',', ' ');
    std::istringstream iss(processedLine);
    std::string opcode, dest, src;
    iss >> opcode >> dest >> src;

    auto& reg8 = createRegister8BitMap();
    auto& reg16 = createRegister16BitMap();

    auto parseOperand = [&](const std::string& op) -> int {
        if (reg8.count(op)) return *reg8[op];
        if (reg16.count(op)) return *reg16[op];
        return parseImmediate(op);
    };

    int value = parseOperand(src);

    if (reg8.count(dest)) {
        *reg8[dest] = static_cast<unsigned char>(value);
    }
    else if (reg16.count(dest)) {
        *reg16[dest] = static_cast<unsigned short>(value);
    }
}

void CmpInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::string processedLine = line;
    std::replace(processedLine.begin(), processedLine.end(), ',', ' ');
    std::istringstream iss(processedLine);
    std::string opcode, op1, op2;
    iss >> opcode >> op1 >> op2;

    auto& reg8 = createRegister8BitMap();
    auto& reg16 = createRegister16BitMap();

    auto parseOperand = [&](const std::string& op) -> int {
        if (reg8.count(op)) return *reg8[op];
        if (reg16.count(op)) return *reg16[op];
        return parseImmediate(op);
    };

    int val1 = parseOperand(op1);
    int val2 = parseOperand(op2);
    int result = val1 - val2;

    ZF = (result == 0);
    SF = (result < 0);
    CF = (static_cast<unsigned>(val1) < static_cast<unsigned>(val2));
}

void JmpInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::istringstream iss(line);
    std::string opcode, label;
    iss >> opcode >> label;
    if (labels.count(label)) {
        new_current_line = labels[label];
    } else {
        printError(InstructionError::LABEL_NOT_FOUND, "JMP指令中的标签: " + label);
    }
}

void JeInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::istringstream iss(line);
    std::string opcode, label;
    iss >> opcode >> label;
    if (ZF) {
        if (labels.count(label)) {
            new_current_line = labels[label];
        } else {
            printError(InstructionError::LABEL_NOT_FOUND, "JE指令中的标签: " + label);
        }
    } else {
        new_current_line = current_line + 1;
    }
}

void JneInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::istringstream iss(line);
    std::string opcode, label;
    iss >> opcode >> label;
    if (!ZF) {
        if (labels.count(label)) {
            new_current_line = labels[label];
        } else {
            printError(InstructionError::LABEL_NOT_FOUND, "JNE指令中的标签: " + label);
        }
    } else {
        new_current_line = current_line + 1;
    }
}

void PushInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::istringstream iss(line);
    std::string opcode, src;
    iss >> opcode >> src;

    auto& reg16 = createRegister16BitMap();
    unsigned short value = reg16.count(src)? *reg16[src] : parseImmediate(src);

    sp -= 2;
    memory[sp] = value & 0xFF;
    memory[sp + 1] = (value >> 8) & 0xFF;
}

void PopInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::istringstream iss(line);
    std::string opcode, dest;
    iss >> opcode >> dest;

    auto& reg16 = createRegister16BitMap();
    if (reg16.count(dest)) {
        *reg16[dest] = memory[sp] | (memory[sp + 1] << 8);
        sp += 2;
    }
}

void XorInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::string processedLine = line;
    std::replace(processedLine.begin(), processedLine.end(), ',', ' ');
    std::istringstream iss(processedLine);
    std::string opcode, dest, src;
    iss >> opcode >> dest >> src;

    auto& reg8 = createRegister8BitMap();
    auto& reg16 = createRegister16BitMap();

    auto parseOperand = [&](const std::string& op) -> int {
        if (reg8.count(op)) return *reg8[op];
        if (reg16.count(op)) return *reg16[op];
        return parseImmediate(op);
    };

    int val1 = parseOperand(dest);
    int val2 = parseOperand(src);
    int result = val1 ^ val2;

    if (reg8.count(dest)) {
        *reg8[dest] = static_cast<unsigned char>(result);
    }
    else if (reg16.count(dest)) {
        *reg16[dest] = static_cast<unsigned short>(result);
    }

    ZF = (result == 0);
    SF = (result < 0);
    CF = false;
}

void PreprocessLabels() {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < program_lines.size(); ++i) {
        std::string line = program_lines[i];
        size_t colonPos = line.find(':');
        if (colonPos!= std::string::npos) {
            std::string label = line.substr(0, colonPos);
            labels[label] = i;
            program_lines[i] = line.substr(colonPos + 1);
            std::cout << "Label found: " << label << " at line " << i << std::endl;
        }
    }
}

void IntInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::string processedLine = line;
    std::replace(processedLine.begin(), processedLine.end(), ',', ' ');
    std::istringstream iss(processedLine);
    std::string opcode, interrupt;
    iss >> opcode >> interrupt;

    if (interrupt == "0x10" || interrupt == "10h") {

        if (ah == 0x0E) {
            if (!graphicsInitialized) {
                initgraph(640, 480);
                setbkcolor(BLACK);
                cleardevice();
                settextcolor(CYAN);
                settextstyle(17, 0, _T("Courier New Bold"));
                graphicsInitialized = true;
                outtextxy(textX, 0, "VMwork BIOS (PCI)");
                outtextxy(textX, 16, "This VGA/VBE BIOS is released under the GNU LGPL");
                settextcolor(RGB(192, 192, 192));
            }

            // 处理特殊字符
            if (al == 0x0D) {
                outtextxy(textX, textY, " ");
                textY += LINE_HEIGHT;
            }
            else if (al == 0x0A) {
                outtextxy(textX, textY, " ");
                textX = 0;
            }
            else {
                char str[2] = { static_cast<char>(al) };

                outtextxy(textX, textY, " ");
                outtextxy(textX, textY, str);
                UpdateTextPosition();
                outtextxy(textX, textY, "|");
            }
        }
        if (ah == 0x02 && bh == 0) {
            textX = 0;
            textY = 0;
        }
        if (ax == 0x0600 && bx == 0x0700 && cx == 0 && dx == 0x184f) {
            cleardevice();
        }
    }
    else if (interrupt == "0x16" || interrupt == "16h") {
        if (ah == 0) {
            while (true) {
                if (_kbhit()) {
                    al = _getch();
                    break;
                }

            }
        }
    }
    else {
        printError(InstructionError::UNKNOWN_INTERRUPT, "未知的中断号: " + interrupt);
    }
}

void CallInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::vector<std::string> tokens;
    std::istringstream iss(line);
    std::string token;
    while (iss >> token) {
        tokens.push_back(token);
    }
    if (tokens.size() < 2) {
        printError(InstructionError::INVALID_OPERAND, "CALL指令缺少操作数");
        return;
    }
    std::string label = tokens.back();

    if (labels.count(label)) {
        // 压入返回地址（当前行号的下一条指令）
        unsigned short return_line = current_line + 1;
        sp -= 2;
        memory[sp] = return_line & 0xFF;
        memory[sp + 1] = (return_line >> 8) & 0xFF;
        new_current_line = labels[label];
    } else {
        printError(InstructionError::LABEL_NOT_FOUND, "CALL指令中的标签: " + label);
    }
}

void OrgInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::string processedLine = line;
    std::replace(processedLine.begin(), processedLine.end(), ',', ' ');
    std::istringstream iss(processedLine);
    std::string opcode, interrupt;
    iss >> opcode >> interrupt;

    if (interrupt == "0x7c00" || interrupt == "0x7C00") {
        org = 0x7c00;
    } else {
        printError(InstructionError::INVALID_OPERAND, "ORG指令的操作数无效: " + interrupt);
    }
}

void TimesInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::string processedLine = line;
    std::replace(processedLine.begin(), processedLine.end(), ',', ' ');
    std::istringstream iss(processedLine);
    std::string opcode, interrupt;
    iss >> opcode >> interrupt;

    if (interrupt == "510-($-$$) db 0" || interrupt == "510-($-$$)") {
        end_times = 1;
    } else {
        printError(InstructionError::INVALID_OPERAND, "TIMES指令的操作数无效: " + interrupt);
    }
}

void DwInstruction(const std::string& line) {
    std::string processedLine = line;
    std::replace(processedLine.begin(), processedLine.end(), ',', ' ');
    std::istringstream iss(processedLine);
    std::string opcode, interrupt;
    iss >> opcode >> interrupt;

    if (interrupt == "0xAA55" || interrupt == "0xaa55") {
        end_AA55 = 1;
    } else {
        printError(InstructionError::INVALID_OPERAND, "DW指令的操作数无效: " + interrupt);
    }
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    std::ifstream file;

    if (argc == 1) {
        OPENFILENAMEA ofn;
        char szFileName[MAX_PATH] = "";

        ZeroMemory(&ofn, sizeof(ofn));
        ofn.lStructSize = sizeof(ofn);
        ofn.hwndOwner = NULL;
        ofn.lpstrFilter = "所有文件 (*.*)\0*.*\0";
        ofn.lpstrFile = szFileName;
        ofn.nMaxFile = MAX_PATH;
        ofn.lpstrTitle = "请选择一个文件";
        ofn.Flags = OFN_DONTADDTORECENT | OFN_FILEMUSTEXIST;

        if (GetOpenFileNameA(&ofn)) {
            file.open(szFileName);
        }
        else {
            if (graphicsInitialized) {
                closegraph();
            }
            return 0;
        }
    }
    else {
        file.open(argv[1]);
    }

    if (!file.is_open()) {
        std::cerr << "无法打开文件" << std::endl;
        if (graphicsInitialized) {
            closegraph();
        }
        return 1;
    }

    // 先将文件内容读取到 program_lines 中
    std::string line;
    while (std::getline(file, line)) {
        program_lines.push_back(line);
    }
    file.close();
    
    for (auto& progLine : program_lines) {
    	for (size_t i = 0; i < progLine.size(); ++i) {
    	    if (i < progLine.size() - 2 && progLine[i] == '\'' && progLine[i + 1] ==' ' && progLine[i + 2] == '\'') {
    	        progLine[i]   = static_cast<char>(0x20);
    	        progLine.erase(i + 1, 2);  // 移除后面的空格和单引号
    	    }
    	}
	}

    PreprocessLabels();

    // 重置指令指针和新的指令指针
    new_current_line = current_line;
    while (current_line < program_lines.size()) {
        std::istringstream iss(program_lines[current_line]);
        std::string opcode;
        iss >> opcode;
        if (opcode == "mov") MovInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "int") IntInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "org") OrgInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "times") TimesInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "dw") DwInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "cmp") CmpInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "jmp") JmpInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "je" || opcode == "jz") JeInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "jne" || opcode == "jnz") JneInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "push") PushInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "pop") PopInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "xor") XorInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        else if (opcode == "call") CallInstruction(program_lines[current_line]);
        
        else if (opcode != "\n" || opcode != "\t") std::cout << "warning:未识别的指令：" << opcode << "\n";


        if (opcode == "jmp" || opcode == "je" || opcode == "jne") {
            current_line = new_current_line;
        }
        else {
            current_line++;
        }

        new_current_line = current_line + 1; 
    }
/*
    if (org!= 0x7c00 || end_times == 0 || end_AA55 == 0) {
        closegraph();
    }
*/
    if (graphicsInitialized) {
        _getch();
        //closegraph();
    }
    return 0;
}

编译：

bash 复制代码 
g++ main.cpp -o VMwork -std=c++11 -leasyx -lcomdlg32

os.asm：

bash 复制代码 
org 0x7c00
 
start:
	
	mov bp, 0x8000
	mov sp, bp

 
.print:
	mov ah, 0x0E
	mov al, 0x0D
	int 0x10
	mov al, 0x0A
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'H'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'a'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'n'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'O'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'S'
	int 0x10
 
 
	mov al, '>'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, '>'
	int 0x10
 
 
 
 
.wait_input:
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	cmp al, 'c'
	je .check_input_c1
	cmp al, 'e'
	je .check_input_e
	cmp al, 'p'
	je .check_input_6.py
	cmp al, '.'
	je .check_input_py
	cmp al, 'l'
	je .check_input_l
 
	cmp al, 0x0D
	je .bad_input
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	jmp .wait_input
 
.check_input_l:
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	cmp al, 's'
	jne .wait_input
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	cmp al, 0x0D
	jne .wait_input
	mov ah, 0x0E
	mov al, 0x0D
	int 0x10
	mov al, 0x0A
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'p'
	int 0x10
	mov al, ' '
	int 0x10
	mov al, ' '
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'P'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'Y'
	int 0x10
	mov al, ' '
	int 0x10
	mov al, ' '
	int 0x10
	mov al, '1'
	int 0x10
	mov al, '2'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'B'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 0x0D
	int 0x10
	mov al, 0x0A
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'o'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 's'
	int 0x10
	mov al, ' '
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'S'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'Y'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'S'
	int 0x10
	mov al, ' '
	int 0x10
	mov al, '1'
	int 0x10
	mov al, '4'
	int 0x10
	mov al, '4'
	int 0x10
	mov al, '0'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'K'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'B'
	int 0x10
 
	jmp .print
 
.check_input_py:
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	cmp al, '\'
	jne .wait_input
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	cmp al, 'p'
	jne .wait_input
 
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	cmp al, 0x0D
	jne .wait_input
	mov ah, 0x0E
	mov al, 0x0D
	int 0x10
	mov al, 0x0A
	int 0x10
	mov al, '6'
	int 0x10
	mov al, '6'
	int 0x10
	mov al, '6'
	int 0x10
 
	jmp .print
 
.check_input_e:
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	cmp al, 0x0D
	jne .wait_input
	MOV AL,0x13
	MOV AH,0x00
	INT 0x10
	jmp .done
 
.check_input_c1:
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	cmp al, 0x0D
	jne .wait_input
.bad_input:
	mov ah, 0x0E
	mov al, 0x0D
	int 0x10
	mov al, 0x0A
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'b'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'a'
	int 0x10
	mov al, 'd'
	int 0x10
 
	jmp .print
.done:
	ret
	jmp .done
 
.check_input_6.py:
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
 
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	cmp al, '.'
	jne .wait_input
 
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	cmp al, 'p'
	jne .wait_input
 
	
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	mov ah, 0x0E
	int 0x10
	cmp al, 'y'
	jne .wait_input
 
	mov ah, 0x00
	int 0x16
	cmp al, 0x0D
	jne .wait_input
	mov ah, 0x0E
	mov al, 0x0D
	int 0x10
	mov al, 0x0A
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'p'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'r'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'i'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 'n'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, 't'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, '('
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, '"'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, '6'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, '6'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, '6'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, '"'
	int 0x10
 
	mov al, ')'
	int 0x10
 
	jmp .print
 
 
 
 
 
times 510-($-$$) db 0
dw 0xAA55

这里我们用的是自制操作系统专栏 里面的操作系统

双击VMwork.exe，选择os.asm

运行非常成功

我们已经能解析整个引导扇区了，操作系统内核nasm代码甚至不用修改就能运行

注意，输入是输入到终端

只要

bash 复制代码 
nasm os.asm -o os.img

就可以直接VMware/bochs/qemu运行os.img了

相关推荐
charlie1145141917 分钟前
深入理解C/C++的编译链接技术6——A2：动态库设计基础之ABI设计接口
c语言·开发语言·c++·学习·动态库·函数
Cx330❀10 分钟前
C++ STL set 完全指南：从基础用法到实战技巧
开发语言·数据结构·c++·算法·leetcode·面试
white-persist13 分钟前
【攻防世界】reverse | Reversing-x64Elf-100 详细题解 WP
c语言·开发语言·网络·python·学习·安全·php
zmzb010315 分钟前
C++课后习题训练记录Day33
开发语言·c++
Want59534 分钟前
C/C++贪吃蛇小游戏
c语言·开发语言·c++
草莓熊Lotso2 小时前
《算法闯关指南：动态规划算法--斐波拉契数列模型》--01.第N个泰波拉契数，02.三步问题
开发语言·c++·经验分享·笔记·其他·算法·动态规划
草莓熊Lotso2 小时前
Git 分支管理：从基础操作到协作流程（本地篇）
大数据·服务器·开发语言·c++·人工智能·git·sql
报错小能手2 小时前
C++异常处理 终极及总结
开发语言·c++
雨落在了我的手上3 小时前
C语言入门（二十二）：字符函数和字符串函数（2）
c语言
Algo-hx3 小时前
C++编程基础(九)：预处理指令
c++
热门推荐
01GitHub 镜像站点02【保姆级教程】免费使用Gemini3的5种方法！免翻墙/国内直连03BongoCat - 跨平台键盘猫动画工具04UV安装并设置国内源05安娜的档案(Anna’s Archive) 镜像网站/国内最新可访问入口（持续更新）06Linux下V2Ray安装配置指南07Google Antigravity：无法登录？早期错误、登录修复和用户反馈指南08Labelme从安装到标注：零基础完整指南09全球最强模型Grok4，国内已可免费使用！（附教程）1046个Nano-banana 精选提示词，持续更新中